What can you learn from ancient skeletons? - Farnaz Khatibi

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2017-06-15 ใƒป TED-Ed


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What can you learn from ancient skeletons? - Farnaz Khatibi

419,429 views ใƒป 2017-06-15

TED-Ed


์•„๋ž˜ ์˜๋ฌธ์ž๋ง‰์„ ๋”๋ธ”ํด๋ฆญํ•˜์‹œ๋ฉด ์˜์ƒ์ด ์žฌ์ƒ๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.

๋ฒˆ์—ญ: ์ • ์œ ๋‚˜ ๊ฒ€ํ† : Jihyeon J. Kim
00:07
Between 2008 and 2012,
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2008๋…„๋„์—์„œ 2012๋…„๋„ ์‚ฌ์ด์—
00:09
archeologists excavated the rubble of an ancient hospital in England.
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๊ณ ๊ณ ํ•™์ž๋“ค์€ ์˜๊ตญ์˜ ๊ณ ๋Œ€๋ณ‘์› ์ž”ํ•ด๋ฅผ ๋ฐœ๊ตดํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
00:13
In the process, they uncovered a number of skeletons.
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๊ทธ ๊ณผ์ •์—์„œ ๋งŽ์€ ์ˆ˜์˜ ํ•ด๊ณจ๋“ค์„ ๋ฐœ๊ตดํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
00:16
One in particular belonged to a wealthy male
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๊ทธ ์ค‘ ํ•˜๋‚˜๋Š” ๋ถ€์œ ํ•œ ๋‚จ์ž์˜ ํ•ด๊ณจ์ด์—ˆ๊ณ 
00:19
who lived in the 11th or 12th century
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๊ทธ๋Š” 11์„ธ๊ธฐ ๋˜๋Š” 12์„ธ๊ธฐ์— ์‚ด์•˜์œผ๋ฉฐ
00:21
and died of leprosy between the ages of 18 and 25.
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๋‚˜๋ณ‘์œผ๋กœ 18์„ธ์—์„œ 25์„ธ ์‚ฌ์ด์— ์‚ฌ๋งํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
00:25
How do we know all this?
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์–ด๋–ป๊ฒŒ ์ด๊ฑธ ๋‹ค ์•Œ๊นŒ์š”?
00:26
Simply by examining some old, soil-caked bones?
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๋‹จ์ˆœํžˆ ์˜ค๋ž˜๋˜๊ณ  ํ™์ด ๋ง๋ผ๋ถ™์–ด ์žˆ๋Š” ๋ผˆ๋ฅผ ๊ด€์ฐฐํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ ๋งŒ์œผ๋กœ์š”?
00:30
Even centuries after death,
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์‚ฌ๋งํ•œ์ง€ ๋ช‡ ์„ธ๊ธฐ๊ฐ€ ์ง€๋‚˜๋„
00:31
skeletons carry unique features that tell us about their identities.
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ํ•ด๊ณจ์€ ์ž๊ธฐ์˜ ์ •์ฒด์„ฑ์„ ์•Œ๋ ค์ฃผ๋Š” ๊ฐœ์„ฑ์žˆ๋Š” ํŠน์„ฑ์„ ๊ฐ€์ง€๊ณ  ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
00:35
And using modern tools and techniques, we can read those features as clues.
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๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ๊ทธ ํŠน์„ฑ์„ ํžŒํŠธ ์‚ผ์•„, ํ˜„๋Œ€ ๊ธฐ์ˆ ๊ณผ ๊ธฐ๊ณ„๋ฅผ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•˜์—ฌ ๋ถ„์„ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
00:39
This is a branch of science known as biological anthropology.
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์ด ๊ณผํ•™ ๋ถ„์•ผ๋ฅผ ์ƒ๋ฌผ์ธ๋ฅ˜ํ•™์ด๋ผ๊ณ  ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
00:43
It allows researchers to piece together details about ancient individuals
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์ƒ๋ฌผ์ธ๋ฅ˜ํ•™์€ ๊ณ ๋Œ€์ƒ๋ฌผ์˜ ํŠน์ง•๋“ค์„ ํ† ๋Œ€๋กœ ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ํŠน์ง•๋“ค์„ ์˜ˆ์ƒํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๊ฒŒ ํ•ด์ฃผ๊ณ 
00:47
and identify historical events that affected whole populations.
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๋งŽ์€ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์—๊ฒŒ ์˜ํ–ฅ์„ ์ค€ ์—ญ์‚ฌ์ ์ธ ์‚ฌ๊ฑด์„ ์˜ˆ์ƒ ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๊ฒŒ ํ•ด์ค๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
00:51
When researchers uncover a skeleton,
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์—ฐ๊ตฌ์›๋“ค์ด ํ•ด๊ณจ์„ ๋ฐœ๊ตดํ•  ๋•Œ,
00:53
some of the first clues they gather, like age and gender,
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๊ฐ€์žฅ ๋จผ์ € ์–ป์„ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š” ํžŒํŠธ, ์˜ˆ๋ฅผ ๋“ค์–ด์„œ ๋‚˜์ด๋‚˜ ์„ฑ๋ณ„์€
00:56
lie in its morphology,
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ํ•ด๊ณจ์˜ ํ˜•ํƒœ์— ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚˜ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
00:58
which is the structure, appearance, and size of a skeleton.
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๊ทธ๊ฒƒ์€ ๊ตฌ์กฐ, ์™ธ๋ชจ์™€ ํ•ด๊ณจ์˜ ํฌ๊ธฐ ๋“ฑ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
01:02
Bones, like the clavicle, stop growing at age 25,
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๋ผˆ ์ค‘์—์„œ ์‡„๊ณจ ๊ฐ™์€ ๊ฒฝ์šฐ์—๋Š” 25์‚ด์— ์„ฑ์žฅ์ด ๋ฉˆ์ถฐ์„œ
01:05
so a skeleton with a clavicle that hasn't fully formed
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์‡„๊ณจ์ด ์™„๋ฒฝํ•˜๊ฒŒ ๋‹ค ์„ฑ์žฅํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š์€ ํ•ด๊ณจ์€
01:08
must be younger than that.
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25์‚ด ๋ณด๋‹ค ์–ด๋ฆด ๊ฒ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
01:10
Similarly, the plates in the cranium can continue fusing up to age 40,
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๋ณดํ†ต, ๋‘๊ฐœ๊ณจ์— ์žˆ๋Š” ๋ผˆ๋Š” 40์„ธ ์ด์ƒ๋„ ๊ฒฐํ•ฉ์„ ๊ณ„์†ํ•˜๊ณ 
01:14
and sometimes beyond.
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๊ฐ€๋”์”ฉ ๋” ํ•˜๊ธฐ๋„ ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
01:17
By combining these with some microscopic skeletal clues,
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์ด๋Ÿฐ ์ •๋ณด๋ฅผ ์„ธ๋ฐ€ํ•œ ํ•ด๊ณจ ์ •๋ณด์™€๋„ ํ•ฉํ•˜๊ฒŒ ๋˜๋ฉด,
01:20
physical anthropologists can estimate an approximate age of death.
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์ž์—ฐ ์ธ๋ฅ˜ํ•™์ž๋“ค์€ ์‚ฌ๋ง ๋‚˜์ด๋ฅผ ์˜ˆ์ƒํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
01:25
Meanwhile, pelvic bones reveal gender.
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๋˜, ๊ณจ๋ฐ˜์œผ๋กœ ์„ฑ๋ณ„์„ ๊ฐ€๋ฆฝ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
01:27
Biologically, female pelvises are wider, allowing women to give birth,
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์ƒ๋ฌผํ•™์ ์œผ๋กœ, ์—ฌ์ž๋“ค์˜ ๊ณจ๋ฐ˜์ด ๋” ๋„“์–ด์„œ ์•„๊ธฐ๋ฅผ ๋‚ณ์„ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๊ฒŒ ํ•ด์ฃผ๊ณ ,
01:32
where as males are narrower.
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๋‚จ์ž๋“ค์˜ ๊ณจ๋ฐ˜์€ ๋” ์ข์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
01:34
Bones also betray the signs of ancient disease.
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๋ผˆ๋“ค์€ ๊ณ ๋Œ€ ๋ณ‘์„ ์˜ˆ์ƒํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๊ฒŒ ํ•ด์ฃผ๊ธฐ๋„ ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
01:36
Disorders like anemia leave their traces on the bones.
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๋นˆํ˜ˆ์ฆ ๊ฐ™์€ ๋ณ‘์€ ๋ผˆ์— ํ”์ ์„ ๋‚จ๊ฒจ ๋†“์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
01:39
And the condition of teeth can reveal clues
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๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ์น˜์•„ ์ƒํƒœ๋กœ ์•Œ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์€
01:42
to factors like diet and malnutrition,
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์‹๋‹จ์ด๋‚˜ ์˜์–‘ ์‹ค์กฐ ๊ฐ™์€ ๊ฒƒ์ด๊ณ ,
01:44
which sometimes correlate with wealth or poverty.
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๊ทธ๊ฑธ๋กœ ๋ถ€์œ ํ•œ์ง€ ๊ฐ€๋‚œํ•œ์ง€ ์•Œ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
01:47
A protein called collagen can give us even more profound details.
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์ฝœ๋ผ๊ฒ์ด๋ผ๋Š” ๋‹จ๋ฐฑ์งˆ์€ ๋” ๊นŠ์€ ์ •๋ณด๋ฅผ ์–ป์„ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
01:52
The air we breathe,
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ๋งˆ์‹œ๋Š” ๊ณต๊ธฐ
01:53
water we drink,
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ๋งˆ์‹œ๋Š” ๋ฌผ๊ณผ
01:54
and food we eat
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ๋จน๋Š” ์Œ์‹์€
01:55
leaves permanent traces in our bones and teeth
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๋ผˆ์™€ ์น˜์•„์— ์˜๊ตฌ์ ์ธ ํ”์ ์„ ํ™”ํ•ฉ๋ฌผ ํ˜•ํƒœ๋กœ ๋‚จ๊น๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
01:58
in the form of chemical compounds.
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02:00
These compounds contain measurable quantities called isotopes.
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์ด ํ™”ํ•ฉ๋ฌผ์€ ์ธก์ • ๊ฐ€๋Šฅํ•œ ์–‘์˜ ๋™์œ„์›์†Œ๋ฅผ ๊ฐ€์ง€๊ณ  ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
02:03
Stable isotopes in bone collagen and tooth enamel varies among mammals
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ํ‘œ์œ ๋ฅ˜์˜ ๋ผˆ ์ฝœ๋ผ๊ฒ๊ณผ ์น˜์•„ ์—๋‚˜๋ฉœ์— ์žˆ๋Š” ์•ˆ์ •ํ•œ ๋™์œ„์›์†Œ๋“ค์€
02:09
dependent on where they lived and what they ate.
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์‚ด์•˜๋˜ ์ง€์—ญ๊ณผ ๋จน์€ ์Œ์‹์— ์˜ํ–ฅ์„ ๋ฐ›์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
02:12
So by analyzing these isotopes,
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๊ทธ๋ž˜์„œ ์ด ๋™์œ„์›์†Œ๋ฅผ ๋ถ„์„ํ•˜์—ฌ
02:13
we can draw direct inferences regarding the diet and location of historic people.
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๊ณ ๋Œ€ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์˜ ์‹๋‹จ๊ณผ ์‚ด์•˜๋˜ ์ง€์—ญ์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด ์ถ”๋ก ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์ฃ .
02:18
Not only that, but during life,
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๊ทธ๊ฒƒ ๋ฟ๋งŒ ์•„๋‹ˆ๋ผ ์‚ฌ๋Š” ๋„์ค‘์—๋„
02:20
bones undergo a constant cycle of remodeling.
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๋ผˆ๋Š” ์žฌํ˜•์„ฑ ๊ณผ์ •์„ ๊ฑฐ์นฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
02:23
So if someone moves from one place to another,
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๊ทธ๋ž˜์„œ ํ•œ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ์ด ์–ด๋Š ๊ณณ์—์„œ ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ๊ณณ์œผ๋กœ ์˜ฎ๊ธฐ๋ฉด,
02:26
bones synthesized after that move
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์˜ฎ๊ธด ๋‹ค์Œ์— ํ•ฉ์„ฑํ•œ ๋ผˆ๋“ค์€
02:28
will also reflect the new isotopic signatures of the surrounding environment.
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์—ญ์‹œ ๊ทธ ์ง€์—ญ์— ๋งž๋Š” ์ƒˆ๋กœ์šด ๋™์œ„์›์†Œ๊ฐ€ ์ƒ์„ฑ๋  ๊ฒ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
02:32
That means that skeletons can be used like migratory maps.
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์ด ์ฆ‰์‹œ ๋ผˆ๋Š” ์ด์ฃผ ์ง€๋„๋กœ ์“ฐ์ผ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฒ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
02:36
For instance, between 1-650 AD,
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์˜ˆ๋ฅผ ๋“ค์–ด์„œ, ์„œ๊ธฐ 1-650 ์‚ฌ์ด์—
02:40
the great city of Teotihuacan in Mexico bustled with thousands of people.
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๋ฉ•์‹œ์ฝ”์˜ ๋Œ€๋„์‹œ ํ…Œ์˜ค ํ‹ฐ์™€์นธ์—๋Š” ์ˆ˜์ฒœ ๋ช…์˜ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์ด ์žˆ์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
02:44
Researchers examined the isotope ratios in skeletons' tooth enamel,
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์—ฐ๊ตฌ์›๋“ค์€ ์น˜์•„ ์—๋‚˜๋ฉœ์˜ ๋™์œ„์›์†Œ ๋น„๋ฅผ ๊ด€์ฐฐํ–ˆ๊ณ ,
02:48
which held details of their diets when they were young.
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์–ด๋ฆด ๋•Œ์˜ ์‹๋‹จ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์ •๋ณด๊ฐ€ ์žˆ์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
02:52
They found evidence for significant migration into the city.
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๊ทธ๋“ค์€ ๋„์‹œ๋กœ์˜ ์ค‘์š”ํ•œ ์ด๋™์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์ฆ๊ฑฐ๋ฅผ ์ฐพ์•˜์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
02:54
A majority of the individuals were born elsewhere.
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๋งŽ์€ ๊ฐœ์ธ๋“ค์€ ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ๊ณณ์—์„œ ํƒœ์–ด๋‚ฌ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
02:57
With further geological and skeletal analysis,
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๋” ๋งŽ์€ ์ง€์งˆ๊ณผ ๋ผˆ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ๋ถ„์„ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ๋กœ
03:01
they may be able to map where those people came from.
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์–ด๋””์„œ ๊ทธ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์ด ์™”๋Š”์ง€ ์•Œ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
03:04
That work in Teotihuacan is also an example of how bio-anthropologists
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ํ‹ฐ์™€์นธ์—์„œ์˜ ๊ณผ์ •์ด ์ž์—ฐ์ธ๋ฅ˜ํ•™์ž๋“ค์ด
03:09
study skeletons in cemeteries and mass graves,
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ํ•ด๊ณจ์„ ๋ฌ˜์ง€๋“ค๊ณผ ๊ณต๋™๋ฌ˜์ง€์—์„œ ๊ณต๋ถ€ํ•˜๊ณ 
03:11
then analyze their similarities and differences.
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๊ณตํ†ต์ ๊ณผ ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ์ ์„ ๋ถ„์„ํ•˜๋Š” ์˜ˆ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
03:14
From that information, they can learn about cultural beliefs,
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๊ทธ๋Ÿฐ ์ •๋ณด๋“ค๋กœ, ๊ทธ๋“ค์€ ์‹ ๋… ,
03:17
social norms,
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์‚ฌํšŒ์  ๊ทœ๋ฒ”,
03:18
wars,
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์ „์Ÿ,
03:19
and what caused their deaths.
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๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ์ฃฝ์€์ด์œ ๋ฅผ ์•Œ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
03:21
Today, we use these tools to answer big questions about how forces,
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์š”์ฆ˜, ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ๊ธฐ๊ณ„๋ฅผ ์ด์šฉํ•ด ์–ด๋–ป๊ฒŒ ์˜ํ–ฅ๋ ฅ์ด
03:25
like migration and disease,
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์˜ˆ๋ฅผ ๋“ค์–ด ์ด์ฃผ์™€ ์งˆ๋ณ‘์ด
03:26
shape the modern world.
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ํ˜„๋Œ€์‹œ๋Œ€๋ฅผ ๋งŒ๋“ค์–ด ๊ฐ€๋Š”์ง€์™€ ๊ฐ™์€ ํฐ ์งˆ๋ฌธ์— ๋‹ตํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
03:28
DNA analysis is even possible in some relatively well-preserved ancient remains.
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๋น„๊ต์  ์ž˜ ๋ณด๊ด€๋œ ์œ ์ ๋“ค์€ DNA ๋ถ„์„์„ ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ๋„ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
03:33
That's helping us understand how diseases like tuberculosis
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์ด ์ •๋ณด๋“ค์€ ๊ฒฐํ•ต๊ฐ™์€ ์งˆ๋ณ‘๋“ค์ด
03:37
have evolved over the centuries
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์–ด๋–ป๊ฒŒ ์ง„ํ™”ํ–ˆ๋Š”์ง€ ์ดํ•ดํ•˜๊ฒŒ ํ•ด์ค˜์„œ
03:39
so we can build better treatments for people today.
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ์—๊ฒŒ ์ง€๊ธˆ ์‹œ๋Œ€ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์„ ์œ„ํ•œ ๋” ์ข‹์€ ์•ฝ์„ ๋งŒ๋“ค ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๊ฒŒ ํ•ด์ค๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
03:42
Ancient skeletons can tell us a surprisingly great deal about the past.
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๊ณ ๋Œ€ ํ•ด๊ณจ๋“ค์€ ์šฐ๋ฆฌ์—๊ฒŒ ๋†€๋ž๊ฒŒ ๋งŽ์€ ์—ญ์‚ฌ๋“ค์„ ์•Œ๋ ค์ค๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
03:46
So if your remains are someday buried intact,
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์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ๋ถ„์˜ ๋ผˆ๊ฐ€ ์–ธ์  ๊ฐ€ ์˜จ์ „ํžˆ ๋ฌปํžˆ๊ฒŒ ๋œ๋‹ค๋ฉด
03:48
what might archeologists of the distant future learn from them?
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๋ฏธ๋ž˜์˜ ๊ณ ๊ณ ํ•™์ž๋“ค์€ ๊ทธ๊ฑธ๋กœ ๋ฌด์—‡์„ ์•Œ๊ฒŒ ๋ ๊นŒ์š”?
์ด ์›น์‚ฌ์ดํŠธ ์ •๋ณด

์ด ์‚ฌ์ดํŠธ๋Š” ์˜์–ด ํ•™์Šต์— ์œ ์šฉํ•œ YouTube ๋™์˜์ƒ์„ ์†Œ๊ฐœํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์ „ ์„ธ๊ณ„ ์ตœ๊ณ ์˜ ์„ ์ƒ๋‹˜๋“ค์ด ๊ฐ€๋ฅด์น˜๋Š” ์˜์–ด ์ˆ˜์—…์„ ๋ณด๊ฒŒ ๋  ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ฐ ๋™์˜์ƒ ํŽ˜์ด์ง€์— ํ‘œ์‹œ๋˜๋Š” ์˜์–ด ์ž๋ง‰์„ ๋”๋ธ” ํด๋ฆญํ•˜๋ฉด ๊ทธ๊ณณ์—์„œ ๋™์˜์ƒ์ด ์žฌ์ƒ๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๋น„๋””์˜ค ์žฌ์ƒ์— ๋งž์ถฐ ์ž๋ง‰์ด ์Šคํฌ๋กค๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์˜๊ฒฌ์ด๋‚˜ ์š”์ฒญ์ด ์žˆ๋Š” ๊ฒฝ์šฐ ์ด ๋ฌธ์˜ ์–‘์‹์„ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•˜์—ฌ ๋ฌธ์˜ํ•˜์‹ญ์‹œ์˜ค.

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