Calculating The Odds of Intelligent Alien Life - Jill Tarter

Izračunavanje mogućnosti postojanja inteligentnog vanzemaljskog života - Džil Tarter

1,259,545 views

2012-07-02 ・ TED-Ed


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Calculating The Odds of Intelligent Alien Life - Jill Tarter

Izračunavanje mogućnosti postojanja inteligentnog vanzemaljskog života - Džil Tarter

1,259,545 views ・ 2012-07-02

TED-Ed


Please double-click on the English subtitles below to play the video.

00:00
Transcriber: Ido Dekkers Reviewer: Ariana Bleau Lugo
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00:00
(Music)
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Prevodilac: Tijana Mihajlović Lektor: Ivana Krivokuća
(Muzika)
00:14
The basic question is, does life exist beyond Earth?
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Osnovno pitanje je - da li postoji život van Zemlje?
00:17
Scientists who are called astrobiologists
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Naučnici koji se nazivaju astrobiolozi
00:21
are trying to find that out right now.
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upravo pokušavaju da to otkriju.
00:23
Most astrobiologists are trying to figure out
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Većina astrobiologa pokušava da shvati
00:25
if there's microbial life on Mars,
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da li postoji mikropski život na Marsu
00:27
or in the ocean under the frozen surface of Jupiter's moon Europa,
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ili u okeanu ispod smrznute površine Jupiterovog satelita Evropa,
00:32
or in the liquid hydrocarbon lakes
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ili u tečnim ugljovodoničnim jezerima
00:34
that we've found on Saturn's moon Titan.
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koja smo našli na Saturnovom satelitu Titan.
Jedna grupa astrobiologa, međutim, radi na SETI-ju.
00:37
But one group of astrobiologists works on SETI.
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00:40
SETI is the Search for Extraterrestrial Intelligence,
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SETI je skraćenica za potragu za vanzemaljskom inteligencijom,
00:43
and SETI researchers are trying to detect some evidence
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a istraživači SETI-ja pokušavaju da nađu neki dokaz
00:46
that intelligent creatures elsewhere
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da su inteligentna bića na nekom drugom mestu
00:49
have used technology to build a transmitter of some sort.
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koristila tehnologiju da bi izgradila nekakav predajnik.
00:53
But how likely is it
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Koliko je verovatno, međutim,
00:55
that they will manage to find a signal?
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da će i uspeti da nađu signal?
00:58
There are certainly no guarantees when it comes to SETI,
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Sigurno je da ne postoje garancije kada se radi o SETI-ju,
01:01
but something called the Drake equation,
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ali nešto što se zove Drejkova jednačina,
01:04
named after Frank Drake,
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a što je dobilo ime po Frenku Drejku,
01:07
can help us organize our thinking
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može nam pomoći da organizujemo svoje misli
01:09
about what might be required
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o tome šta bi moglo biti potrebno
01:11
for successful detection.
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za uspešno otkrivanje.
01:14
If you've dealt with equations before,
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Ako ste ranije dolazili u dodir sa jednačinama,
01:16
then you probably expect
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onda verovatno očekujete
01:18
that there will be a solution to the equation,
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da će postojati rešenje za jednačinu;
01:20
a right answer.
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tačan odgovor.
01:22
The Drake equation, however, is different,
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Drejkova jednačina je, međutim, drugačija
jer ima toliko mnogo nepoznatih.
01:25
because there are so many unknowns.
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01:27
It has no right answer.
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Nema tačan odgovor.
01:30
As we learn more about our universe
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Kako saznajemo sve više o našem svemiru
01:32
and our place within it,
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i našem mestu u njemu,
01:34
some of the unknowns get better known,
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neke od nepoznatih postaju bolje poznate
01:37
and we can estimate an answer a bit better.
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i možemo malo bolje da procenimo odgovor.
01:40
But there won't be a definite answer to the Drake equation
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Međutim, neće biti definitivnog odgovora na Drejkovu jednačinu
01:43
until SETI succeeds
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dok SETI ne uspe
01:46
or something else proves that
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ili nešto drugo ne uspe da dokaže
01:48
Earthlings are the only intelligent species in our portion of the cosmos.
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da su Zemljani jedina inteligentna vrsta u našem delu kosmosa.
01:52
In the meantime,
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U međuvremenu,
01:53
it is really useful to consider the unknowns.
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zaista je korisno razmotriti nepoznate.
01:56
The Drake equation attempts to estimate
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Drejkova jednačina pokušava da proceni
01:59
the number of technological civilizations
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broj tehnoloških civilizacija
02:02
in the Milky Way Galaxy -- we call that N --
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u galaksiji Mlečni put - to nazivamo N -
02:05
with whom we could make contact,
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sa kojima bismo mogli ostvariti kontakt,
02:07
and it's usually written as:
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a obično se zapisuje kao:
02:10
N equals R-star
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N je jednako R-zvezdica
02:13
multiplied by f-sub-p
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pomnoženo sa f, p u indeksu
02:17
multiplied by n-sub-e
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pomnoženo sa n, e u indeksu,
02:20
multiplied by f-sub-l
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pomnoženo sa f, l u indeksu,
02:24
multiplied by f-sub-i
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pomnoženo sa f, i u indeksu,
02:27
multiplied by f-sub-c
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pomnoženo sa f, c u indeksu,
02:30
and lastly, multiplied by capital L.
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i konačno, pomnoženo velikim L.
02:35
All those factors multiplied together
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Svi ovi činioci međusobno pomnoženi
02:37
help to estimate the number
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pomažu da se proceni broj
02:39
of technological civilizations
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tehnološke civilizacije
02:41
that we might be able to detect right now.
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koje bismo mogli da primetimo upravo sada.
02:44
R-star is the rate at which
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R-zvezdica je stopa kojom su se zvezde
02:47
stars have been born in the Milky Way Galaxy
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rađale u galaksiji Mlečni put
02:50
over the last few billion years,
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tokom prethodnih nekoliko milijardi godina,
02:52
so it's a number that is stars per year.
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pa je to broj koji označava broj zvezda po godini.
02:55
Our galaxy is 10 billion years old,
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Naša galaksija je stara 10 milijardi godina,
02:57
and early in its history stars formed at a different rate.
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a u njenoj ranoj istoriji, zvezde su se formirale različitom brzinom.
03:01
All of the f-factors are fractions.
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Svi f-činioci su razlomci.
03:04
Each one must be less than or equal to one.
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Svaki mora biti manji od ili jednak jedinici.
03:08
F-sub-p is the fraction of stars that have planets.
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F sa p u indeksu je razlomak sa zvezdama koje imaju planete.
03:11
N-sub-e
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N sa e u indeksu
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is the average number of habitable planets
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je prosečan broj naseljivih planeta
03:17
in any planetary system.
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u bilo kom planetarnom sistemu.
03:19
F-sub-l
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F sa l u indeksu
03:20
is the fraction of planets on which life actually begins
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je razlomak sa planetama na kojima život zapravo počinje,
03:23
and f-sub-i is the fraction of all those life forms
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a f sa i u indeksu je razlomak svih životnih oblika
03:27
that develop intelligence.
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koji su razvili inteligenciju.
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F-sub-c is the fraction of intelligent life
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F sa c u indeksu je razlomak inteligentnog života
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that develops a civilization
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koji razvija civilizaciju
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that decides to use some sort of transmitting technology.
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koja odlučuje da iskoristi neku vrstu tehnologije sa odašiljanjem.
03:38
And finally, L --
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Konačno, L -
03:40
the longevity factor.
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faktor dugovečnosti.
03:42
On average, how many years
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U proseku, koliko godina
03:44
do those transmitters continue to operate?
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ovi odašiljači nastavljaju da rade?
03:47
Astronomers are now almost able
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Astronomi su sada skoro u mogućnosti
03:50
to tell us what the product of the first three terms is.
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da nam kažu koji je proizvod prva tri uslova.
03:54
We're now finding exoplanets almost everywhere.
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Sada nailazimo na egzoplanete skoro svuda.
03:58
The fractions dealing with life and intelligence
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Razlomci koji se bave životom,
inteligencijom i tehnološkom civilizacijom
04:01
and technological civilizations
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04:03
are ones that many, many experts ponder,
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oni su o kojima mnogi eksperti razmišljaju,
04:07
but nobody knows for sure.
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ali niko ih ne zna zasigurno.
04:09
So far,
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Dosad,
04:11
we only know of one place in the universe
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znamo za samo jedno mesto u svemiru
04:13
where life exists,
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na kom postoji život,
04:15
and that's right here on Earth.
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a to je upravo ovde, na Zemlji.
04:17
In the next couple of decades,
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U nekoliko narednih decenija,
04:19
as we explore Mars and Europa and Titan,
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dok istražujemo Mars, Evropu i Titan,
04:22
the discovery of any kind of life there
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otkriće bilo kakvog života na njima
04:26
will mean that life will be abundant
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značiće da će život postojati u izobilju
04:29
in the Milky Way.
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u Mlečnom putu,
04:30
Because if life originated twice
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jer ako je život nastao dva puta
04:33
within this one Solar System,
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u okviru ovog Sunčevog sistema,
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it means it was easy,
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znači da je to bilo lako,
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and given similar conditions elsewhere,
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a ako postoje slični uslovi drugde,
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life will happen.
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život će se desiti.
04:41
So the number two is a very important number here.
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Tako je broj dva veoma bitan ovde.
04:45
Scientists, including SETI researchers,
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Naučnici, uključujući i i istraživače iz SETI-ja,
04:48
often tend to make very crude estimates
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često su skloni pravljenju veoma grubih procena
04:52
and acknowledge that there are very large
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i priznaju da postoji mnogo ogromnih nesigurnosti
04:54
uncertainties in these estimates, in order to make progress.
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u ovim procenama da bi se napravio pomak.
04:57
We think we know
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Mislimo da znamo
04:59
that R-star and n-sub-e are both numbers that
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da su i R-zvezdica i n sa e u indeksu
05:02
are closer to 10 than, say, to one,
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brojevi koji su bliži broju deset nego, recimo, jedan,
05:05
and all the f-factors are less than one.
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a da su svi f činioci manji od jedan.
05:08
Some of them may be much less than one.
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Neki od njih mogu biti znatno manji nego jedan.
05:11
But of all these unknowns,
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Ipak, među svim ovim nepoznatima,
05:13
the biggest unknown is L,
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najveća nepoznata je L,
05:15
so perhaps the most useful version of the Drake equation
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pa je možda najkorisnija verzija Drejkove jednačine
05:19
is simply to say that
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jednostavan iskaz da je
05:21
N is approximately equal to L.
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N približno jednako L.
05:26
The information in this equation is very clear.
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Informacija u ovoj jednačini veoma je jasna.
05:29
Unless L is large,
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Ukoliko L nije ogromno,
05:31
N will be small.
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N će biti malo.
05:33
But, you know, you can also turn that around.
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Međutim, znate, to možete i izokrenuti.
05:37
If SETI succeeds in detecting a signal in the near future,
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Ako SETI uspe da primeti signal u bliskoj budućnosti,
05:41
after examining only a small portion
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posle ispitivanja malog dela
05:44
of the stars in the Milky Way,
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zvezda u Mlečnom putu,
05:46
then we learn that
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onda ćemo shvatiti
05:48
L, on average, must be large.
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da L, u proseku, mora biti ogromno.
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Otherwise, we couldn't have succeeded so easily.
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U suprotnom, ne bismo uspeli tako lako.
05:54
A physicist named Philip Morrison
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Fizičar pod imenom Filip Morison
05:56
summarizes by saying
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rezimira ovo kroz izjavu
05:58
that SETI is the archaeology of the future.
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da je SETI arheologija budućnosti.
06:02
By this, he meant that
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Pod ovim podrazumeva da,
06:03
because the speed of light is finite,
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pošto je brzina svetlosti konačna,
06:06
any signals detected from distant technologies
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bilo kakvi signali udaljenih tehnologija koje primetimo
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will be telling us about their past
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reći će nam o svojoj prošlosti
06:12
by the time they reach us.
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kada stignu do nas.
06:14
But because L must be large
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Međutim, pošto L mora biti ogromno
06:17
for a successful detection,
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da bi ga uspešno primetili,
06:19
we also learn about our future,
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učimo i o svojoj budućnosti,
06:22
particularly that we can have a long future.
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naročito o tome da možemo imati dugu budućnost.
06:26
We've developed technologies that can send signals into space
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Razvili smo tehnologije koje šalju signale u svemir
06:29
and humans to the moon,
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i ljude na Mesec,
06:31
but we've also developed technologies that can destroy the environment,
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ali smo razvili i tehnologije koje mogu uništiti životnu sredinu,
06:34
that can wage war
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koje mogu voditi ratove
06:36
with weapons and biological terrorism.
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oružjem i biološkim terorizmom.
06:38
In the future,
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U budućnosti,
06:39
will our technology help stabilize our planet
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da li će nam naša tehnologija pomoći u stabilizovanju planete
06:42
and our population,
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i naše populacije,
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leading to a very long lifetime for us?
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vodeći ka našoj velikoj dugovečnosti,
06:46
Or will we destroy our world and its inhabitants
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ili ćemo uništiti svoj svet i njegove stanovnike
06:49
after only a brief appearance on the cosmic stage?
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posle samo kratkog pojavljivanja na svemirskoj pozornici?
06:53
I encourage you to consider
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Ohrabrujem vas da razmotrite
06:56
the unknowns in this equation.
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nepoznate u ovoj jednačini.
06:58
Why don't you make your own estimates
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Zašto ne napravite sopstvene procene
07:00
for these unknowns, and see what you come up with for N?
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za ove nepoznate i vidite šta vam se pojavljuje kao N?
07:03
Compare that with the estimates made by Frank Drake,
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Uporedite tu procenu sa procenom Frenka Drejka,
07:06
Carl Sagan, other scientists
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Karla Segana, drugih naučnika
07:08
or your neighbors.
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ili svojih komšija.
07:10
Remember, there's no right answer.
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Zapamtite, ne postoji pravi odgovor,
07:13
Not yet.
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bar ne još uvek.
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