How to grow a bone - Nina Tandon

1,327,133 views ใƒป 2015-06-25

TED-Ed


ืื ื ืœื—ืฅ ืคืขืžื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ืœืžื˜ื” ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ.

ืชืจื’ื•ื: Ido Dekkers ืขืจื™ื›ื”: Tal Dekkers
00:06
Can you grow a human bone outside the human body?
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ื”ืื ืืชื ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœื’ื“ืœ ืขืฆืžื•ืช ืžื—ื•ืฅ ืœื’ื•ืฃ ืื ื•ืฉื™?
00:10
The answer may soon be yes,
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ื”ืชืฉื•ื‘ื” ืื•ืœื™ ืชื”ื™ื” ื›ืŸ ื‘ืงืจื•ื‘,
00:12
but before we can understand how that's possible,
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ืื‘ืœ ืœืคื ื™ ืฉื ื•ื›ืœ ืœื”ื‘ื™ืŸ ืื™ืš ื–ื” ืืคืฉืจื™,
00:15
we need to look at how bones grow naturally inside the body.
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ืื ื—ื ื• ืฆืจื™ื›ื™ื ืœื”ื‘ื™ื˜ ื‘ืื™ืš ืขืฆืžื•ืช ื’ื“ืœื•ืช ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ื˜ื‘ืขื™ ื‘ืชื•ืš ื”ื’ื•ืฃ.
00:19
Most bones start in a growing fetus as a soft, flexible cartilage.
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ืจื•ื‘ ื”ืขืฆืžื•ืช ืžืชื—ื™ืœื•ืช ื‘ืขื•ื‘ืจ ื’ื“ืœ ื›ืกื—ื•ืก ืจืš ื•ื’ืžื™ืฉ.
00:24
Bone-forming cells replace the cartilage with a spongy mineral lattice
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ืชืื™ื ืžื’ื“ืœื™ ืขืฆืžื•ืช ืžื—ืœื™ืคื™ื ืืช ื”ืกื—ื•ืก ืขื ืชื‘ื ื™ืช ืžื™ื ืจืœื™ืช ืกืคื•ื’ื™ืช
00:27
made of elements like calcium and phosphate.
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ืฉืขืฉื•ื™ื” ืžื™ืกื•ื“ื•ืช ื›ืžื• ืกื™ื“ืŸ ื•ืคื•ืกืคื˜.
00:30
This lattice gets harder, as osteoblasts,
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ื”ืชื‘ื ื™ืช ื”ื–ื• ืžืชืงืฉื”, ื›ืฉืื•ืกื™ื•ื‘ืœืืกื˜ื™ื,
00:33
which are specialized bone-forming cells,
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ืฉื”ื ืชืื™ื ื™ื•ืฆืจื™ื ืขืฆืžื•ืช ืžืชืžื—ื™ื,
00:35
deposit more mineral, giving bones their strength.
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ืžืคืงื™ื“ื™ื ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžื™ื ืจืœื™ื, ื ื•ืชื ื™ื ืœืขืฆืžื•ืช ืืช ื”ื›ื•ื— ืฉืœื”ื.
00:39
While the lattice itself is not made of living cells,
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ื‘ืขื•ื“ ื”ืชื‘ื ื™ืช ืขืฆืžื” ืœื ืขืฉื•ื™ื™ื” ืžืชืื™ื ื—ื™ื™ื,
00:41
networks of blood vessels, nerves and other living tissues
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ืจืฉืชื•ืช ืฉืœ ืชืื™ ื“ื, ืขืฆื‘ื™ื ื•ืจืงืžื•ืช ื—ื™ื•ืช ืื—ืจื•ืช
00:45
grow through special channels and passages.
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ื’ื“ืœื•ืช ื“ืจืš ื ืชื™ื‘ื™ื ื•ืžืขื‘ืจื™ื ืžื™ื•ื—ื“ื™ื.
00:47
And over the course of development,
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ื•ื‘ืžื”ืœืš ื”ื”ืชืคืชื—ื•ืช,
00:49
a legion of osteoblasts reinforce the skeleton
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ืœื’ื™ื•ืŸ ืฉืœ ืื•ืกื˜ื™ื•ื‘ืœืืกื˜ื™ื ืžื—ื–ืง ืืช ื”ืฉืœื“
00:52
that protects our organs, allows us to move,
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ืฉืžื’ืŸ ืขืœ ื”ืื‘ืจื™ื ืฉืœื ื•, ืžืืคืฉืจ ืœื ื• ืœื ื•ืข,
00:54
produces blood cells and more.
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ืžื™ื™ืฆืจ ืชืื™ ื“ื ื•ืขื•ื“.
00:57
But this initial building process alone
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ืื‘ืœ ืชื”ืœื™ืš ื”ื‘ื ื™ื” ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื™ ื”ื–ื” ืœื‘ื“ื•
00:59
is not enough to make bones strong and functional.
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ืœื ืžืกืคื™ืง ืœืขืฉื•ืช ืืช ื”ืขืฆืžื•ืช ื—ื–ืงื•ืช ื•ืžื•ืขื™ืœื•ืช.
01:03
If you took a bone built this way,
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ืื ื”ื™ื™ืชื ืœื•ืงื—ื™ื ืขืฆื ืฉื‘ื ื•ื™ื” ื›ืš,
01:04
attached muscles to it,
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ืžื—ื‘ืจื™ื ืœื” ืฉืจื™ืจ,
01:06
and tried to use it to lift a heavy weight,
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ื•ืžื ืกื™ื ืœื”ืชืฉืžืฉ ื‘ื”, ืœื”ืจื™ื ืžืฉืื•ืช ื›ื‘ื“ื™ื,
01:09
the bone would probably snap under the strain.
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ื”ืขืฆื ื›ื ืจืื” ื”ื™ืชื” ื ืฉื‘ืจืช ืชื—ืช ื”ืœื—ืฅ.
01:13
This doesn't usually happen to us
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ื–ื” ืœื ืงื•ืจื” ืœื ื• ื‘ื“ืจืš ื›ืœืœ
01:14
because our cells are constantly reinforcing
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ืžืคื ื™ ืฉื”ืชืื™ื ืฉืœื ื• ืžื—ื–ืงื™ื ื›ืœ ื”ื–ืžืŸ
01:17
and building bone wherever they're used,
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ื•ื‘ื•ื ื™ื ืขืฆื ื‘ืžืงื•ื ื‘ื• ื”ื™ื ื‘ืฉื™ืžื•ืฉ,
01:19
a principle we refer to as Wolff's Law.
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ืขื™ืงืจื•ืŸ ืฉืื ื—ื ื• ืžืชื™ื™ื—ืกื™ื ืืœื™ื• ื›ื—ื•ืง ื•ื•ืœืฃ.
01:23
However, bone materials are a limited resource
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ืขื ื–ืืช, ื—ื•ืžืจื™ ืขืฆื ื”ื ืžืฉืื‘ ืžื•ื’ื‘ืœ
01:26
and this new, reinforcing bone
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ื•ื”ืขืฆื ื”ื—ื“ืฉื” ื”ืžื—ื•ื–ืงืช ื”ื–ื•
01:28
can be formed only if there is enough material present.
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ื™ื›ื•ืœื” ืœื”ื•ื•ืฆืจ ืจืง ืื ื™ืฉ ืžืกืคื™ืง ื—ื•ืžืจ ื–ืžื™ืŸ.
01:32
Fortunately, osteoblasts, the builders,
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ืœืžืจื‘ื” ื”ืžื–ืœ, ืœืื•ืกื˜ื™ื•ื‘ืœืืกื˜ื™ื, ื”ื‘ื ืื™ื,
01:35
have a counterpart called osteoclasts, the recyclers.
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ื™ืฉ ืฉื•ืชืคื™ื ืฉื ืงืจืื™ื ืื•ืกื˜ื™ื•ืงืœืืกื˜ื™ื, ื”ืžืžื—ื–ืจื™ื.
01:40
Osteoclasts break down the unneeded mineral lattice using acids and enzymes
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ืื•ืกื˜ื™ื•ืงืœืืกื˜ื™ื ืžืคืจืงื™ื ืืช ื”ืžื™ื ืจืœื™ื ื”ืœื ื ื—ื•ืฆื™ื ื‘ืฉื™ืžื•ืฉ ื‘ื—ื•ืžืฆื” ื•ืื ื–ื™ืžื™ื
01:44
so that osteoblasts can then add more material.
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ื›ืš ืฉื”ืื•ืกื˜ื™ื•ื‘ืœืืกื˜ื™ื ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืื– ืœื”ื•ืกื™ืฃ ืขื•ื“ ื—ื•ืžืจ.
01:48
One of the main reasons astronauts must exercise constantly in orbit
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ืื—ืช ืžื”ืกื™ื‘ื•ืช ื”ืขื™ืงืจื™ื•ืช ืฉืืกื˜ืจื•ื ืื•ื˜ื™ื ืฆืจื™ื›ื™ื ืœื”ืชืขืžืœ ื›ืœ ื”ื–ืžืŸ ื‘ื—ืœืœ
01:52
is due to the lack of skeletal strain in free fall.
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ื”ื™ื ื‘ืฉืœ ื—ื•ืกืจ ืžืืžืฅ ืขืœ ื”ืฉืœื“ ื‘ื ืคื™ืœื” ื—ื•ืคืฉื™ืช.
01:56
As projected by Wolff's Law,
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ื›ืžื• ืฉื ื—ื–ื” ืœืคื™ ื—ื•ืง ื•ื•ืœืฃ,
01:58
that makes osteoclasts more active than osteoblasts,
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ื–ื” ืขื•ืฉื” ืืช ื”ืื•ืกื˜ื™ื•ืงืœืืกื˜ื™ื ื™ื•ืชืจ ืืงื˜ื™ื‘ื™ื™ื ืžืื•ืกื˜ื™ื•ื‘ืœืืกื˜ื™ื,
02:02
resulting in a loss of bone mass and strength.
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ืžื” ืฉื’ื•ืจื ืœืื™ื‘ื•ื“ ืžืืกืช ื•ื—ื•ื–ืง ืขืฆื.
02:06
When bones do break, your body has an amazing ability
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ื›ืฉืขืฆื ื ืฉื‘ืจืช, ืœื’ื•ืฃ ืฉืœื›ื ื™ืฉ ื™ื›ื•ืœืช ืžื“ื”ื™ืžื”
02:09
to reconstruct the injured bone as if the break had never happened.
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ืœื‘ื ื•ืช ืžื—ื“ืฉ ืืช ื”ืขืฆื ื”ืคื’ื•ืžื” ื›ืื™ืœื• ื”ืฉื‘ืจ ืžืขื•ืœื ืœื ื”ืชืจื—ืฉ.
02:13
Certain situations, like cancer removal,
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ื‘ืžืฆื‘ื™ื ืžืกื•ื™ื™ืžื™ื, ื›ืžื• ื”ืกืจืช ืกืจื˜ืŸ,
02:16
traumatic accidents,
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ืชืื•ื ื•ืช ื˜ืจืื•ืžื˜ื™ื•ืช,
02:18
and genetic defects exceed the body's natural ability for repair.
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ื•ืคื’ืžื™ื ื’ื ื˜ื™ื ืขื•ืœื™ื ืขืœ ื™ื›ื•ืœืช ื”ืชื™ืงื•ืŸ ื”ื˜ื‘ืขื™ืช ืฉืœ ื”ื’ื•ืฃ.
02:23
Historical solutions have included filling in the resulting holes with metal,
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ืคืชืจื•ื ื•ืช ื”ืกื˜ื•ืจื™ื™ื ื›ืืœื• ืžื™ืœืื• ืืช ื”ื—ื•ืจื™ื ื‘ืžืชื›ืช,
02:27
animal bones,
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ืขืฆืžื•ืช ื—ื™ื•ืช,
02:29
or pieces of bone from human donors,
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ืื• ืคื™ืกื•ืช ืขืฆื ืžืชื•ืจืžื™ื ืื ื•ืฉื™ื™ื,
02:31
but none of these are optimal as they can cause infections
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ืื‘ืœ ืืฃ ืื—ื“ ืžืืœื” ื”ื•ื ืœื ืื•ืคื˜ื™ืžืœื™ ืžืื—ืจ ื•ื”ื ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœื’ืจื•ื ื–ื™ื”ื•ืžื™ื
02:35
or be rejected by the immune system,
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ืื• ื“ื—ื™ื™ื” ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืžืขืจื›ืช ื”ื—ื™ืกื•ืŸ,
02:37
and they can't carry out most of the functions of healthy bones.
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ื•ื”ื ืœื ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœื‘ืฆืข ืืช ืจื•ื‘ ื”ืชืคืงื•ื“ื™ื ืฉืœ ืขืฆื ื‘ืจื™ืื”.
02:41
An ideal solution would be to grow a bone made from the patient's own cells
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ืคื™ืชืจื•ืŸ ืื™ื“ื™ืืœื™ ื™ื”ื™ื” ืœื’ื“ืœ ืขืฆื ืฉืขืฉื•ื™ื” ืžื”ืชืื™ื ืฉืœ ื”ื—ื•ืœื” ืขืฆืžื•
02:46
that's customized to the exact shape of the hole,
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ืฉืžื•ืชืืžื™ื ืœืฆื•ืจื” ื”ืžื“ื•ื™ื™ืงืช ืฉืœ ื”ื—ื•ืจ,
02:49
and that's exactly what scientists are currently trying to do.
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ื•ื–ื” ื‘ื“ื™ื•ืง ืžื” ืฉืžื“ืขื ื™ื ืžื ืกื™ื ืœืขืฉื•ืช ื›ืจื’ืข.
02:53
Here's how it works.
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ื›ืš ื–ื” ืขื•ื‘ื“.
02:55
First, doctors extract stem cells from a patient's fat tissue
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ืจืืฉื™ืช, ืจื•ืคืื™ื ืฉื•ืื‘ื™ื ืชืื™ ื’ื–ืข ืžืชืื™ ืฉื•ืžืŸ ืฉืœ ื”ื—ื•ืœื”
02:59
and take CT scans to determine the exact dimensions of the missing bone.
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ื•ืžื‘ืฆืขื™ื ืกืจื™ืงื•ืช CT ื›ื“ื™ ืœืงื‘ื•ืข ืืช ื”ืžื™ื“ื•ืช ื”ืžื“ื•ื™ื™ืงื•ืช ืฉืœ ื”ืขืฆื ื”ื—ืกืจื”.
03:05
They then model the exact shape of the hole,
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ื”ื ืื– ื‘ื•ื ื™ื ืžื•ื“ืœ ืฉืœ ื”ืฆื•ืจื” ื”ืžื“ื•ื™ื™ืงืช ืฉืœ ื”ื—ื•ืจ,
03:07
either with 3D printers,
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ืื• ื‘ืžื“ืคืกืช ืชืœืช ืžื™ืžื“,
03:08
or by carving decellularized cow bones.
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ืื• ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื—ืจื™ื˜ืช ืขืฆืžื•ืช ืคืจื” ืฉืคืจืงื• ืืช ืชืื™ื”ืŸ.
03:12
Those are the bones where all of the cells have been stripped away,
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ืืœื” ื”ืขืฆืžื•ืช ืžื”ืŸ ื›ืœ ื”ืชืื™ื ื”ื•ืกืจื•,
03:14
leaving only the sponge-like mineral lattice.
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ื•ื”ืฉืื™ืจื• ืจืง ืืช ื”ืจืงืžื” ื”ืกืคื•ื’ื™ืช ื“ืžื•ื™ื™ืช ื”ืกื‘ื›ื”.
03:18
They then add the patient's stem cells to this lattice
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ื”ื ืžื•ืกื™ืคื™ื ืืช ืชืื™ ื”ื’ื–ืข ืฉืœ ื”ื—ื•ืœื” ืœืกื‘ื›ื”
03:21
and place it in a bioreactor,
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ื•ืฉืžื™ื ืื•ืชื” ื‘ื›ื•ืจ ื‘ื™ื•ืœื•ื’ื™,
03:23
a device that will simulate all of the conditions found inside the body.
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ืžื›ืฉื™ืจ ืฉื™ื“ืžื” ืืช ื›ืœ ื”ืชื ืื™ื ืฉื ืžืฆืื™ื ื‘ืชื•ืš ื”ื’ื•ืฃ.
03:27
Temperature, humidity, acidity and nutrient composition
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ื˜ืžืคืจื˜ื•ืจื”, ืœื—ื•ืช, ื—ื•ืžืฆื™ื•ืช ื•ื”ืจื›ื‘ ืžื–ื™ื ื™ื
03:31
all need to be just right for the stem cells to differentiate
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ื›ื•ืœื ืฆืจื™ื›ื™ื ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ื‘ื“ื™ื•ืง ืžืชืื™ืžื™ื ื›ื“ื™ ืฉืชืื™ ื”ื’ื–ืข ื™ื•ื‘ื“ืœื•
03:34
into osteoblasts and other cells,
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ืœืื•ืกื˜ื™ื•ื‘ืœืืกื˜ื™ื ื•ืชืื™ื ืื—ืจื™ื,
03:36
colonize the mineral lattice,
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ืœืื›ืœืก ืืช ื”ืกื‘ื›ื” ื”ืžื™ื ืจืœื™ืช,
03:38
and remodel it with living tissue.
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ื•ืœืžื“ืœ ืื•ืชื” ืžื—ื“ืฉ ืขื ืจืงืžื” ื—ื™ื”.
03:41
But there's one thing missing.
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ืื‘ืœ ื™ืฉ ืจืง ื“ื‘ืจ ืื—ื“ ื—ืกืจ.
03:43
Remember Wolff's Law?
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ื–ื•ื›ืจื™ื ืืช ื—ื•ืง ื•ื•ืœืฃ?
03:45
An artificial bone needs to experience real stress,
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ืขืฆื ืžืœืื›ื•ืชื™ืช ืฆืจื™ื›ื” ืœื—ื•ื•ืช ืœื—ืฅ ืืžื™ืชื™,
03:48
or else it will come out weak and brittle,
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ืื—ืจืช ื”ื™ื ืชืฆื ื—ืœืฉื” ื•ืคืจื™ื›ื”,
03:51
so the bioreactor constantly pumps fluids around the bone,
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ืื– ื”ื›ื•ืจ ื”ื‘ื™ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ ื›ืœ ื”ื–ืžืŸ ืฉื•ืื‘ ื ื•ื–ืœื™ื ืกื‘ื™ื‘ ื”ืขืฆื,
03:54
and the pressure tells the osteoblasts to add bone density.
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ื•ื”ืœื—ืฅ ืื•ืžืจ ืœืื•ืกื˜ื™ื•ื‘ืœืืกื˜ื™ื ืœื”ื•ืกื™ืฃ ื“ื—ื™ืกื•ืช ืขืฆื.
03:59
Put all of this together, and within three weeks,
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ืฉื™ืžื• ืืช ื›ืœ ื–ื” ื™ื—ื“, ื•ืชื•ืš ืฉืœื•ืฉื” ืฉื‘ื•ืขื•ืช,
04:02
the now living bone is ready to come out of the bioreactor
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ื”ืขืฆื ื”ื—ื™ื” ืขื›ืฉื™ื• ืžื•ื›ื ื” ืœืฆืืช ืžื”ื›ื•ืจ ื”ื‘ื™ื•ืœื•ื’ื™
04:04
and to be implanted into the patient's body.
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ื•ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืžื•ืฉืชืœืช ื‘ื’ื•ืฃ ื”ื—ื•ืœื”.
04:08
While it isn't yet certain that this method will work for humans,
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ื‘ืขื•ื“ ืฉื–ื” ืœื ื‘ื˜ื•ื— ืขื“ื™ื™ืŸ ืฉื”ืฉื™ื˜ื” ื”ื–ื• ืชืขื‘ื•ื“ ืขืœ ืื ืฉื™ื,
04:11
lab grown bones have already been successfully implanted in pigs
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ืขืฆืžื•ืช ืฉื’ื•ื“ืœื• ื‘ืžืขื‘ื“ื” ื›ื‘ืจ ื”ื•ืฉืชืœื• ื‘ื”ืฆืœื—ื” ื‘ื—ื–ื™ืจื™ื
04:15
and other animals,
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ื•ื—ื™ื•ืช ืื—ืจื•ืช,
04:17
and human trials may begin as early as 2016.
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ื•ื ื™ืกื•ื™ื™ื ื‘ืื“ื ืื•ืœื™ ื™ืชื—ื™ืœื• ื‘ 2016.

Original video on YouTube.com
ืขืœ ืืชืจ ื–ื”

ืืชืจ ื–ื” ื™ืฆื™ื’ ื‘ืคื ื™ื›ื ืกืจื˜ื•ื ื™ YouTube ื”ืžื•ืขื™ืœื™ื ืœืœื™ืžื•ื“ ืื ื’ืœื™ืช. ืชื•ื›ืœื• ืœืจืื•ืช ืฉื™ืขื•ืจื™ ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืขื‘ืจื™ื ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืžื•ืจื™ื ืžื”ืฉื•ืจื” ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื” ืžืจื—ื‘ื™ ื”ืขื•ืœื. ืœื—ืฅ ืคืขืžื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืฆื’ื•ืช ื‘ื›ืœ ื“ืฃ ื•ื™ื“ืื• ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ ืžืฉื. ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื’ื•ืœืœื•ืช ื‘ืกื ื›ืจื•ืŸ ืขื ื”ืคืขืœืช ื”ื•ื•ื™ื“ืื•. ืื ื™ืฉ ืœืš ื”ืขืจื•ืช ืื• ื‘ืงืฉื•ืช, ืื ื ืฆื•ืจ ืื™ืชื ื• ืงืฉืจ ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ื˜ื•ืคืก ื™ืฆื™ืจืช ืงืฉืจ ื–ื”.

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