Can a black hole be destroyed? - Fabio Pacucci

Prevodilac: Kristina Radosavljević Lektor: Ivana Krivokuća

Black holes are among the most destructive objects in the universe.

Crne rupe se svrstavaju u najdestruktivnije objekte u svemiru.

Anything that gets too close to the central singularity of a black hole,

Sve što se suviše približi središnjem delu crne rupe,

be it an asteroid, planet, or star,

bilo da je reč o asteroidu, planeti ili zvezdi,

risks being torn apart by its extreme gravitational field.

rizikuje da bude razoreno njenim ekstremnim gravitacionim poljem.

And if the approaching object happens to cross the black hole’s event horizon,

Ako pak objekat koji se približava pređe horizont događaja crne rupe,

it’ll disappear and never re-emerge,

on nestane i nikada se više ne pojavi,

adding to the black hole’s mass and expanding its radius in the process.

dodavajući masu crnoj rupi, pri tom šireći njen poluprečnik.

There is nothing we could throw at a black hole

Ne postoji ništa što bismo mogli da bacimo u crnu rupu,

that would do the least bit of damage to it.

a što bi moglo bar malo da je ošteti.

Even another black hole won’t destroy it–

Čak je ni druga crna rupa neće uništiti -

the two will simply merge into a larger black hole,

njih dve će se jednostavno spojiti u veću crnu rupu,

releasing a bit of energy as gravitational waves in the process.

pri tom oslabađajući malo energije u obliku gravitacionih talasa.

By some accounts,

Po nekim proračunima,

it’s possible that the universe may eventually consist entirely of black holes

moguće je da će se ceo svemir sastojati samo od crnih rupa

in a very distant future.

u dalekoj budućnosti.

And yet, there may be a way to destroy, or “evaporate,” these objects after all.

Pa ipak, možda postoji način da se unište ili „ispare” ovi objekti.

If the theory is true,

Ako je teorija tačna,

all we need to do is to wait.

jedino što nam treba jeste da čekamo.

In 1974,

Godine 1974,

Stephen Hawking theorized a process

Stiven Hoking je teorijski razvio proces

that could lead a black hole to gradually lose mass.

koji bi mogao da dovede do toga da crna rupa postepeno izgubi masu.

Hawking radiation, as it came to be known,

Hokingova radijacija, kako je postala poznata,

is based on a well-established phenomenon called quantum fluctuations of the vacuum.

je bazirana na dobro znanom fenomenu zvanom kvantna fluktuacija vakuuma.

According to quantum mechanics,

Prema kvantnoj mehanici,

a given point in spacetime fluctuates between multiple possible energy states.

određena tačka u prostor-vremenu

fluktuira između više mogućih stanja energije.

These fluctuations are driven by the continuous creation and destruction

Ove fluktuacije su izazvane neprekidnim stvaranjem i razaranjem

of virtual particle pairs,

parova virtualnih čestica,

which consist of a particle and its oppositely charged antiparticle.

koji se sastoje od čestica i njihovih suprotno naelektrisanih antičestica.

Normally, the two collide and annihilate each other shortly after appearing,

Ove dve se sudaraju i uništavaju jedna drugu, ubrzo nakon pojavljivanja,

preserving the total energy.

čuvajući ukupnu količinu energije.

But what happens when they appear just at the edge of a black hole’s event horizon?

Ali šta se dešava kada se pojave na samoj ivici

horizonta događaja crne rupe?

If they’re positioned just right,

Ako su pravilno postavljene,

one of the particles could escape the black hole’s pull

jedna od čestica bi mogla da umakne sili crne rupe,

while its counterpart falls in.

dok njena suprotnost upada.

It would then annihilate another oppositely charged particle

To bi onda uništilo drugu česticu sa suprotnim naelektrisanjem

within the event horizon of the black hole,

na samom horizontu događaja crne rupe,

reducing the black hole’s mass.

smanjujući njenu masu.

Meanwhile, to an outside observer,

U međuvremenu, posmatraču sa strane

it would look like the black hole had emitted the escaped particle.

bi izgledalo kao da crna rupa ispušta pobegle čestice.

Thus, unless a black hole continues to absorb additional matter and energy,

Tako da, ukoliko crna rupa ne nastavi da uvlači dodatnu materiju i energiju,

it’ll evaporate particle by particle, at an excruciatingly slow rate.

to će uništiti česticu po česticu, bolno sporim tempom.

How slow?

Koliko sporim?

A branch of physics, called black hole thermodynamics, gives us an answer.

Deo fizike poznat kao termodinamika crne rupe daje nam odgovor.

When everyday objects or celestial bodies release energy to their environment,

Kada svakodnevni objekti ili nebeska tela ispuste energiju u svoju okolinu,

we perceive that as heat,

mi to primećujemo kao toplotu,

and can use their energy emission to measure their temperature.

i možemo koristiti ispuštanje energije da izmerimo njihovu temperaturu.

Black hole thermodynamics

Termodinamika crne rupe

suggests that we can similarly define the “temperature” of a black hole.

navodi da na sličan način možemo izmeriti temperaturu crne rupe.

It theorizes that the more massive the black hole,

Po toj teoriji, što je veća masa crne rupe,

the lower its temperature.

temperatura je sve manja.

The universe’s largest black holes

Najveće crne rupe svemira

would give off temperatures of the order of 10 to the -17th power Kelvin,

bi imale temperaturu razmera od 10 na -17 snage Kelvina,

very close to absolute zero.

veoma blizu apsolutnoj nuli.

Meanwhile, one with the mass of the asteroid Vesta

Sa druge strane, crna rupa koja ima masu asteroida Vesta

would have a temperature close to 200 degrees Celsius,

bi imala temperaturu blizu 200 stepeni Celzijusa,

thus releasing a lot of energy in the form of Hawking Radiation

tako da bi oslobađala mnogo energije u obliku Hokingove radijacije

to the cold outside environment.

u hladnu okolinu.

The smaller the black hole,

Što je manja crna rupa,

the hotter it seems to be burning–

izgleda da sve toplije gori -

and the sooner it’ll burn out completely.

i brže će sagoreti do kraja.

Just how soon?

Koliko brzo?

Well, don’t hold your breath.

Pa, načekaćete se.

First of all, most black holes accrete, or absorb matter and energy,

Pre svega, većina crnih rupa nagomilava ili upija materiju i energiju

more quickly than they emit Hawking radiation.

mnogo brže nego što emituju Hokingovu radijaciju.

But even if a black hole with the mass of our Sun stopped accreting,

Ali čak i kada bi crna rupa mase našeg sunca prestala da nagomilava,

it would take 10 to the 67th power years–

trebalo bi 10 na 67. stepen energetskih godina -

many many magnitudes longer than the current age of the Universe—

što je po opsegu mnogo više od trenutne starosti univerzuma -

to fully evaporate.

da u potpunosti ispari.

When a black hole reaches about 230 metric tons,

Kada crna rupa dostigne oko 230 metričkih tona,

it’ll have only one more second to live.

živeće samo još jedan sekund.

In that final second,

U toj poslednjoj sekundi,

its event horizon becomes increasingly tiny,

njen horizont događaja postaje sve manji,

until finally releasing all of its energy back into the universe.

sve dok konačno ne oslobodi celokupnu energiju nazad u svemir.

And while Hawking radiation has never been directly observed,

Dok Hokingova radijacija nikada nije direktno posmatrana,

some scientists believe that certain gamma ray flashes detected in the sky

neki naučnici veruju da su određeni bljeskovi gama zraka uočeni na nebu

are actually traces of the last moments

u stvari tragovi poslednjih momenata

of small, primordial black holes formed at the dawn of time.

malih, praiskonskih crnih rupa formiranih na početku vremena.

Eventually, in an almost inconceivably distant future,

Na kraju, u skoro nedokučivo dalekoj budućnosti,

the universe may be left as a cold and dark place.

svemir bi mogao postati hladno i mračno mesto.

But if Stephen Hawking was right,

Ali ako je Stiven Hoking bio u pravu,

before that happens,

pre nego što se to desi,

the normally terrifying and otherwise impervious black holes

obično zastrašujuće i neprobojne crne rupe

will end their existence in a final blaze of glory.

će završiti svoje postojanje u konačnom bljesku slave.