Group theory 101: How to play a Rubik’s Cube like a piano - Michael Staff

1,633,614 views ・ 2015-11-02

TED-Ed


Please double-click on the English subtitles below to play the video.

Prevodilac: Milenka Okuka Lektor: Mile Živković
00:06
How can you play a Rubik's Cube?
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Kako da svirate na Rubikovoj kocki?
00:09
Not play with it, but play it like a piano?
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Ne da se igrate njom, već da svirate na njoj kao na klaviru?
00:13
That question doesn't make a lot of sense at first,
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To pitanje na priv pogled nema mnogo smisla,
00:15
but an abstract mathematical field called group theory holds the answer,
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ali apstraktna matematička oblast, zvana teorija skupova, ima odgovor,
00:20
if you'll bear with me.
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ako ostanete sa mnom.
00:22
In math, a group is a particular collection of elements.
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Skup je u matematici određeni zbir članova.
00:26
That might be a set of integers,
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to može da bude niz celih brojeva,
00:28
the face of a Rubik's Cube,
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naličje Rubikove kocke
00:30
or anything,
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ili bilo šta,
00:32
so long as they follow four specific rules, or axioms.
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dokle god su ispoštovana četiri naročita pravila iliti aksioma.
00:36
Axiom one:
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Prvi aksiom:
sve operacije moraju biti zatvorene iliti ograničene samo na članove skupa.
00:38
all group operations must be closed or restricted to only group elements.
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00:43
So in our square, for any operation you do,
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Dakle, kod našeg kvadrata, koju god operaciju da izvršite,
00:46
like turn it one way or the other,
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bilo da ga okrenete na jednu ili na drugu stranu,
00:48
you'll still wind up with an element of the group.
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na kraju ćete ipak dobiti član skupa.
00:52
Axiom two:
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Drugi aksiom:
00:53
no matter where we put parentheses when we're doing a single group operation,
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Bez obzira na to gde stavili zagradu, dok radimo operaciju u skupu,
00:57
we still get the same result.
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dobićemo isti rezultat.
01:00
In other words, if we turn our square right two times, then right once,
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Drugim rečima, ako okrenemo naš kvadrat dva puta na desno, onda jednom na desno,
01:05
that's the same as once, then twice,
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to je isto kao jednom, pa onda dva puta na desno,
01:08
or for numbers, one plus two is the same as two plus one.
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ili u slučaju dva broja, jedan plus dva je isto kao dva plus jedan.
01:12
Axiom three:
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Treći aksiom:
01:14
for every operation, there's an element of our group called the identity.
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za svaku operaciju, postoji član skupa koji se zove identitet.
01:18
When we apply it to any other element in our group,
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Kada ga primenimo na bilo koji drugi član skupa,
01:21
we still get that element.
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opet dobijamo taj član.
01:23
So for both turning the square and adding integers,
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Pa je i za okretanje kvadrata i dodavanje celih brojeva
01:26
our identity here is zero,
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naš identitet ovde nula.
01:29
not very exciting.
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Nije naročito uzbudljivo.
01:31
Axiom four:
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Četvrti aksiom:
01:33
every group element has an element called its inverse also in the group.
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svaki član skupa ima takođe svoj takozvani inverzni član skupa.
01:38
When the two are brought together using the group's addition operation,
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Kada se ova dva člana spoje, koristeći operaciju sabiranja u skupu,
01:42
they result in the identity element, zero,
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njihov rezultat je identitetski član - nula,
01:45
so they can be thought of as cancelling each other out.
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te se mogu posmatrati kao da jedan drugog poništavaju.
01:48
So that's all well and good, but what's the point of any of it?
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Dakle, sve ovo zvuči bajno, ali koja je svrha svega ovoga?
01:52
Well, when we get beyond these basic rules,
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Pa, kada prevaziđemo ova osnovna pravila,
01:55
some interesting properties emerge.
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neka zanimljiva svojstva se pojavljuju.
01:57
For example, let's expand our square back into a full-fledged Rubik's Cube.
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Na primer, proširimo naš kvadrat na kompletnu Rubikovu kocku.
02:03
This is still a group that satisfies all of our axioms,
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To je i dalje skup koji zadovoljava naša sva četiri aksioma,
02:06
though now with considerably more elements
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iako sada ima značajno više članova
02:09
and more operations.
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i više operacija.
02:12
We can turn each row and column of each face.
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Možemo da okrećemo svaki red i svaki stubac svake strane.
02:16
Each position is called a permutation,
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Svaka pozicija se naziva permutacijom
02:19
and the more elements a group has, the more possible permutations there are.
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i što više skup ima članova, postoji više mogućih permutacija.
02:23
A Rubik's Cube has more than 43 quintillion permutations,
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Rubikova kocka ima preko 43 kvintiliona permutacija,
02:28
so trying to solve it randomly isn't going to work so well.
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pa ako pokušate da je rešite nasumično nećete daleko odmaći.
02:32
However, using group theory we can analyze the cube
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Međutim, koristeći teoriju skupova, možemo da analiziramo kocku
02:35
and determine a sequence of permutations that will result in a solution.
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i da utvrdimo redosled permutacija koje će da rezultiraju tačnim rešenjem.
02:41
And, in fact, that's exactly what most solvers do,
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I zapravo to većina uspešnih igrača i radi,
02:44
even using a group theory notation indicating turns.
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čak koriste oznake iz teorije skupova kako bi ukazali na okretanja.
02:49
And it's not just good for puzzle solving.
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Ovo nije samo korisno u rešavanju slagalica.
02:51
Group theory is deeply embedded in music, as well.
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Teorija skupova je i duboko ugrađena u muziku.
02:56
One way to visualize a chord is to write out all twelve musical notes
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Jedan od načina da zamislite akord jeste da zapišete svih 12 nota
03:00
and draw a square within them.
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i da nacrtate kvadrat unutar njih.
03:03
We can start on any note, but let's use C since it's at the top.
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Možemo početi bilo kojom notom, ali uzećemo C jer je na vrhu.
03:08
The resulting chord is called a diminished seventh chord.
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Novonastali akord se zove sniženi sedmi akord.
03:12
Now this chord is a group whose elements are these four notes.
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Dakle, ovaj akord je skup čiji su članovi ove četiri note.
03:17
The operation we can perform on it is to shift the bottom note to the top.
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Operacija koju možemo da izvedemo je da pomerimo poslednju notu na vrh.
03:21
In music that's called an inversion,
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U muzici se to zove inverzijom
03:24
and it's the equivalent of addition from earlier.
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i ekvivalent je prethodno pomenutom sabiranju.
03:27
Each inversion changes the sound of the chord,
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Svaka inverzija menja zvuk akorda,
03:30
but it never stops being a C diminished seventh.
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ali on nikada ne prestaje da bude sniženi sedmi C akord.
03:33
In other words, it satisfies axiom one.
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Drugim rečima, zadovoljava prvi aksiom.
03:37
Composers use inversions to manipulate a sequence of chords
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Kompozitori koriste inverziju da bi udešavali redosled akorda
03:41
and avoid a blocky, awkward sounding progression.
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i da bi izbegli zaglušujuću progresiju koja ne zvuči tečno.
03:51
On a musical staff, an inversion looks like this.
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Na notnim linijama, inverzija izgleda ovako.
03:54
But we can also overlay it onto our square and get this.
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Ali takođe je možemo preslikati na naš kvadrat i dobiti sledeće.
03:59
So, if you were to cover your entire Rubik's Cube with notes
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Pa, ako biste prekrili čitavu Rubikovu kocku notama,
04:04
such that every face of the solved cube is a harmonious chord,
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tako da je svaka strana rešene kocke harmonijski akord,
04:09
you could express the solution as a chord progression
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mogli biste da izrazite rešenje u vidu akordske progresije
04:13
that gradually moves from discordance to harmony
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koja se postepeno pomera od disonance do harmonije
04:16
and play the Rubik's Cube, if that's your thing.
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i možete da zasvirate na Rubikovoj kocki, ako ste u tom fazonu.
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