What makes something "Kafkaesque"? - Noah Tavlin

13,138,627 views ・ 2016-06-20

TED-Ed


μ•„λž˜ μ˜λ¬Έμžλ§‰μ„ λ”λΈ”ν΄λ¦­ν•˜μ‹œλ©΄ μ˜μƒμ΄ μž¬μƒλ©λ‹ˆλ‹€.

λ²ˆμ—­: Jaewon Jung κ²€ν† : Jihyeon J. Kim
00:06
"Someone must have been telling lies about Josef K.
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"λˆ„κ΅°κ°€κ°€ μš”μ…‰ K에 λŒ€ν•΄ 거짓말을 ν•˜κ³  μžˆμ–΄.
00:09
He knew he had done nothing wrong, but one morning, he was arrested."
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κ·ΈλŠ” 잘λͺ»ν•œκ²Œ μ—†λŠ” κ±Έ μ•Œκ³  μžˆμ§€λ§Œ, μ–΄λŠλ‚  μ•„μΉ¨, 체포됐지."
00:14
Thus begins "The Trial,"
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κ·Έλ ‡κ²Œ "재판"이 μ‹œμž‘λ©λ‹ˆλ‹€,
00:16
one of author Franz Kafka's most well-known novels.
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μ†Œμ„€κ°€ ν”„λž€μΈ  μΉ΄ν”„μΉ΄μ˜ κ°€μž₯ 잘 μ•Œλ €μ§„ μ†Œμ„€μ΄μ£ .
00:20
K, the protagonist, is arrested out of nowhere
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주인곡 KλŠ” 의문의 μž₯μ†Œλ‘œ μ²΄ν¬λ©λ‹ˆλ‹€.
00:24
and made to go through a bewildering process
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그리고 어리λ‘₯μ ˆν•œ 절차λ₯Ό 걸치게 되죠.
00:26
where neither the cause of his arrest,
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그의 체포의 원인도 μ—†κ³ 
00:28
nor the nature of the judicial proceedings
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정상적인 μ‚¬λ²•μ˜ μ ˆμ°¨λ„
00:31
are made clear to him.
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λͺ…ν™•ν•˜μ§€ μ•Šμ•˜μŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
00:33
This sort of scenario is considered so characteristic of Kafka's work
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이런 것듀은 μΉ΄ν”„μΉ΄μ˜ μž‘ν’ˆμ—μ„œ λ³΄μ—¬μ§€λŠ” μ „ν˜•μ μΈ 양상이죠.
00:37
that scholars came up with a new word for it.
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μ² ν•™μžλ“€μ΄ 이λ₯Ό λ”°μ„œ 단어λ₯Ό λ§Œλ“€μ—ˆμ„ μ •λ„λ‘œμš”.
00:39
Kafkaesque has entered the vernacular to describe unnecessarily complicated
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'μΉ΄ν”„μΉ΄μ—μŠ€ν¬'λŠ” λΆˆν•„μš”ν•  μ •λ„λ‘œ λ³΅μž‘ν•˜κ³  λ”μ°ν•œ κ²½ν—˜λ“€μ„ λ¬˜μ‚¬ν•˜λŠ”
00:44
and frustrating experiences,
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은어적 ν‘œν˜„μž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
00:47
like being forced to navigate labyrinths of bureaucracy.
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마치 κ΄€λ£Œμ œμ˜ 미둜λ₯Ό μ–΅μ§€λ‘œ 따라야 ν•˜λŠ” κ²ƒμ²˜λŸΌμš”.
00:51
But does standing in a long line to fill out confusing paperwork
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ν•˜μ§€λ§Œ, 그런 ν˜Όλž€μŠ€λŸ¬μš΄ μ„œλ₯˜λ“€μ„ μ±„μš°λ©° λ²„ν…¨λ‚˜κ°€λŠ” 것이
00:55
really capture the richness of Kafka's vision?
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μΉ΄ν”„μΉ΄μ˜ ν’μ„±ν•œ μ‹œκ°μ„ 보μž₯ν•˜λ‚˜μš”?
00:58
Beyond the word's casual use, what makes something Kafkaesque?
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λ‹¨μ–΄μ˜ λ‹¨νŽΈμ μΈ μ‚¬μš©λ²•μ„ λ– λ‚˜μ„œ μ–΄λ–€ 것이 'μΉ΄ν”„μΉ΄μ—μŠ€ν¬'ν• κΉŒμš”?
01:03
Franz Kafka's stories do indeed deal with many mundane and absurd aspects
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μΉ΄ν”„μΉ΄μ˜ μ΄μ•ΌκΈ°μ—μ„œλŠ” 주둜 ν˜„λŒ€ κ΄€λ£Œμ œμ—μ„œ λΆ•λœ¨κ³  말이 μ•ˆλ˜λŠ”
01:08
of modern bureaucracy,
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이야기λ₯Ό 많이 λ‹€λ£Ήλ‹ˆλ‹€.
01:10
drawn in part from his experience of working as an insurance clerk
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λ³΄ν—˜μ‚¬ μ§μ›μœΌλ‘œ μΌν•˜λ©΄μ„œ κ²ͺμ—ˆμ—ˆλ˜
01:14
in early 20th century Prague.
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20μ„ΈκΈ° 초 ν”„λΌν•˜μ˜ κ²½ν—˜μ—μ„œ λΉ„λ‘―λ˜μ—ˆμ£ .
01:17
Many of his protagonists are office workers
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μž‘ν’ˆμ˜ μ£Ό 주인곡측은 사무싀 μ§μ›λ“€μž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
01:19
compelled to struggle through a web of obstacles
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μž₯μ• λ¬Όλ“€μ˜ λŠͺμ—μ„œ λͺ©ν‘œλ₯Ό 이루기 μœ„ν•΄
01:22
in order to achieve their goals,
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μ‚¬νˆ¬λ₯Ό 벌이기λ₯Ό κ°•μš”λ‹Ήν•˜κ³  있고
01:24
and often the whole ordeal turns out to be so disorienting and illogical
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λͺ¨λ“  μ§€λ£¨ν•˜κ³  μ˜λ―Έμ—†λŠ” 일듀은 μ• μ΄ˆμ— μ„±κ³΅κ³ΌλŠ” 거리가 λ©€κ³ 
01:29
that success becomes pointless in the first place.
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μ§€μ €λΆ„ν•˜κ³  λΉ„λ…Όλ¦¬μ μ΄μ—ˆλ‹€κ³  λ°ν˜€μ§€κ²Œ 되죠.
01:33
For example, in the short story, "Poseidon,"
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예λ₯Ό λ“€μ–΄, "ν¬μ„Έμ΄λˆ"μ΄λΌλŠ” 짧은 μ΄μ•ΌκΈ°μ—μ„œ
01:35
the Ancient Greek god is an executive so swamped with paperwork
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이 κ³ λŒ€ 그리슀 신은 λ§Žμ€ μ–‘μ˜ λ¬Έμ„œ 업무λ₯Ό μ²˜λ¦¬ν•΄μ•Ό ν•˜λŠ” κ°„λΆ€μž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
01:40
that he's never had time to explore his underwater domain.
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κ·ΈλŠ” 그의 업무 μ˜μ—­ λ°–μ˜ 일을 탐ꡬ할 μ‹œκ°„μ‘°μ°¨ μ—†μ—ˆμ£ .
01:44
The joke here is that not even a god can handle the amount of paperwork
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이 λ†λ‹΄μ˜ 핡심은 신이 ν˜„λŒ€ 직μž₯이 μš”κ΅¬ν•˜λŠ” λ§Žμ€ μ–‘μ˜ μ„œλ₯˜ 업무λ₯Ό
01:47
demanded by the modern workplace.
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μ²˜λ¦¬ν•  수 μ—†λ‹€λŠ” 게 μ•„λ‹™λ‹ˆλ‹€.
01:50
But the reason why is telling.
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μ™œ κ·ΈλŸ°κ°€ ν•˜λŠ” 것이 ν•΅μ‹¬μž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
01:52
He's unwilling to delegate any of the work
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κ·ΈλŠ” λŒ€μ‹ ν•  μ‚¬λžŒμ„ κ΅¬ν•˜λ € ν•˜μ§€ μ•ŠμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
01:55
because he deems everyone else unworthy of the task.
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μ™œλƒν•˜λ©΄ 아무도 그일을 ν• λ§Œν•˜μ§€ μ•Šλ‹€κ³  μ—¬κΈ°λ‹ˆκΉŒμš”.
01:59
Kafka's Poseidon is a prisoner of his own ego.
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μΉ΄ν”„μΉ΄μ˜ ν¬μ„Έμ΄λˆμ€ 그의 μžμ•„μ— κ°‡ν˜€μžˆλŠ” μ£„μˆ˜μž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
02:03
This simple story contains all of the elements
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이 κ°„λ‹¨ν•œ μ΄μ•ΌκΈ°λŠ” μ§„μ •ν•œ 'μΉ΄ν”„μΉ΄μ—μŠ€ν¬'의 이야기λ₯Ό λ§Œλ“œλŠ”
02:05
that make for a truly Kafkaesque scenario.
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λͺ¨λ“  μš”μ†Œλ“€μ„ λ‹΄κ³  μžˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
02:09
It's not the absurdity of bureaucracy alone,
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이것은 κ΄€λ£Œμ œμ˜ λͺ¨μˆœλ§Œ λ‹΄κ³  μžˆλŠ” 것이 μ•„λ‹™λ‹ˆλ‹€.
02:11
but the irony of the character's circular reasoning in reaction to it
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μ΄λŠ” μΉ΄ν”„μΉ΄μ˜ κΈ€μ—μ„œ μ•”μ‹œμ μœΌλ‘œ λ³΄μ΄λŠ”
주인곡의 μˆœν™˜μ μΈ λ°˜μ„±κ³Ό λ°˜μ‘μ— λŒ€ν•œ λͺ¨μˆœμ„ λ³΄μž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
02:16
that is emblematic of Kafka's writing.
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02:18
His tragicomic stories act as a form of mythology for the modern industrial age,
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그의 비희극적 μ΄μ•ΌκΈ°λŠ” ν˜„λŒ€ μ‚°μ—…μ‹œλŒ€μ— 자기 ꢌλ ₯λŒ€λ‘œ μž‘μš©ν•˜λŠ” 체계와
02:24
employing dream logic to explore the relationships
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이λ₯Ό λ”°λ₯΄λŠ” 개인의 μ‚¬μ΄μ—μ„œ 관계λ₯Ό νƒκ΅¬ν•˜κΈ° μœ„ν•œ
02:27
between systems of arbitrary power and the individuals caught up in them.
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이상적인 논리λ₯Ό μ°Ύμ•„λ‚΄λŠ” 신화적인 ν˜•μ‹μœΌλ‘œ μž‘μš©ν•©λ‹ˆλ‹€.
02:33
Take, for example, Kafka's most famous story, "Metamorphosis."
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예λ₯Ό λ“€μ–΄, μΉ΄ν”„μΉ΄μ˜ κ°€μž₯ μ•Œλ €μ§„ μž‘ν’ˆ, "λ³€μ‹ "μ—μ„œ
02:37
When Gregor Samsa awaken's one morning to find himself transformed
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μ–΄λŠλ‚  μ•„μΉ¨ 그래고λ₯΄ 삼사가 κ±°λŒ€ν•œ 곀좩으둜 λ³€ν•œμ±„λ‘œ
02:40
into a giant insect,
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깨어났을 λ•Œ
02:42
his greatest worry is that he gets to work on time.
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그의 κ°€μž₯ 큰 걱정은 제 μ‹œκ°„μ— μΌμžλ¦¬μ— κ°€λŠ” κ²ƒμ΄μ—ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
02:46
Of course, this proves impossible.
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λ¬Όλ‘ , λΆˆκ°€λŠ₯ν•œ μΌμ΄μ—ˆμ£ .
02:49
It was not only the authoritarian realm of the workplace that inspired Kafka.
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μΉ΄ν”„μΉ΄μ—κ²Œ μ˜κ°μ„ μ€€ 것은 κΆŒμœ„μ μΈ 직μž₯λ§Œμ€ μ•„λ‹ˆμ—ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
02:54
Some of his protagonists' struggles come from within.
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그의 μž‘ν’ˆμ€‘ λͺ‡λͺ‡ 주인곡듀은 λ‚΄λ©΄μ—μ„œ λ‚˜μ™”μŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
02:57
The short story, "A Hunger Artist,"
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그의 이야기 "λ°°κ³ ν”ˆ μ˜ˆμˆ κ°€"λŠ”
02:59
describes a circus performer whose act consists of extended fasts.
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μ˜€λž«λ™μ•ˆ λ‹¨μ‹ν•˜λŠ” μ—°κΈ°λ₯Ό μ„ λ³΄μ΄λŠ” ν–‰μœ„ μ˜ˆμˆ κ°€μ— λŒ€ν•œ κ²λ‹ˆλ‹€.
03:05
He's upset that the circus master limits these to 40 days,
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κ·ΈλŠ” μ„œμ»€μŠ€ 단μž₯이 ν–‰μœ„ μ˜ˆμˆ μ„ 40일둜 μ œν•œν•œ 것에 λŒ€ν•΄
03:09
believing this prevents him from achieving greatness in his art.
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그의 μž‘ν’ˆμ˜ 완성도λ₯Ό λ†’μ΄λŠ” 것을 λ§‰λŠ”λ‹€κ³  μƒκ°ν–ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
03:13
But when his act loses popularity,
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ν•˜μ§€λ§Œ, 그의 μž‘ν’ˆμ˜ 인기가 μ‹μž
03:15
he is left free to starve himself to death.
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κ·ΈλŠ” ꡢ어죽도둝 λ‚¨κ²¨μ§‘λ‹ˆλ‹€.
03:19
The twist comes when he lays dying in anonymity,
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이런 ν”Œλ‘―μ˜ λ³€ν™”λŠ” κ·Έκ°€ 그의 μ˜ˆμˆ μ€ 항상 μ—‰ν„°λ¦¬μ˜€λ‹€λ©°
03:22
regretfully admitting that his art has always been a fraud.
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ν›„νšŒν•˜λ©° μΈμ •ν•˜λ©΄μ„œ λͺ¨ν˜Έμ„±μ„ 남기고 μ£½λŠ” κ²ƒμœΌλ‘œ μ‹œμž‘λ©λ‹ˆλ‹€.
03:25
He fasted not through strength of will,
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그의 단식은 κ°•ν•œ μ˜μ§€λ‘œ λ§Œλ“€μ–΄μ§„κ²Œ μ•„λ‹Œ
03:28
but simply because he never found a food he liked.
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μŒμ‹ μ·¨ν–₯이 λ§žμ§€ μ•Šμ•˜λ˜ μ΄μœ μ˜€μŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
03:32
Even in "The Trial,"
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"재판"μ—μ„œλ„
03:33
which seems to focus directly on bureaucracy,
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κ΄€λ£Œμ œλ₯Ό μ§‘μ€‘ν•˜μ—¬ μ‘°λͺ…ν•˜λŠ” 것 κ°™μ§€λ§Œ
03:35
the vague laws and bewildering procedures point to something far more sinister:
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λͺ¨ν˜Έν•œ 법λ₯ κ³Ό 이도저도 μ•„λ‹Œ μ ˆμ°¨λŠ” λ”μš± 비극적인 μ•”μ‹œλ₯Ό λΉ„μΆ”λŠ” κ²ƒμ΄μ—ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
03:40
the terrible momentum of the legal system proves unstoppable,
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법적 μ²΄κ³„μ˜ μ†Œλ¦„λΌμΉ˜λŠ” μ‹œν–‰μ΄, κΆŒμœ„μžˆλŠ” 기관이 μ€‘μ§€μ‹œν‚€λ € 해도
03:44
even by supposedly powerful officials.
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λ©ˆμΆ”μ§€ μ•Šμ„ κ±°λž€κ±Έ λ³΄μ—¬μ€λ‹ˆλ‹€.
03:48
This is a system that doesn't serve justice,
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μ •μ˜λ₯Ό κ΅¬ν˜„μ‹œν‚¬ 수 μ—†λŠ” μ²΄κ³„μ΄μ§€λ§Œ
03:50
but whose sole function is to perpetuate itself.
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였직 κ·Έ κΈ°λŠ₯λ§Œμ„ λ°˜λ³΅ν•©λ‹ˆλ‹€.
03:54
What political theorist Hannah Arendt,
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μ •μΉ˜ 이둠가 ν•œλ‚˜ μ• λŸ°νŠΈμ˜
03:56
writing years after Kafka's death,
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μΉ΄ν”„μΉ΄μ˜ 죽음, κ·Έ λͺ‡λ…„ ν›„λ₯Ό 적은 글을 보면
03:58
would call "tyranny without a tyrant."
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'λ…μž¬μž μ—†λŠ” λ…μž¬μ‚¬νšŒ'라 λͺ…λͺ…ν–ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
04:01
Yet accompanying the bleakness of Kafka's stories,
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아직, μΉ΄ν”„μΉ΄μ˜ μŒμšΈν•¨λ§Œμ„ λ™λ°˜ν•˜λŠ” 것이 μ•„λ‹Œ
04:05
there's a great deal of humor
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말도 μ•ˆλ˜λŠ” λ…Όλ¦¬μ—μ„œ νŒŒμƒλ˜μ–΄
04:06
rooted in the nonsensical logic of the situations described.
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λ¬˜μ‚¬λœ 상황을 담은 μœ λ¨Έμ½”λ“œκ°€ μžˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
04:10
So on the one hand, it's easy to recognize the Kafkaesque in today's world.
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κ·Έλž˜μ„œ μ˜€λŠ˜λ‚  μΉ΄ν”„μΉ΄μ—μŠ€ν¬ ν˜„μƒμ„ μ‰½κ²Œ μ°Ύμ•„λ³Ό 수 μžˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
04:15
We rely on increasingly convoluted systems of administration
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μš°λ¦¬λŠ” ν–‰μ •λΆ€μ˜ μ‹¬ν•˜κ²Œ κΌ¬μ—¬μžˆλŠ” 체계에 μ˜μ‘΄ν•©λ‹ˆλ‹€.
04:20
that have real consequences on every aspect of our lives.
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우리의 μ‚Άμ˜ λͺ¨λ“  μ‹œκ°μ— ν˜„μ‹€μ μΈ κ²°κ³Όλ₯Ό μ œκ³΅ν•˜κ²Œ 되죠.
04:24
And we find our every word judged by people we can't see
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그리고 μš°λ¦¬λŠ” μ•Œ 수 μ—†λŠ” μ‚¬λžŒλ“€μ˜ 말둜 νŒλ‹¨λ˜κ²Œ λ©λ‹ˆλ‹€.
04:28
according to rules we don't know.
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μš°λ¦¬κ°€ μ•Œ 수 μ—†λŠ” κ·œμΉ™λ“€μ„ μ „μ œλ‘œμš”.
04:32
On the other hand, by fine-tuning our attention to the absurd,
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λ‹€λ₯Έ ν•œνŽΈ, 이 λͺ¨μˆœλ“€μ„ κ³ μ³λ‚˜κ°€λ €λŠ” μš°λ¦¬λ“€μ˜ μ˜μ‹μœΌλ‘œμ„œ
04:36
Kafka also reflects our shortcomings back at ourselves.
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우리의 μ§€λ‚œ λ‚ μ˜ μ‹€νŒ¨μ— λŒ€ν•΄ λ°˜μ„±ν•  수 μžˆκ²Œλ” ν•΄μ€λ‹ˆλ‹€.
04:40
In doing so, he reminds us that the world we live in is one we create,
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κ·Έλ ‡κ²Œ ν•¨μœΌλ‘œμ¨, μΉ΄ν”„μΉ΄λŠ” 세상은 μš°λ¦¬κ°€ μ°½μ‘°ν•΄ λ‚˜κ°€λŠ” 것이며
04:45
and have the power to change for the better.
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더 λ‚˜μ€ 것을 μœ„ν•œ λ³€ν™”μ˜ 힘이 μžˆμŒμ„ μ•Œλ €μ€λ‹ˆλ‹€.
이 μ›Ήμ‚¬μ΄νŠΈ 정보

이 μ‚¬μ΄νŠΈλŠ” μ˜μ–΄ ν•™μŠ΅μ— μœ μš©ν•œ YouTube λ™μ˜μƒμ„ μ†Œκ°œν•©λ‹ˆλ‹€. μ „ 세계 졜고의 μ„ μƒλ‹˜λ“€μ΄ κ°€λ₯΄μΉ˜λŠ” μ˜μ–΄ μˆ˜μ—…μ„ 보게 될 κ²ƒμž…λ‹ˆλ‹€. 각 λ™μ˜μƒ νŽ˜μ΄μ§€μ— ν‘œμ‹œλ˜λŠ” μ˜μ–΄ μžλ§‰μ„ 더블 ν΄λ¦­ν•˜λ©΄ κ·Έκ³³μ—μ„œ λ™μ˜μƒμ΄ μž¬μƒλ©λ‹ˆλ‹€. λΉ„λ””μ˜€ μž¬μƒμ— 맞좰 μžλ§‰μ΄ μŠ€ν¬λ‘€λ©λ‹ˆλ‹€. μ˜κ²¬μ΄λ‚˜ μš”μ²­μ΄ μžˆλŠ” 경우 이 문의 양식을 μ‚¬μš©ν•˜μ—¬ λ¬Έμ˜ν•˜μ‹­μ‹œμ˜€.

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