Can a black hole be destroyed? - Fabio Pacucci

1,773,283 views ใƒป 2019-05-16

TED-Ed


ืื ื ืœื—ืฅ ืคืขืžื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ืœืžื˜ื” ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ.

ืชืจื’ื•ื: Ido Dekkers ืขืจื™ื›ื”: Allon Sasson
00:06
Black holes are among the most destructive objects in the universe.
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ื—ื•ืจื™ื ืฉื—ื•ืจื™ื ื”ื ืžื”ืขืฆืžื™ื ื”ื›ื™ ื”ืจืกื ื™ื™ื ื‘ื™ืงื•ื.
00:11
Anything that gets too close to the central singularity of a black hole,
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ื›ืœ ืžื” ืฉืžืชืงืจื‘ ืžื“ื™ ืœืกื™ื ื’ื•ืœืจื™ื•ืช ื”ืžืจื›ื–ื™ืช ืฉืœ ื—ื•ืจ ืฉื—ื•ืจ,
00:16
be it an asteroid, planet, or star,
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ืื ื–ื” ืืกื˜ืจื•ืื™ื“, ืคืœื ื˜ื” ืื• ื›ื•ื›ื‘,
00:19
risks being torn apart by its extreme gravitational field.
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ืžืกืชื›ื ื™ื ื‘ืœื”ืงืจืข ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื”ืฉื“ื” ื”ื›ื‘ื™ื“ืชื™ ื”ืขืฆื•ื ืฉืœื•.
00:23
And if the approaching object happens to cross the black holeโ€™s event horizon,
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ื•ืื ื”ืขืฆื ื”ืžืชืงืจื‘ ื—ื•ืฆื” ืืช ืื•ืคืง ื”ืืจื•ืขื™ื ืฉืœ ื”ื—ื•ืจ ื”ืฉื—ื•ืจ,
00:28
itโ€™ll disappear and never re-emerge,
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ื”ื•ื ื™ืขืœื ื•ืœืขื•ืœื ืœื ื™ื—ื–ื•ืจ,
00:31
adding to the black holeโ€™s mass and expanding its radius in the process.
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ื•ื›ืš ื™ื•ืกื™ืฃ ืœืžืกื” ืฉืœ ื”ื—ื•ืจ ื”ืฉื—ื•ืจ ื•ื™ื’ื“ื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืจื“ื™ื•ืก ืฉืœื• ื‘ืชื”ืœื™ืš.
00:36
There is nothing we could throw at a black hole
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ืื™ืŸ ืžืฉื”ื• ืฉื ื•ื›ืœ ืœื–ืจื•ืง ืœืชื•ืš ื—ื•ืจ ืฉื—ื•ืจ
00:38
that would do the least bit of damage to it.
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ืฉื™ื–ื™ืง ืœื• ื‘ืฆื•ืจื” ื›ืœืฉื”ื™.
00:41
Even another black hole wonโ€™t destroy itโ€“
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ืืคื™ืœื• ื—ื•ืจ ืฉื—ื•ืจ ืื—ืจ ืœื ื™ืฉืžื™ื“ ืื•ืชื• --
00:43
the two will simply merge into a larger black hole,
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ื”ืฉื ื™ื™ื ืคืฉื•ื˜ ื™ืชืžื–ื’ื• ืœื—ื•ืจ ืฉื—ื•ืจ ื’ื“ื•ืœ ื™ื•ืชืจ,
00:47
releasing a bit of energy as gravitational waves in the process.
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ื•ื™ืฉื—ืจืจื• ืžืขื˜ ืื ืจื’ื™ื” ื›ื’ืœื™ื ื›ื‘ื™ื“ืชื™ื™ื ื‘ืชื”ืœื™ืš.
00:52
By some accounts,
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ืœืคื™ ื›ืžื” ื”ื ื—ื•ืช,
00:53
itโ€™s possible that the universe may eventually consist entirely of black holes
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ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืฉื”ื™ืงื•ื ืœื‘ืกื•ืฃ ื™ื›ื™ืœ ืจืง ื—ื•ืจื™ื ืฉื—ื•ืจื™ื
00:57
in a very distant future.
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ื‘ืขืชื™ื“ ื”ืžืื•ื“ ืจื—ื•ืง.
00:59
And yet, there may be a way to destroy, or โ€œevaporate,โ€ these objects after all.
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ื•ืขื“ื™ื™ืŸ, ืื•ืœื™ ื™ืฉ ื“ืจืš ืœื”ืฉืžื™ื“, ืื• "ืœืื“ื•ืช", ืืช ื”ืขืฆืžื™ื ื”ืืœื” ืื—ืจื™ ื”ื›ืœ.
01:05
If the theory is true,
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ืื ื”ืชืื•ืจื™ื” ื ื›ื•ื ื”,
01:07
all we need to do is to wait.
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ื›ืœ ืžื” ืฉืื ื—ื ื• ืฆืจื™ื›ื™ื ืœืขืฉื•ืช ื–ื” ืœื—ื›ื•ืช.
01:10
In 1974,
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ื‘ 1974,
01:11
Stephen Hawking theorized a process
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ืกื˜ื™ื‘ืŸ ื”ื•ืงื™ื ื’ ื”ืขืœื” ืชืื•ืจื™ื” ืขืœ ืชื”ืœื™ืš
01:13
that could lead a black hole to gradually lose mass.
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ืฉื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื”ื•ื‘ื™ืœ ื—ื•ืจ ืฉื—ื•ืจ ืœืื‘ื“ ืžืกื” ื‘ืกื•ืคื• ืฉืœ ื“ื‘ืจ.
01:16
Hawking radiation, as it came to be known,
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ืงืจื™ื ืช ื”ื•ืงื™ื ื’, ื›ืžื• ืฉื”ื™ื ื ื•ื“ืขื”,
01:19
is based on a well-established phenomenon called quantum fluctuations of the vacuum.
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ืžื‘ื•ืกืกืช ืขืœ ืชื•ืคืขื” ื™ื“ื•ืขื” ืฉื ืงืจืืช ืชื ื•ื“ื•ืช ืงื•ื•ืื ื˜ื™ื•ืช ื‘ื•ื•ืืงื•ื.
01:25
According to quantum mechanics,
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ืœืคื™ ืžื›ืื ื™ืงืช ื”ืงื•ื•ืื ื˜ื™ื,
01:27
a given point in spacetime fluctuates between multiple possible energy states.
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ื ืงื•ื“ื” ื ืชื•ื ื” ื‘ื—ืœืœ ื–ืžืŸ ื ืขื” ื‘ื™ืŸ ืืคืฉืจื•ื™ื•ืช ืžืจื•ื‘ื•ืช ืฉืœ ืžืฆื‘ื™ ืื ืจื’ื™ื”.
01:32
These fluctuations are driven by the continuous creation and destruction
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ื”ืชื ื•ื“ื•ืช ื”ืืœื• ืžื•ื ืขื•ืช ืขืœ ื™ืฆื™ืจื” ื•ื”ืฉืžื“ื” ืžืชืžืฉื›ืช
01:37
of virtual particle pairs,
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ืฉืœ ื–ื•ื’ื•ืช ื—ืœืงื™ืงื™ื ื•ื™ืจื˜ื•ืืœื™ื™ื,
01:39
which consist of a particle and its oppositely charged antiparticle.
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ืฉื›ื•ืœืœื™ื ื—ืœืงื™ืง ื•ื”ืื ื˜ื™ ื—ืœืงื™ืง ื‘ืขืœ ื”ืžื˜ืขืŸ ื”ื ื’ื“ื™.
01:44
Normally, the two collide and annihilate each other shortly after appearing,
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ื‘ื“ืจืš ื›ืœืœ, ื”ืฉื ื™ื™ื ืžืชื ื’ืฉื™ื ื•ืžืื™ื™ื ื™ื ืื—ื“ ืืช ื”ืฉื ื™ ืžื™ื™ื“ ืื—ืจื™ ื”ื•ืคืขืชื,
01:48
preserving the total energy.
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ืฉื•ืžืจื™ื ืขืœ ื”ืื ืจื’ื™ื” ื”ื›ืœืœื™ืช.
01:50
But what happens when they appear just at the edge of a black holeโ€™s event horizon?
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ืื‘ืœ ืžื” ืงื•ืจื” ื›ืฉื”ื ืžื•ืคื™ืขื™ื ื‘ื“ื™ื•ืง ื‘ืงืฆื” ืื•ืคืง ื”ืืจื•ืขื™ื ืฉืœ ื”ื—ื•ืจ ื”ืฉื—ื•ืจ?
01:56
If theyโ€™re positioned just right,
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ืื ื”ื ืžืžื•ืงืžื™ื ืžืžืฉ ื ื›ื•ืŸ,
01:58
one of the particles could escape the black holeโ€™s pull
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ืื—ื“ ื”ื—ืœืงื™ืงื™ื ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื‘ืจื•ื— ืžืžืฉื™ื›ืช ื”ื—ื•ืจ ื”ืฉื—ื•ืจ
02:01
while its counterpart falls in.
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ื‘ืขื•ื“ ืขืžื™ืชื• ื™ืคื•ืœ ืคื ื™ืžื”.
02:04
It would then annihilate another oppositely charged particle
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ื”ื•ื ื™ืื™ื™ืŸ ืื– ื—ืœืงื™ืง ืžื ื•ื’ื“ ืื—ืจ
02:08
within the event horizon of the black hole,
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ื‘ืชื•ืš ืื•ืคืง ื”ืืจื•ืขื™ื ืฉืœ ื”ื—ื•ืจ ื”ืฉื—ื•ืจ,
02:10
reducing the black holeโ€™s mass.
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ื•ื›ืš ื™ืคื—ื™ืช ืืช ืžืกืช ื”ื—ื•ืจ ื”ืฉื—ื•ืจ.
02:12
Meanwhile, to an outside observer,
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ื‘ื™ื ืชื™ื™ื, ืœืžื‘ื™ื˜ ืžื‘ื—ื•ืฅ,
02:14
it would look like the black hole had emitted the escaped particle.
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ื–ื” ื™ืจืื” ื›ืื™ืœื• ื”ื—ื•ืจ ื”ืฉื—ื•ืจ ืคืœื˜ ืืช ื”ื—ืœืงื™ืง ืฉื‘ืจื—.
02:19
Thus, unless a black hole continues to absorb additional matter and energy,
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ืœื›ืŸ, ืืœื ืื ื”ื—ื•ืจ ื”ืฉื—ื•ืจ ืžืžืฉื™ืš ืœืกืคื•ื’ ื—ื•ืžืจ ื•ืื ืจื’ื™ื” ื ื•ืกืคื™ื,
02:24
itโ€™ll evaporate particle by particle, at an excruciatingly slow rate.
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ื”ื•ื ื™ืชืื“ื” ื—ืœืงื™ืง ืื—ืจื™ ื—ืœืงื™ืง, ื‘ืงืฆื‘ ื›ื•ืื‘ ื‘ืื™ื˜ื™ื•ืชื•.
02:30
How slow?
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ื›ืžื” ืœืื˜?
02:31
A branch of physics, called black hole thermodynamics, gives us an answer.
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ืขื ืฃ ืฉืœ ืคื™ื–ื™ืงื”, ืฉื ืงืจื ืชืจืžื•ื“ื™ื ืžื™ืงืช ื—ื•ืจื™ื ืฉื—ื•ืจื™ื, ื ื•ืชืŸ ืืช ื”ืชืฉื•ื‘ื”.
02:36
When everyday objects or celestial bodies release energy to their environment,
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ื›ืฉืขืฆืžื™ื ื™ื•ื ื™ื•ืžื™ื™ื ืื• ื’ื•ืคื™ื ืฉืžื™ืžื™ื™ื ืžืฉื—ืจืจื™ื ืื ืจื’ื™ื” ืœืกื‘ื™ื‘ืชื,
02:41
we perceive that as heat,
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ืื ื—ื ื• ื—ืฉื™ื ื–ืืช ื›ื—ื•ื,
02:43
and can use their energy emission to measure their temperature.
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ื•ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœื”ืฉืชืžืฉ ื‘ืคืœื™ื˜ืช ื”ืื ืจื’ื™ื” ืฉืœื”ื ื›ื“ื™ ืœืžื“ื•ื“ ืืช ื”ื˜ืžืคืจื˜ื•ืจื” ืฉืœื”ื.
02:47
Black hole thermodynamics
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ืชืจืžื•ื“ื™ื ืžื™ืงืช ื—ื•ืจื™ื ืฉื—ื•ืจื™ื
02:48
suggests that we can similarly define the โ€œtemperatureโ€ of a black hole.
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ืžืฆื™ืขื” ืฉืื ื—ื ื• ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ื“ื•ืžื” ืœื”ื’ื“ื™ืจ "ื˜ืžืคืจื˜ื•ืจื”" ืฉืœ ื—ื•ืจื™ื ืฉื—ื•ืจื™ื.
02:53
It theorizes that the more massive the black hole,
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ื”ืชืื•ืจื™ื” ืื•ืžืจืช ืฉื›ื›ืœ ืฉื”ื—ื•ืจ ื”ืฉื—ื•ืจ ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžืกื™ื‘ื™,
02:56
the lower its temperature.
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ื”ื˜ืžืคืจื˜ื•ืจื” ืฉืœื• ื ืžื•ื›ื” ื™ื•ืชืจ.
02:58
The universeโ€™s largest black holes
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ื”ื—ื•ืจื™ื ื”ืฉื—ื•ืจื™ื ื”ื›ื™ ื’ื“ื•ืœื™ื ื‘ื™ืงื•ื
03:00
would give off temperatures of the order of 10 to the -17th power Kelvin,
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ื™ืชื ื• ื˜ืžืคืจื˜ื•ืจื” ื‘ืกื“ืจ ื’ื•ื“ืœ ืฉืœ 10 ื‘ื—ื–ืงืช -17 ืงืœื•ื•ื™ืŸ,
03:06
very close to absolute zero.
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ืžืžืฉ ืงืจื•ื‘ ืœืืคืก ื”ืžื•ื—ืœื˜.
03:08
Meanwhile, one with the mass of the asteroid Vesta
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ื‘ื™ื ืชื™ื™ื, ืœืื—ื“ ืขื ืžืกื” ืฉืœ ื”ืืกื˜ืจื•ืื™ื“ ื•ื•ืกื˜ื”
03:12
would have a temperature close to 200 degrees Celsius,
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ืชื”ื™ื” ื˜ืžืคืจื˜ื•ืจื” ืฉืœ 200 ืžืขืœื•ืช ืฆืœื–ื™ื•ืก,
03:16
thus releasing a lot of energy in the form of Hawking Radiation
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ื•ืœื›ืŸ ืื• ื™ืฉื—ืจืจ ื”ืจื‘ื” ืื ืจื’ื™ื” ื‘ืฆื•ืจืช ืงืจื™ื ืช ื”ื•ืงื™ื ื’
03:20
to the cold outside environment.
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ืœืกื‘ื™ื‘ื” ื”ื—ื™ืฆื•ื ื™ืช ื”ืงืจื”.
03:23
The smaller the black hole,
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ื›ื›ืœ ืฉื”ื—ื•ืจ ื”ืฉื—ื•ืจ ืงื˜ืŸ ื™ื•ืชืจ,
03:24
the hotter it seems to be burningโ€“
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ื ืจืื” ืฉื”ื•ื ื‘ื•ืขืจ ื—ื ื™ื•ืชืจ -
03:26
and the sooner itโ€™ll burn out completely.
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ื•ื›ืš ื”ื•ื ื™ื‘ืขืจ ืœื’ืžืจื™ ืžื”ืจ ื™ื•ืชืจ.
03:29
Just how soon?
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ื›ืžื” ืžื”ืจ?
03:30
Well, donโ€™t hold your breath.
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ื•ื‘ื›ืŸ, ืืœ ืชื—ื–ื™ืงื• ืืช ื”ื ืฉื™ืžื” ืฉืœื›ื.
03:32
First of all, most black holes accrete, or absorb matter and energy,
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ืจืืฉื™ืช, ืจื•ื‘ ื”ื—ื•ืจื™ื ื”ืฉื—ื•ืจื™ื ืกื•ืคื—ื™ื, ืื• ืกื•ืคื’ื™ื ื—ื•ืžืจ ื•ืื ืจื’ื™ื”,
03:37
more quickly than they emit Hawking radiation.
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ื™ื•ืชืจ ื‘ืžื”ื™ืจื•ืช ืžืฉื”ื ืžืคื™ืฆื™ื ืงืจื™ื ืช ื”ื•ืงื™ื ื’.
03:40
But even if a black hole with the mass of our Sun stopped accreting,
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ืื‘ืœ ืืคื™ืœื• ืื ื—ื•ืจ ืฉื—ื•ืจ ืขื ืžืกืช ื”ืฉืžืฉ ื™ืคืกื™ืง ืœืกืคื•ื—,
03:45
it would take 10 to the 67th power yearsโ€“
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ื™ืขื‘ืจื• 10 ื‘ื—ื–ืงืช 67 ืฉื ื™ื --
03:48
many many magnitudes longer than the current age of the Universeโ€”
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ื‘ื”ืจื‘ื” ื”ืจื‘ื” ื™ื•ืชืจ ืจืžื•ืช ืžื”ื’ื™ืœ ื”ื ื•ื›ื—ื™ ืฉืœ ื”ื™ืงื•ื --
03:53
to fully evaporate.
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ืœื”ืชืื“ื•ืช ืœื’ืžืจื™.
03:54
When a black hole reaches about 230 metric tons,
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ื›ืฉื—ื•ืจ ืฉื—ื•ืจ ืžื’ื™ืข ืœื‘ืขืจืš 230 ื˜ื•ืŸ ืžืขื•ืงื‘,
03:58
itโ€™ll have only one more second to live.
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ืชื”ื™ื” ืœื• ืจืง ืฉื ื™ื” ืื—ืช ื ื•ืกืคืช ืœื—ื™ื•ืช.
04:02
In that final second,
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ื‘ืฉื ื™ื” ื”ืื—ืจื•ื ื” ื”ื–ื•,
04:03
its event horizon becomes increasingly tiny,
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ืื•ืคืง ื”ืืจื•ืขื™ื ืฉืœื• ื”ื•ืคืš ืœื–ืขื™ืจ ื‘ืฆื•ืจื” ืงื™ืฆื•ื ื™ืช,
04:06
until finally releasing all of its energy back into the universe.
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ืขื“ ืฉืœื‘ืกื•ืฃ ื™ืฉื—ืจืจ ืืช ื›ืœ ื”ืื ืจื’ื™ื” ืฉืœื• ื—ื–ืจื” ืœื™ืงื•ื.
04:11
And while Hawking radiation has never been directly observed,
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ื•ื‘ืขื•ื“ ืงืจื™ื ืช ื”ื•ืงื™ื ื’ ืžืขื•ืœื ืœื ื ืฆืคืชื” ื™ืฉื™ืจื•ืช,
04:14
some scientists believe that certain gamma ray flashes detected in the sky
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ื›ืžื” ืžื“ืขื ื™ื ืžืืžื™ื ื™ื ืฉืžืกืคืจ ื”ื‘ื–ืงื™ ืงืจื ื™ ื’ืžื ืฉื–ื•ื”ื• ื‘ืฉืžื™ื
04:19
are actually traces of the last moments
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ื”ื ืœืžืขืฉื” ืขืงื‘ื•ืช ืฉืœ ื”ืจื’ืขื™ื ื”ืื—ืจื•ื ื™ื
04:22
of small, primordial black holes formed at the dawn of time.
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ืฉืœ ื—ื•ืจื™ื ืฉื—ื•ืจื™ื ืงื˜ื ื™ื ื•ืงื“ืžื•ื ื™ื™ื ืฉื ื•ืฆืจื• ื‘ืฉื—ืจ ื”ื–ืžืŸ.
04:28
Eventually, in an almost inconceivably distant future,
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ืœื‘ืกื•ืฃ, ื‘ืขืชื™ื“ ืจื—ื•ืง ืฉื›ืžืขื˜ ืื™ ืืคืฉืจ ืœืชืคื•ืก,
04:32
the universe may be left as a cold and dark place.
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ื”ื™ืงื•ื ืื•ืœื™ ื™ืฉืืจ ืžืงื•ื ืงืจ ื•ื—ื•ืฉืš.
04:36
But if Stephen Hawking was right,
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ืื‘ืœ ืื ืกื˜ื™ื‘ืŸ ื”ื•ืงื™ื ื’ ืฆื“ืง,
04:37
before that happens,
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ืœืคื ื™ ืฉื–ื” ื™ืงืจื”,
04:39
the normally terrifying and otherwise impervious black holes
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ื”ื—ื•ืจื™ื ื”ืฉื—ื•ืจื™ื ื”ืžืคื—ื™ื“ื™ื ื•ื”ื‘ืœืชื™ ื—ื“ื™ืจื™ื ื‘ื“ืจืš ื›ืœืœ
04:43
will end their existence in a final blaze of glory.
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ื™ืกื™ื™ืžื• ืืช ื—ื™ื™ื”ื ื‘ื”ื‘ื–ืง ืื—ืจื•ืŸ ืฉืœ ืชื”ื™ืœื”.
ืขืœ ืืชืจ ื–ื”

ืืชืจ ื–ื” ื™ืฆื™ื’ ื‘ืคื ื™ื›ื ืกืจื˜ื•ื ื™ YouTube ื”ืžื•ืขื™ืœื™ื ืœืœื™ืžื•ื“ ืื ื’ืœื™ืช. ืชื•ื›ืœื• ืœืจืื•ืช ืฉื™ืขื•ืจื™ ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืขื‘ืจื™ื ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืžื•ืจื™ื ืžื”ืฉื•ืจื” ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื” ืžืจื—ื‘ื™ ื”ืขื•ืœื. ืœื—ืฅ ืคืขืžื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืฆื’ื•ืช ื‘ื›ืœ ื“ืฃ ื•ื™ื“ืื• ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ ืžืฉื. ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื’ื•ืœืœื•ืช ื‘ืกื ื›ืจื•ืŸ ืขื ื”ืคืขืœืช ื”ื•ื•ื™ื“ืื•. ืื ื™ืฉ ืœืš ื”ืขืจื•ืช ืื• ื‘ืงืฉื•ืช, ืื ื ืฆื•ืจ ืื™ืชื ื• ืงืฉืจ ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ื˜ื•ืคืก ื™ืฆื™ืจืช ืงืฉืจ ื–ื”.

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