How to grow a glacier - M Jackson

441,769 views ใƒป 2019-04-04

TED-Ed


ืื ื ืœื—ืฅ ืคืขืžื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ืœืžื˜ื” ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ.

ืชืจื’ื•ื: Ido Dekkers ืขืจื™ื›ื”: Allon Sasson
00:06
In the 13th Century,
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ื‘ืžืื” ื” 13,
00:08
Genghis Khan embarked on a mission to take over Eurasia,
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ื’'ื™ื ื’'ืก ื—'ืืŸ ื™ืฆื ืœืžืฉื™ืžื” ืœื”ืฉืชืœื˜ ืขืœ ืื™ืจื• ืืกื™ื™ื”,
00:12
swiftly conquering countries and drawing them into his expanding Mongol Empire.
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ื•ื›ื‘ืฉ ื‘ืžื”ืจื” ืžื“ื™ื ื•ืช ื•ื”ื›ื ื™ืกืŸ ืœืื™ืžืคืจื™ื” ื”ืžื•ื ื’ื•ืœื™ืช ื”ืžืชืคืฉื˜ืช ืฉืœื•.
00:18
With his vast armies he became almost unstoppable.
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ืขื ื”ืฆื‘ืื•ืช ื”ืขืฆื•ืžื™ื ืฉืœื• ื”ื•ื ื”ืคืš ื›ืžืขื˜ ื‘ืœืชื™ ื ื™ืชืŸ ืœืขืฆื™ืจื”.
00:21
But, legend has it that there was one obstacle
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ืื‘ืœ, ื”ืื’ื“ื” ืžืกืคืจืช ืฉื”ื™ื” ืžื›ืฉื•ืœ ืื—ื“
00:24
that even the impressive Khan couldnโ€™t overcome:
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ืฉืืคื™ืœื• ื—'ืืŸ ื”ืžืจืฉื™ื ืœื ื”ืฆืœื™ื— ืœืขื‘ื•ืจ:
00:27
A towering wall of ice,
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ืงื™ืจ ืงืจื— ืžืชื ืฉื,
00:30
grown by locals across a mountain pass
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ืฉื’ื•ื“ืœ ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืžืงื•ืžื™ื™ื ืœืจื•ื—ื‘ ืžืขื‘ืจ ื”ืจื™ื
00:33
to stop the Khanโ€™s armies from invading their territory.
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ื›ื“ื™ ืœืขืฆื•ืจ ืืช ืฆื‘ืื• ืฉืœ ืงืื”ืŸ ืžืœืคืœื•ืฉ ืœื˜ืจื™ื˜ื•ืจื™ื” ืฉืœื”ื.
00:36
No one knows how historically accurate that particular story is,
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ืืฃ ืื—ื“ ืœื ื™ื•ื“ืข ื›ืžื” ืžื“ื•ื™ื™ืง ื”ืกื˜ื•ืจื™ืช ื”ืกื™ืคื•ืจ ื”ื–ื”,
00:41
but remarkably, it draws on fact:
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ืื‘ืœ ืœืžืจื‘ื” ื”ืคืœื, ื”ื•ื ื ื•ื‘ืข ืžืขื•ื‘ื“ื•ืช:
00:44
For centuries, in the Karakoram and Himalayan mountain ranges,
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ื‘ืžืฉืš ืžืื•ืช, ื‘ืจื›ืกื™ ื”ืจื™ ื”ืงืจืืงื•ืจืื ื•ื”ื”ื™ืžืœืื™ื”,
00:48
people have been growing glaciers and using these homemade bodies of ice
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ืื ืฉื™ื ื’ื™ื“ืœื• ืงืจื—ื•ื ื™ื ื•ื”ืฉืชืžืฉื• ื‘ื’ื•ืคื™ ื”ืงืจื— ืชื•ืฆืจืช ื‘ื™ืช ื”ืืœื”
00:52
as sources of drinking water and irrigation for their crops.
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ื›ืžืงื•ืจื•ืช ืœืžื™ ืฉืชื™ื” ื•ื”ืฉืงื™ื™ื” ืœื™ื‘ื•ืœื™ื ืฉืœื”ื.
00:56
But before we get to that fascinating phenomenon,
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ืื‘ืœ ืœืคื ื™ ืฉื ื’ื™ืข ืœืชื•ืคืขื” ื”ืžืจืชืงืช ื”ื–ื•,
00:59
itโ€™s important to understand the difference between
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ื–ื” ื—ืฉื•ื‘ ืœื”ื‘ื™ืŸ ืืช ื”ื”ื‘ื“ืœ ื‘ื™ืŸ
01:01
glaciers that grow in the wild,
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ืงืจื—ื•ื ื™ื ืฉื’ื“ืœื™ื ื‘ื˜ื‘ืข,
01:04
and those that humans create.
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ื•ืืœื” ืฉืื ืฉื™ื ื™ื•ืฆืจื™ื.
01:06
In the wild,
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ื‘ื˜ื‘ืข,
01:07
glaciers require three conditions to grow:
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ืงืจื—ื•ื ื™ื ื“ื•ืจืฉื™ื ืฉืœื•ืฉื” ืžืฆื‘ื™ื ื›ื“ื™ ืœื’ื“ื•ืœ:
01:10
Snowfall, cold temperatures, and time.
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ืฉืœื’, ื˜ืžืคืจื˜ื•ืจื•ืช ื ืžื•ื›ื•ืช, ื•ื–ืžืŸ.
01:13
First, a great deal of snow falls and accumulates.
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ืจืืฉื™ืช, ื”ืจื‘ื” ืฉืœื’ ื ื•ืคืœ ื•ืžืฆื˜ื‘ืจ.
01:17
Cold temperatures then ensure that the stacked up snow
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ื˜ืžืคืจื˜ื•ืจื•ืช ื ืžื•ื›ื•ืช ืžื‘ื˜ื™ื—ื•ืช ืฉื”ืฉืœื’ ื”ื ืขืจื
01:20
persists throughout the winter, spring, summer, and fall.
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ื ืฉืืจ ื‘ืžื”ืœืš ื”ื—ื•ืจืฃ, ื”ืื‘ื™ื‘, ื”ืงื™ืฅ ื•ื”ืกืชื™ื•.
01:24
Over the following years, decades, and centuries,
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ื‘ืžื”ืœืš ื”ืฉื ื™ื ื”ื‘ืื•ืช, ื”ืขืฉื•ืจื™ื, ื•ื”ืžืื•ืช,
01:27
the pressure of the accumulated snow
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ื”ืœื—ืฅ ืฉืœ ื”ืฉืœื’ ื”ื ืขืจื
01:29
transforms layers into highly compacted glacial ice.
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ื”ื•ืคืš ืืช ื”ืฉื›ื‘ื•ืช ืœืงืจื— ืงืจื—ื•ื ื™ ื“ื—ื•ืก ืžืื•ื“.
01:34
Artificially growing a glacier,
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ื’ื™ื“ื•ืœ ืงืจื—ื•ื ื™ื ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ืžืœืื›ื•ืชื™,
01:36
however, is completely different.
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ืขื ื–ืืช, ืฉื•ื ื” ืœื’ืžืจื™.
01:38
At the confluence of three great mountain ranges,
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ื‘ืžืคื’ืฉ ื‘ื™ืŸ ืฉืœื•ืฉื” ืจื›ืกื™ ื”ืจื™ื,
01:41
the Himalayas, Karakoram, and Hindu Kush,
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ื”ื”ื™ืžืœืื™ื”, ืงืจืืงื•ืจื ื•ื”ื™ื ื“ื• ื›ื•ืฉ,
01:45
some local cultures have believed for centuries that glaciers are alive.
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ื›ืžื” ืชืจื‘ื•ื™ื•ืช ืžืงื•ืžื™ื•ืช ื”ืืžื™ื ื• ื‘ืžืฉืš ืžืื•ืช ืฉืงืจื—ื•ื ื™ื ื”ื ื—ื™ื™ื.
01:50
And whatโ€™s more,
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ื•ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžื–ื”,
01:51
that certain glaciers can have different genders including male and female.
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ืฉืœืงืจื—ื•ื ื™ื ืžืกื•ื™ื™ืžื™ื ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืžื’ื“ืจื™ื ืžืกื•ื™ื™ืžื™ื ื›ื•ืœืœ ื–ื›ืจ ื•ื ืงื‘ื”.
01:56
Local Glacier Growers โ€˜breedโ€™ new glaciers by grafting togetherโ€”or marryingโ€”
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ืžื’ื“ืœื™ ืงืจื—ื•ื ื™ื ืžืงื•ืžื™ื™ื "ืžืจื‘ื™ื" ืงืจื—ื•ื ื™ื ื—ื“ืฉื™ื ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืื™ื—ื•ื“ -- ืื• ื ื™ืฉื•ืื™ื --
02:01
fragments of ice from male and female glaciers,
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ืฉืœ ื—ืœืงื™ื ืฉืœ ืงืจื— ืžืงืจื—ื•ื ื™ื ื–ื›ืจื™ื™ื ื•ื ืงื‘ื™ื™ื,
02:04
then covering them with charcoal, wheat husks, cloths, or willow branches
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ื•ืื– ืžื›ืกื™ื ืื•ืชื ื‘ืคื—ื, ืงืœื™ืคืช ื—ื™ื˜ื”, ื‘ื“ื™ื, ื•ืขื ืคื™ ืขืจื‘ื”
02:09
so they can reproduce.
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ื›ืš ืฉื™ื•ื›ืœื• ืœื”ืชืจื‘ื•ืช.
02:11
Under their protective coverings,
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ืชื—ืช ื”ื›ื™ืกื•ื™ ื”ืžื’ืŸ ืฉืœื”ื,
02:13
these glacierets transform into fully active glaciers
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ื”ืงืจื—ื•ื ื™ื ื”ืืœื• ื”ื•ืคื›ื™ื ืœืงืจื—ื•ื ื™ื ืคืขื™ืœื™ื ืžืœืื™ื
02:17
that grow each year with additional snowfall.
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ืฉื’ื“ืœื™ื ื›ืœ ืฉื ื” ืขื ื ืคื™ืœืช ืฉืœื’ ื ื•ืกืคืช.
02:20
Those then serve as lasting reserves of water
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ืืœื” ืื– ืžืฉืžืฉื™ื ื›ืžืงื•ืจื•ืช ืžืชืžืฉื›ื™ื ืฉืœ ืžื™ื
02:23
that farmers can use to irrigate their crops.
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ื‘ื”ื ื—ื•ื•ืื™ื ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœื”ืฉืชืžืฉ ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืฉืงื•ืช ืืช ื”ื™ื‘ื•ืœื™ื.
02:26
These practices have spread to other cultures,
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ื”ืžื ื”ื’ื™ื ื”ืืœื• ื”ืชืคืฉื˜ื• ืœืชืจื‘ื•ื™ื•ืช ืื—ืจื•ืช,
02:29
where people are creating their own versions of glaciers
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ืฉื ืื ืฉื™ื ื™ื•ืฆืจื™ื ื’ืจืกืื•ืช ืžืฉืœื”ื ืฉืœ ืงืจื—ื•ื ื™ื
02:31
and applying them to solve serious modern challenges around water supplies.
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ื•ืฉื™ืžื•ืฉ ื‘ื”ื ื›ื“ื™ ืœืคืชื•ืจ ืืชื’ืจื™ื ืžื•ื“ืจื ื™ื™ื ื—ืžื•ืจื™ื ื‘ื ื•ื’ืข ืœืืกืคืงืช ืžื™ื.
02:37
Take Ladakh, a high-altitude desert region in northern India.
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ืงื—ื• ืœื“ื•ื’ืžื” ืืช ืœื“ืืง, ืื–ื•ืจ ืžื“ื‘ืจื™ ื’ื‘ื•ื” ื‘ืฆืคื•ืŸ ื”ื•ื“ื•.
02:41
It sits in the rain shadow of the Himalayas
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ื”ื•ื ื ืžืฆื ื‘ืฆืœ ื”ื’ืฉื ืฉืœ ื”ื”ื™ืžืœืื™ื”
02:44
and receives on average fewer than ten centimeters of rain per year.
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ื•ืžืงื‘ืœ ื‘ืžืžื•ืฆืข ืคื—ื•ืช ืžืขืฉืจื” ืกื ื˜ื™ืžื˜ืจื™ื ืฉืœ ื’ืฉื ื‘ืฉื ื”.
02:48
As local glaciers shrink because of climate change,
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ื›ืฉืงืจื—ื•ื ื™ื ืžืงื•ืžื™ื™ื ืžืชื›ื•ื•ืฆื™ื ื‘ื’ืœืœ ืฉื™ื ื•ื™ ื”ืืงืœื™ื,
02:51
regional water scarcity is increasing.
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ืžื—ืกื•ืจ ื‘ืžื™ื ืžืงื•ืžื™ื™ื ื’ื•ื‘ืจ.
02:54
And so, local people have started growing their own glaciers
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ื•ื›ืš, ืื ืฉื™ื ืžืงื•ืžื™ื™ื ื”ื—ืœื• ืœื’ื“ืœ ืงืจื—ื•ื ื™ื ืžืฉืœื”ื
02:57
as insurance against this uncertainty.
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ื›ื‘ื™ื˜ื•ื— ื ื’ื“ ื—ื•ืกืจ ื”ื•ื•ื“ืื•ืช.
03:00
These glaciers come in two types: horizontal, and vertical.
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ื”ืงืจื—ื•ื ื™ื ื”ืืœื” ืžื’ื™ืขื™ื ื‘ืฉื ื™ ืกื•ื’ื™ื: ืื•ืคืงื™ื™ื ื•ืื ื›ื™ื™ื.
03:04
Horizontal glaciers are formed when farmers redirect glacier meltwater
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ืงืจื—ื•ื ื™ื ืื•ืคืงื™ื™ื ื ื•ืฆืจื™ื ื›ืฉื—ื•ื•ืื™ื ืžืคื ื™ื ืžื™ ืงืจื—ื•ื ื™ื
03:09
into channels and pipes,
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ืœืชืขืœื•ืช ื•ืฆื™ื ื•ืจื•ืช,
03:11
then carefully siphon it off into a series of basins made from stones and earth.
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ื•ืื– ืžืชืขืœื™ื ืื•ืชื ืœืกื“ืจื” ืฉืœ ืื’ื ื™ื ืขืฉื•ื™ื™ื ืื‘ืŸ ื•ืื“ืžื”.
03:17
Villagers minutely control the release of water into these reservoirs,
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ื—ื•ื•ืื™ื ืฉื•ืœื˜ื™ื ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ืขื“ื™ืŸ ื‘ืฉื—ืจื•ืจ ืžื™ื ืœืžืื’ืจื™ื ื”ืืœื”,
03:21
waiting for each new layer to freeze
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ืžื—ื›ื™ื ืฉื›ืœ ืฉื›ื‘ื” ื—ื“ืฉื” ืชืงืคื
03:23
before filling the basin with another wave.
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ืœืคื ื™ ืฉื”ื ืžืžืœืื™ื ืื’ื ื™ื ื‘ื’ืœ ื ื•ืกืฃ.
03:26
In early spring,
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ื‘ืชื—ื™ืœืช ื”ืื‘ื™ื‘,
03:28
these frozen pools begin to melt,
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ื”ื‘ืจื™ื›ื•ืช ื”ืงืคื•ืื•ืช ื”ืืœื• ืžืชื—ื™ืœื•ืช ืœื”ืžืก,
03:30
supplying villagers with irrigation for their fields.
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ืžืกืคืงื™ื ืœื—ื•ื•ืื™ื ื”ืฉืงื™ื” ืœืฉื“ื•ืชื™ื”ื.
03:33
Local people make vertical glaciers using the meltwater
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ืื ืฉื™ื ืžืงื•ืžื™ื™ื ื™ื•ืฆืจื™ื ืงืจื—ื•ื ื™ื ืื ื›ื™ื™ื ื‘ืฉื™ืžื•ืฉ ื‘ืžื™ ืงืจื—ื•ื ื™ื
03:37
from already-existing glaciers high above their villages.
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ืžืงืจื—ื•ื ื™ื ืงื™ื™ืžื™ื ื’ื‘ื•ื” ืžืขืœ ื”ื›ืคืจื™ื ืฉืœื”ื.
03:41
The meltwater enters channels that run downhill,
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ืžื™ ื”ืงืจื—ื•ื ื™ื ื ื›ื ืกื™ื ืœืชืขืœื•ืช ืฉืขื•ื‘ืจื•ืช ื‘ืžื•ืจื“ ื”ื’ื‘ืขื•ืช,
03:44
flowing until it reaches a crop site
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ื–ื•ืจืžื™ื ืขื“ ืฉื”ื ืžื’ื™ืขื™ื ืœืืชืจ ื”ืฉื™ืžื•ืฉ
03:46
where it bursts forth from a pipe pointing straight into the air.
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ืฉื ื”ื ื‘ื•ืงืขื™ื ืžืฆื™ื ื•ืจ ืฉืžื›ื•ื•ืŸ ืื•ืชื ื™ืฉืจ ืœืื•ื•ื™ืจ.
03:50
When winter temperatures dip,
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ื›ืฉื˜ืžืคืจื˜ื•ืจื•ืช ื”ื—ื•ืจืฃ ืฆื•ื ื—ื•ืช,
03:52
this water freezes as it arcs out of the pipe,
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ื”ืžื™ื ื”ืืœื” ืงื•ืคืื™ื ื›ืฉื”ื ืžืชืงืฉืชื™ื ืžื—ื•ืฅ ืœืฆื™ื ื•ืจ,
03:55
ultimately forming a 50 meter ice sculpture called a stupa,
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ื•ืœื‘ืกื•ืฃ ื™ื•ืฆืื™ื ืคืกืœ ืงืจื— ื‘ื’ื•ื‘ื” 50 ืžื˜ืจ ืฉื ืงืจื ืกื˜ื•ืคื”,
04:00
shaped like an upside-down ice cream cone.
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ืžืขื•ืฆื‘ ื›ืžื• ื’ื‘ื™ืข ื’ืœื™ื“ื” ื”ืคื•ืš.
04:03
This inverted form minimizes the amount of surface area it exposes to the sun
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ื”ืฆื•ืจื” ื”ื”ืคื•ื›ื” ื”ื–ื• ืžืงื˜ื™ื ื” ืืช ื’ื•ื“ืœ ืคื ื™ ื”ืฉื˜ื— ืฉื”ื™ื ื—ื•ืฉืคืช ืœืฉืžืฉ
04:08
in the spring and summer.
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ื‘ืื‘ื™ื‘ ื•ื‘ืงื™ืฅ.
04:10
That ensures that the mini-glacier melts slowly
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ืžื” ืฉืžื‘ื˜ื™ื— ืฉืงืจื—ื•ืŸ ื–ืขื™ืจ ื™ืžืก ื‘ืื™ื˜ื™ื•ืช
04:13
and provides a reliable supply of water to feed the farmersโ€™ crops.
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ื•ื™ืกืคืง ืžืงื•ืจ ืžื™ื ืืžื™ืŸ ื›ื“ื™ ืœืกืคืง ืœื™ื‘ื•ืœื™ ื”ื—ืงืœืื™.
04:18
These methods may be ancient,
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ื”ืฉื™ื˜ื•ืช ื”ืืœื• ืื•ืœื™ ืขืชื™ืงื•ืช,
04:19
but theyโ€™re becoming more relevant
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ืื‘ืœ ื”ืŸ ื”ื•ืคื›ื•ืช ืœื™ื•ืชืจ ืจืœื•ื•ื ื˜ื™ื•ืช
04:21
as climate change takes its toll on our planet.
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ื›ืฉืฉื™ื ื•ื™ ื”ืืงืœื™ื ืžืฉืคื™ืข ืขืœ ื”ืคืœื ื˜ื” ืฉืœื ื•.
04:24
In fact, people are now growing their own glaciers in many regions beyond Ladakh.
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ืœืžืขืฉื”, ืื ืฉื™ื ืžื’ื“ืœื™ื ืขื›ืฉื™ื• ืงืจื—ื•ื ื™ื ืžืฉืœื”ื ื‘ื”ืจื‘ื” ืื–ื•ืจื™ื ืžืขื‘ืจ ืœืœื“ืืง.
04:30
Swiss people, utilizing modern glacier growing technology,
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ืฉื•ื•ื™ืฆืจื™ื™ื ืžืฉืชืžืฉื™ื ื‘ืฉื™ื˜ื•ืช ื’ื™ื“ื•ืœ ืงืจื—ื•ื ื™ื ืžื•ื“ืจื ื™ื•ืช,
04:33
created their first stupa in 2016 in the Swiss Alps.
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ื•ื™ืฆืจื• ืกื˜ื•ืคื” ืžืฉืœื”ื ื‘ 2016 ื‘ืืœืคื™ื ื”ืฉื•ื•ืฆืจื™ื™ื.
04:38
There are plans for over 100 more in villages in Pakistan,
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ื™ืฉ ืชื•ื›ื ื™ื•ืช ืœื™ื•ืชืจ ืž 100 ื ื•ืกืคื™ื ื‘ื›ืคืจื™ื ื‘ืคืืงื™ืกื˜ืืŸ,
04:42
Kazakhstan, and Kyrgyzstan.
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ืงื–ื—ืกื˜ืืŸ, ื•ืงื™ืจื’ื™ืกื˜ืืŸ.
04:45
Perhaps one day weโ€™ll be able to harness our homegrown glaciers
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ืื•ืœื™ ื™ื•ื ืื—ื“ ื ื”ื™ื” ืžืกื•ื’ืœื™ื ืœืจืชื•ื ืงืจื—ื•ื ื™ื ืžื’ื•ื“ืœื™ื ืžืฉืœื ื•
04:49
well enough to build whole walls of iceโ€“
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ื˜ื•ื‘ ืžืกืคื™ืง ื›ื“ื™ ืœื‘ื ื•ืช ืงื™ืจื•ืช ืงืจื— ืฉืœืžื™ื --
04:51
this time not for keeping people out,
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ื”ืคืขื ืœื ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืฉืื™ืจ ืื ืฉื™ื ื‘ื—ื•ืฅ,
04:54
but to enable life in some of the planetโ€™s harshest landscapes.
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ืืœื ืœืืคืฉืจ ื—ื™ื™ื ื‘ื›ืžื” ืžื”ื ื•ืคื™ื ื”ื›ื™ ืงืฉื™ื ื‘ืคืœื ื˜ื”.

Original video on YouTube.com
ืขืœ ืืชืจ ื–ื”

ืืชืจ ื–ื” ื™ืฆื™ื’ ื‘ืคื ื™ื›ื ืกืจื˜ื•ื ื™ YouTube ื”ืžื•ืขื™ืœื™ื ืœืœื™ืžื•ื“ ืื ื’ืœื™ืช. ืชื•ื›ืœื• ืœืจืื•ืช ืฉื™ืขื•ืจื™ ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืขื‘ืจื™ื ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืžื•ืจื™ื ืžื”ืฉื•ืจื” ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื” ืžืจื—ื‘ื™ ื”ืขื•ืœื. ืœื—ืฅ ืคืขืžื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืฆื’ื•ืช ื‘ื›ืœ ื“ืฃ ื•ื™ื“ืื• ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ ืžืฉื. ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื’ื•ืœืœื•ืช ื‘ืกื ื›ืจื•ืŸ ืขื ื”ืคืขืœืช ื”ื•ื•ื™ื“ืื•. ืื ื™ืฉ ืœืš ื”ืขืจื•ืช ืื• ื‘ืงืฉื•ืช, ืื ื ืฆื•ืจ ืื™ืชื ื• ืงืฉืจ ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ื˜ื•ืคืก ื™ืฆื™ืจืช ืงืฉืจ ื–ื”.

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