How do hard drives work? - Kanawat Senanan

2,632,631 views ใƒป 2015-10-29

TED-Ed


ืื ื ืœื—ืฅ ืคืขืžื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ืœืžื˜ื” ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ.

ืชืจื’ื•ื: Ido Dekkers ืขืจื™ื›ื”: Roni Ravia
00:07
Imagine an airplane flying one millimeter above the ground
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ื“ืžื™ื™ื ื• ืžื˜ื•ืก ื”ื˜ืก ื‘ื’ื•ื‘ื” ืžื™ืœื™ืžื˜ืจ ืžืขืœ ื”ืงืจืงืข
00:10
and circling the Earth once every 25 seconds
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ื•ืžืงื™ืฃ ืืช ื›ื“ื•ืจ ื”ืืจืฅ ื‘ื›ืœ 25 ืฉื ื™ื•ืช
00:14
while counting every blade of grass.
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ื‘ืขื•ื“ื• ืกื•ืคืจ ื›ืœ ื’ื‘ืขื•ืœ ืฉืœ ืขืฉื‘.
00:17
Shrink all that down so that it fits in the palm of your hand,
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ื”ืงื˜ื™ื ื• ื–ืืช ืœื’ื•ื“ืœ ื›ืฃ ื™ื“ื›ื,
00:20
and you'd have something equivalent to a modern hard drive,
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ื•ืงื‘ืœื• ืžืฉื”ื• ืฉื•ื•ื” ืขืจืš ืœื“ื™ืกืง ืงืฉื™ื— ืžื•ื“ืจื ื™,
00:24
an object that can likely hold more information than your local library.
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ืขืฆื ืฉื•ื“ืื™ ืžืกื•ื’ืœ ืœื”ื›ื™ืœ ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžื™ื“ืข ืžื”ืกืคืจื™ื” ื”ืžืงื•ืžื™ืช ืฉืœื›ื.
00:28
So how does it store so much information in such a small space?
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ืื– ืื™ืš ื”ื•ื ืื•ื’ืจ ื›ืœ ื›ืš ื”ืจื‘ื” ืžื™ื“ืข ื‘ืžืงื•ื ื›ืœ ื›ืš ืงื˜ืŸ?
00:32
At the heart of every hard drive is a stack of high-speed spinning discs
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ื‘ืœื™ื‘ื• ืฉืœ ื›ืœ ื“ื™ืกืง ืงืฉื™ื— ื™ืฉื ื” ืขืจืžื” ืฉืœ ื“ื™ืกืงื•ืช ื”ืžืกืชื•ื‘ื‘ื•ืช ื‘ืžื”ื™ืจื•ืช ื’ื‘ื•ื”ื”
00:37
with a recording head flying over each surface.
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ืขื ืจืืฉ ืจื™ืฉื•ื ื”ืžืจื—ืฃ ืžืขืœ ื›ืœ ื“ื™ืกืงื”.
00:40
Each disc is coated with a film of microscopic magnetised metal grains,
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ื›ืœ ื“ื™ืกืงื” ืžืฆื•ืคื” ื‘ืฉื›ื‘ื” ืฉืœ ื’ืจื’ืจื™ ืžืชื›ืช ืžื’ื ื˜ื™ืช ืžื™ืงืจื•ืกืงื•ืคื™ื™ื,
00:46
and your data doesn't live there in a form you can recognize.
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ื•ื”ืžื™ื“ืข ืฉืœื›ื ืื™ื ื• ืžืชืงื™ื™ื ืฉื ื‘ืฆื•ืจื” ื”ืžื•ื›ืจืช ืœื›ื.
00:49
Instead, it is recorded as a magnetic pattern
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ื‘ืžืงื•ื, ื”ื•ื ื ืจืฉื ื›ืชื‘ื ื™ืช ืžื’ื ื˜ื™ืช
00:52
formed by groups of those tiny grains.
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ื”ืžื•ืจื›ื‘ืช ืžืงื‘ื•ืฆื•ืช ืฉืœ ื’ืจื’ืจื™ื ืงื˜ื ื™ื ืืœื”.
00:55
In each group, also known as a bit,
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ื‘ื›ืœ ืงื‘ื•ืฆื”, ื”ืžื›ื•ื ื” ื’ื ื‘ืฉื ื‘ื™ื˜,
00:58
all of the grains have their magnetization's aligned
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ื”ืฉื“ื” ื”ืžื’ื ื˜ื™ ืฉืœ ื›ืœ ื”ื’ืจื’ื™ืจื™ื ืžื›ื•ื•ืŸ
01:01
in one of two possible states,
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ืœืื—ื“ ืžืฉื ื™ ืžืฆื‘ื™ื ืืคืฉืจื™ื™ื,
01:03
which correspond to zeroes and ones.
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ื”ืžื™ื™ืฆื’ื™ื ืขืจื›ื™ื ืฉืœ ืด0ืด ื•-ืด1ืด.
01:06
Data is written onto the disc
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ืžื™ื“ืข ื ื›ืชื‘ ืขืœ ื’ื‘ื™ ื”ื“ื™ืกืง
01:08
by converting strings of bits into electrical current
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ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื”ืžืจืช ืžื—ืจื•ื–ื•ืช ื”ื‘ื™ื˜ื™ื ืœื–ืจื ื—ืฉืžืœื™
01:12
fed through an electromagnet.
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ืฉืžื•ื–ืŸ ื“ืจืš ืืœืงื˜ืจื•ืžื’ื ื˜.
01:14
This magnet generates a field strong enough to change the direction
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ื”ืฉื“ื” ื”ื—ื–ืง ืฉืžืฉืจื” ืžื’ื ื˜ ื–ื” ืžืกื•ื’ืœ ืœืฉื ื•ืช ื›ื™ื•ื•ืŸ ื”ืžื™ื’ื ื•ื˜
01:18
of the metal grain's magnetization.
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ืฉืœ ื’ืจื’ืจื™ ื”ืžืชื›ืช.
01:21
Once this information is written onto the disc,
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ื‘ืจื’ืข ืฉืžื™ื“ืข ื–ื” ื ื›ืชื‘ ืขืœ ื’ื‘ื™ ื”ื“ื™ืกืง,
01:24
the drive uses a magnetic reader to turn it back into a useful form,
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ื ืขืฉื” ืฉื™ืžื•ืฉ ื‘ืจืืฉ ื”ืงืจื™ืื” ื”ืžื’ื ื˜ื™ ื‘ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคื›ื• ื—ื–ืจื” ืœืฆื•ืจื” ืฉื™ืžื•ืฉื™ืช,
01:28
much like a phonograph needle translates a record's grooves into music.
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ืžืžืฉ ื›ืžื• ืžื—ื˜ ื”ืคื˜ื™ืคื•ืŸ ืฉืžืชืจื’ืžืช ืืช ื—ืจื™ืฆื™ ื”ืชืงืœื™ื˜ ืœืžื•ื–ื™ืงื”.
01:33
But how can you get so much information out of just zeroes and ones?
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ืื‘ืœ ื›ื™ืฆื“ ื ื™ืชืŸ ืœืงื‘ืœ ื›ืœ ื›ืš ื”ืจื‘ื” ืžื™ื“ืข ืž-ืด0ืด ื•-ืด1ืด?
01:37
Well, by putting lots of them together.
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ื•ื‘ื›ืŸ, ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื›ืš ืฉืฉืžื™ื ื”ืจื‘ื” ืžื”ื ื™ื—ื“.
01:40
For example, a letter is represented in one byte, or eight bits,
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ืœื“ื•ื’ืžื”, ืื•ืช ืžื™ื•ืฆื’ืช ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื‘ื™ื™ื˜ ืื—ื“, ืื• ืฉืžื•ื ื” ื‘ื™ื˜ื™ื,
01:45
and your average photo takes up several megabytes,
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ื•ื’ื•ื“ืœื” ืฉืœ ืชืžื•ื ื” ืžืžื•ืฆืขืช ื”ื•ื ื›ืžื” ืžื’ื”-ื‘ื™ื™ื˜ื™ื,
01:47
each of which is 8 million bits.
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ืฉื›ืœ ืื—ื“ ืžื”ื ืžื•ื ื” 8 ืžื™ืœื™ื•ืŸ ื‘ื™ื˜ื™ื.
01:50
Because each bit must be written onto a physical area of the disc,
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ื‘ื’ืœืœ ืฉื›ืœ ื‘ื™ื˜ ื—ื™ื™ื‘ ืœื”ื›ืชื‘ ืขืœ ืื–ื•ืจ ืคื™ื–ื™ ื‘ื“ื™ืกืง,
01:54
we're always seeking to increase the disc's areal density,
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ื”ืฉืื™ืคื” ื”ื™ื ืชืžื™ื“ ืœื”ื’ื“ื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืฆืคื™ืคื•ืช ื”ืžืจื—ื‘ื™ืช ืฉืœ ื”ื“ื™ืกืง,
01:58
or how many bits can be squeezed into one square inch.
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ืื• ื›ืžื” ื‘ื™ื˜ื™ื ื ื™ืชืŸ ืœื“ื—ื•ืก ื‘ื›ืœ ืกื ื˜ื™ืžื˜ืจ ืžืจื•ื‘ืข.
02:03
The areal density of a modern hard drive is about 600 gigabits per square inch,
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ื”ืฆืคื™ืคื•ืช ื”ืžืจื—ื‘ื™ืช ืฉืœ ื“ื™ืกืง ืงืฉื™ื— ืžื•ื“ืจื ื™ ื”ื™ื ื‘ืขืจืš 93 ื’ื™ื’ื”-ื‘ื™ื˜ ืœืกื ื˜ื™ืžื˜ืจ ืžืจื•ื‘ืข,
02:08
300 million times greater than that of IBM's first hard drive from 1957.
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ื’ื“ื•ืœื” ืคื™ 300 ืžืœื™ื•ืŸ ืžืฆืคื™ืคื•ืชื• ืฉืœ ื”ื“ื™ืกืง ื”ืงืฉื™ื— ื”ืจืืฉื•ืŸ ืฉืœ IBM ืž-1957.
02:15
This amazing advance in storage capacity
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ื”ื”ืชืงื“ืžื•ืช ื”ืžื“ื”ื™ืžื” ื‘ื™ื›ื•ืœืช ืื™ื›ืกื•ืŸ ื”ืžื™ื“ืข
02:17
wasn't just a matter of making everything smaller,
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ืื™ื ื” ืจืง ืชื•ืฆืื” ืฉืœ ื”ืงื˜ื ื” ืคื™ื–ื™ืช ืฉืœ ืจื›ื™ื‘ื™ื
02:20
but involved multiple innovations.
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ืืœื ื’ื ืชื•ืฆืจ ืฉืœ ืฉืœืœ ื”ืžืฆืื•ืช.
02:22
A technique called the thin film lithography process
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ืฉื™ื˜ื” ืฉื ืงืจืืช ืชื”ืœื™ืš ืœื™ืชื•ื’ืจืคื™ื” ืฉืœ ืกืจื˜ ื“ืง
02:26
allowed engineers to shrink the reader and writer.
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ืืคืฉืจื” ืœืžื”ื ื“ืกื™ื ืœื›ื•ื•ืฅ ืืช ืจืืฉ ื”ืงืจื™ืื” ื•ื”ื›ืชื™ื‘ื”.
02:29
And despite its size, the reader became more sensitive
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ื•ืœืžืจื•ืช ื’ื•ื“ืœื•, ืชื”ืœื™ืš ื”ืงืจื™ืื” ื”ืคืš ืœืจื’ื™ืฉ ื™ื•ืชืจ
02:32
by taking advantage of new discoveries in magnetic and quantum properties of matter.
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ื”ื•ื“ื•ืช ืœื ื™ืฆื•ืœ ืฉืœ ืชื’ืœื™ื•ืช ื—ื“ืฉื•ืช ื‘ืชื—ื•ื ื”ืชื›ื•ื ื•ืช ื”ืžื’ื ื˜ื™ื•ืช ื•ื”ืงื•ื•ืื ื˜ื™ื•ืช ืฉืœ ื”ื—ื•ืžืจ.
02:39
Bits could also be packed closer together thanks to mathematical algorithms
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ื‘ื ื•ืกืฃ, ื ื™ืชืŸ ื”ื™ื” ืœื“ื—ื•ืก ื™ื•ืชืจ ื‘ื™ื˜ื™ื ื”ื•ื“ื•ืช ืœืืœื’ื•ืจื™ืชืžื™ื ืžืชืžื˜ื™ื™ื
02:43
that filter out noise from magnetic interference,
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ืฉืžืกื ื ื™ื ืจืขืฉ ืžื”ืคืจืขื•ืช ืžื’ื ื˜ื™ื•ืช,
02:46
and find the most likely bit sequences from each chunk of read-back signal.
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ื•ืžื•ืฆืื™ื ืืช ืจืฆืคื™ ื”ื‘ื™ื˜ื™ื ื”ื”ื’ื™ื•ื ื™ื™ื ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ื‘ื›ืœ ืžืงื˜ืข ืฉืœ ืกื™ื’ื ืœ ืงืจื™ืื”.
02:51
And thermal expansion control of the head,
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ื•ืœื‘ืกื•ืฃ, ืฉืœื™ื˜ื” ืขืœ ื”ื”ืชืจื—ื‘ื•ืช ื”ืชืจืžื™ืช ืฉืœ ื”ืจืืฉ,
02:54
enabled by placing a heater under the magnetic writer,
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ืฉื”ืชืงื‘ืœื” ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื”ืฆื‘ืช ื’ื•ืฃ ื—ื™ืžื•ื ืชื—ืช ืจืืฉ ื”ื›ืชื™ื‘ื” ื”ืžื’ื ื˜ื™,
02:57
allowed it to fly less than five nanometers above the disc's surface,
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ืืคืฉืจื” ืœื• ืœืจื—ืฃ ืคื—ื•ืช ืžื—ืžื™ืฉื” ื ื ื•ืžื˜ืจ ืžืขืœ ืคื ื™ ื”ื“ื™ืกืงื”,
03:02
about the width of two strands of DNA.
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ื‘ืขืจืš ื‘ืจื•ื—ื‘ ืฉืœ ืฉื ื™ ื’ื“ื™ืœื™ DNA.
03:06
For the past several decades,
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ื‘ืžื”ืœืš ื”ืขืฉื•ืจื™ื ื”ืื—ืจื•ื ื™ื,
03:08
the exponential growth in computer storage capacity and processing power
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ื”ื’ื™ื“ื•ืœ ื”ืืงืกืคื•ื ื ืฆื™ืืœื™ ื‘ื™ื›ื•ืœืช ืื›ืกื•ืŸ ื”ืžื™ื“ืข ื•ืขื•ืฆืžืช ื”ืขื™ื‘ื•ื“ ืฉืœ ืžื—ืฉื‘ื™ื
03:12
has followed a pattern known as Moore's Law,
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ื”ืชื ื”ื’ ืขืœ ืคื™ ืžื’ืžื” ื”ื™ื“ื•ืขื” ื‘ืฉื ื—ื•ืง ืžื•ืจ,
03:15
which, in 1975, predicted that information density would double every two years.
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ืฉื‘-1975 ื—ื–ื” ืฉืฆืคื™ืคื•ืช ื”ืžื™ื“ืข ืชื•ื›ืคืœ ื›ืœ ืฉื ืชื™ื™ื.
03:23
But at around 100 gigabits per square inch,
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ืื‘ืœ ื‘ืฆืคื™ืคื•ืช ืฉืœ 15 ื’ื™ื’ื”-ื‘ื™ื˜ ืœืกื ื˜ื™ืžื˜ืจ ืžืจื•ื‘ืข,
03:25
shrinking the magnetic grains further or cramming them closer together
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ื›ื™ื•ื•ืฅ ื ื•ืกืฃ ืฉืœ ื”ื’ืจื’ื™ืจื™ื ื”ืžื’ื ื˜ื™ื™ื ืื• ื’ื™ื“ื•ืœ ื ื•ืกืฃ ื‘ืฆืคื™ืคื•ืชื
03:30
posed a new risk called the superparamagnetic effect.
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ื”ืขืžื™ื“ื• ืกื™ื›ื•ืŸ ื—ื“ืฉ ืฉื ืงืจื ื‘ืฉื ื”ืืคืงื˜ ื”ืกื•ืคืจืคืจืืžื’ื ื˜ื™.
03:34
When a magnetic grain volume is too small,
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ื›ืฉื ืคื— ื”ื’ืจื’ื™ืจ ื”ืžื’ื ื˜ื™ ืงื˜ืŸ ืžื“ื™,
03:37
its magnetization is easily disturbed by heat energy
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ื”ืžื™ื’ื ื•ื˜ ืฉืœื• ืžื•ืคืจืข ื‘ืงืœื•ืช ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืื ืจื’ื™ื™ืช ื—ื•ื
03:41
and can cause bits to switch unintentionally,
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ื•ื–ื” ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื’ืจื•ื ืœื‘ื™ื˜ื™ื ืœื”ืกืชื•ื‘ื‘ ืœืœื ืฉืœื™ื˜ื”,
03:44
leading to data loss.
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ืžื” ืฉืžื•ื‘ื™ืœ ืœืื•ื‘ื“ืŸ ืžื™ื“ืข.
03:46
Scientists resolved this limitation in a remarkably simple way:
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ืžื“ืขื ื™ื ืคืชืจื• ืืช ื”ืžื’ื‘ืœื” ื”ื–ื• ื‘ื“ืจืš ืคืฉื•ื˜ื” ืœื”ืคืœื™ื:
03:50
by changing the direction of recording from longitudinal to perpendicular,
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ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืฉื™ื ื•ื™ ื›ื™ื•ื•ืŸ ื”ืจื™ืฉื•ื ืžืืจื›ื™ ืœืื ื›ื™,
03:55
allowing areal density to approach one terabit per square inch.
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ืžื” ืฉืื™ืคืฉืจ ืœืฆืคื™ืคื•ืช ื”ืžืจื—ื‘ื™ืช ืœื”ืชืงืจื‘ ืœ-155 ื’ื™ื’ื”-ื‘ื™ื˜ ืœืกื ื˜ื™ืžื˜ืจ ืžืจื•ื‘ืข.
04:01
Recently, the potential limit has been increased yet again
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ืœืื—ืจื•ื ื”, ื™ื›ื•ืœืช ืื›ืกื•ืŸ ื”ืžื™ื“ืข ื”ืžื™ืจื‘ื™ืช ื’ื“ืœื” ืฉื•ื‘
04:04
through heat assisted magnetic recording.
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ื“ืจืš ืฉื™ืžื•ืฉ ื‘ืชื”ืœื™ืš ืจื™ืฉื•ื ืžื’ื ื˜ื™ ื‘ืกื™ื•ืข ื—ื•ื.
04:07
This uses an even more thermally stable recording medium,
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ืชื”ืœื™ืš ื–ื” ืžืฉืชืžืฉ ื‘ืจืืฉ ืจื™ืฉื•ื ื™ืฆื™ื‘ ืืฃ ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžื‘ื—ื™ื ื” ืชืจืžื™ืช,
04:11
whose magnetic resistance is momentarily reduced
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ื•ื‘ืขืœ ื”ืชื ื’ื“ื•ืช ืžื’ื ื˜ื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืคื—ืชืช ืจื’ืขื™ืช
04:14
by heating up a particular spot with a laser
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ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื—ื™ืžื•ื ื ืงื•ื“ื” ืกืคืฆื™ืคื™ืช ืขื ืœื™ื™ื–ืจ
04:18
and allowing data to be written.
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ื•ืื™ืคืฉื•ืจ ืชื”ืœื™ืš ื”ื›ืชื™ื‘ื” ื‘ื–ืžืŸ ื–ื”.
04:20
And while those drives are currently in the prototype stage,
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ื•ื‘ืขื•ื“ ื“ื™ืกืงื™ื ืงืฉื™ื—ื™ื ืืœื” ื ืžืฆืื™ื ื›ืจื’ืข ื‘ืฉืœื‘ ื”ืื‘ ื˜ื™ืคื•ืก,
04:23
scientists already have the next potential trick up their sleeves:
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ืœืžื“ืขื ื™ื ื›ื‘ืจ ื™ืฉ ืืช ื”ื˜ืจื™ืง ื”ื‘ื ื‘ืžืขืœื” ื”ืฉืจื•ื•ืœ:
04:28
bit-patterned media,
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ืฉื™ื˜ืช ืชื‘ื ื™ื•ืช ื”ื‘ื™ื˜ื™ื,
04:30
where bit locations are arranged in separate, nano-sized structures,
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ืฉื‘ื” ื‘ื™ื˜ื™ื ืžืื•ืจื’ื ื™ื ื‘ืžื‘ื ื™ื ื ืคืจื“ื™ื ื‘ื’ื•ื“ืœ ื ื ื•ืžื˜ืจื™,
04:35
potentially allowing for areal densities of twenty terabits per square inch
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ืžื” ืฉืขืœื•ืœ ืœืืคืฉืจ ืฆืคื™ืคื•ืช ืฉืœ 3.1 ื˜ืจื”-ื‘ื™ื˜ ืœืกื ื˜ื™ืžื˜ืจ ืžืจื•ื‘ืข
04:40
or more.
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ืื• ื™ื•ืชืจ.
04:41
So it's thanks to the combined efforts of generations of engineers,
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ืื– ื”ื•ื“ื•ืช ืœืžืืžืฆื™ื ื”ืžืฉื•ืœื‘ื™ื ืฉืœ ื“ื•ืจื•ืช ืฉืœ ืžื”ื ื“ืกื™ื,
04:46
material scientists,
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ืžื“ืขื ื™ ื—ื•ืžืจื™ื,
04:48
and quantum physicists
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ื•ืคื™ื–ื™ืงืื™ื ืžืชื—ื•ื ื”ืงื•ื•ืื ื˜ื™ื™ื,
04:49
that this tool of incredible power and precision
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ื™ื›ื•ืœ ื›ืœื™ ืขื•ืฆืžืชื™ ื•ืžื“ื•ื™ื™ืง ื–ื”
04:53
can spin in the palm of your hand.
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ืœื”ืกืชื•ื‘ื‘ ื‘ื›ืฃ ื™ื“ื›ื.
ืขืœ ืืชืจ ื–ื”

ืืชืจ ื–ื” ื™ืฆื™ื’ ื‘ืคื ื™ื›ื ืกืจื˜ื•ื ื™ YouTube ื”ืžื•ืขื™ืœื™ื ืœืœื™ืžื•ื“ ืื ื’ืœื™ืช. ืชื•ื›ืœื• ืœืจืื•ืช ืฉื™ืขื•ืจื™ ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืขื‘ืจื™ื ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืžื•ืจื™ื ืžื”ืฉื•ืจื” ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื” ืžืจื—ื‘ื™ ื”ืขื•ืœื. ืœื—ืฅ ืคืขืžื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืฆื’ื•ืช ื‘ื›ืœ ื“ืฃ ื•ื™ื“ืื• ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ ืžืฉื. ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื’ื•ืœืœื•ืช ื‘ืกื ื›ืจื•ืŸ ืขื ื”ืคืขืœืช ื”ื•ื•ื™ื“ืื•. ืื ื™ืฉ ืœืš ื”ืขืจื•ืช ืื• ื‘ืงืฉื•ืช, ืื ื ืฆื•ืจ ืื™ืชื ื• ืงืฉืจ ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ื˜ื•ืคืก ื™ืฆื™ืจืช ืงืฉืจ ื–ื”.

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