Is capitalism actually broken?

1,142,306 views ใƒป 2022-11-01

TED-Ed


ืื ื ืœื—ืฅ ืคืขืžื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ืœืžื˜ื” ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ.

ืชืจื’ื•ื: zeeva livshitz ืขืจื™ื›ื”: Ido Dekkers
00:08
Each one of these machines represents the economic system of a country.
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ื›ืœ ืื—ืช ืžื”ืžื›ื•ื ื•ืช ื”ืœืœื• ืžื™ื™ืฆื’ืช ืžืขืจื›ืช ื›ืœื›ืœื™ืช ืฉืœ ืžื“ื™ื ื”.
00:13
Every machine has three inputs:
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ืœื›ืœ ืžื›ื•ื ื” ื™ืฉ ืฉืœื•ืฉ ื›ื ื™ืกื•ืช:
00:15
labor, peopleโ€™s work.
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ืขื‘ื•ื“ื”, ืขื‘ื•ื“ื” ืฉืœ ืื ืฉื™ื.
00:17
Capital, all the stuff that a business might use,
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ื”ื•ืŸ, ื›ืœ ื”ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ืฉืขืกืง ืขืฉื•ื™ ืœื”ืฉืชืžืฉ ื‘ื”ื,
00:20
including intangibles, like ideas.
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ื›ื•ืœืœ ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ืœื ืžื•ื—ืฉื™ื™ื, ื›ืžื• ืจืขื™ื•ื ื•ืช.
00:22
And natural resources.
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ื•ืžืฉืื‘ื™ ื˜ื‘ืข.
00:24
The machine converts these inputs into goods and services,
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ื”ืžื›ื•ื ื” ืžืžื™ืจื” ืืช ื”ืชืฉื•ืžื•ืช ื”ืœืœื• ืœืกื—ื•ืจื•ืช ื•ืฉื™ืจื•ืชื™ื,
00:27
and because weโ€™re willing to pay for the things the machine produces,
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ื•ื‘ื’ืœืœ ืฉืื ื—ื ื• ืžื•ื›ื ื™ื ืœืฉืœื ืขืœ ื”ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ืฉื”ืžื›ื•ื ื” ืžื™ื™ืฆืจืช,
00:31
what the machine is really creating here is value.
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ืžื” ืฉื”ืžื›ื•ื ื” ื‘ืขืฆื ื™ื•ืฆืจืช ื›ืืŸ ื”ื•ื ืขืจืš.
00:34
Economies turn inputs into value.
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ื›ืœื›ืœื•ืช ื”ื•ืคื›ื•ืช ืชืฉื•ืžื•ืช ืœืขืจืš.
00:37
What determines whether the machine is capitalist, communist, socialist,
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ืžื” ืงื•ื‘ืข ืื ื”ืžื›ื•ื ื” ื”ื™ื ืงืคื™ื˜ืœื™ืกื˜ื™ืช, ืงื•ืžื•ื ื™ืกื˜ื™ืช, ืกื•ืฆื™ืืœื™ืกื˜ื™ืช,
00:41
or something else?
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ืื• ืžืฉื”ื• ืื—ืจ?
00:43
Three dials.
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ืฉืœื•ืฉ ื—ื•ื’ื•ืช.
00:44
The first dial controls who owns the capital.
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ื”ื—ื•ื’ื” ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื” ืฉื•ืœื˜ืช ืžื™ ื”ื‘ืขืœื™ื ืฉืœ ื”ื”ื•ืŸ.
00:47
Over here, the government owns every bit of capital,
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ื›ืืŸ, ื”ืžืžืฉืœื” ื”ื™ื ื”ื‘ืขืœื™ื ืฉืœ ื›ืœ ืคื™ืกืช ื”ื•ืŸ,
00:50
down to the last office paperclip.
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ืขื“ ืœืžื”ื“ืง ื”ืžืฉืจื“ ื”ืื—ืจื•ืŸ.
00:52
North Korea is probably the closest economy to 0%.
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ืฆืคื•ืŸ ืงื•ืจื™ืื” ื”ื™ื ื›ื ืจืื” ื”ื›ืœื›ืœื” ื”ืงืจื•ื‘ื” ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ืœ-0%.
00:56
On the other end of the spectrum, at 100%, private citizens own all the capital.
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ื‘ืงืฆื” ื”ืฉื ื™ ืฉืœ ื”ืกืคืงื˜ืจื•ื, ื‘-100%, ืื–ืจื—ื™ื ืคืจื˜ื™ื™ื ืฉืžื—ื–ื™ืงื™ื ื‘ื›ืœ ื”ื”ื•ืŸ.
01:00
The US is about here, at roughly two-thirds private ownership.
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ืืจื”โ€œื‘ ื ืžืฆืืช ื›ืืŸ, ื‘ืขืจืš ืฉื ื™ ืฉืœื™ืฉื™ื ื‘ื‘ืขืœื•ืช ืคืจื˜ื™ืช.
01:04
The second dial dictates how much control the government has
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ื”ื—ื•ื’ื” ื”ืฉื ื™ื™ื” ืžื›ืชื™ื‘ื” ื›ืžื” ืฉืœื™ื˜ื” ื™ืฉ ืœืžืžืฉืœื”
01:07
over what gets produced.
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ืขืœ ืžื” ืฉืžื™ื•ืฆืจ.
01:09
In economies with high coordination, like the old USSR,
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ื‘ื›ืœื›ืœื•ืช ืขื ืชื™ืื•ื ื’ื‘ื•ื”, ื›ืžื• ื‘ืจื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืขืฆื•ืช ื”ื™ืฉื ื”,
01:12
the government dictated what the economy couldโ€” and wouldโ€” produce.
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ื”ืžืžืฉืœื” ื”ื›ืชื™ื‘ื” ืžื” ื”ื›ืœื›ืœื” ื™ื›ื•ืœื” ืœื™ื™ืฆืจ - ื•ืชื™ื™ืฆืจ.
01:16
In economies with low coordination,
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ื‘ื›ืœื›ืœื•ืช ืขื ืชื™ืื•ื ื ืžื•ืš,
01:18
the government might mandate a few things,
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ื”ืžืžืฉืœื” ืขืฉื•ื™ื” ืœื—ื™ื™ื‘ ื›ืžื” ื“ื‘ืจื™ื,
01:20
but leaves most decision-making up to the private sector.
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ืื‘ืœ ืžืฉืื™ืจื” ืืช ืจื•ื‘ ืงื‘ืœืช ื”ื”ื—ืœื˜ื•ืช ืœืžื’ื–ืจ ื”ืคืจื˜ื™.
01:23
The third dial controls how extensively markets are used to set prices.
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ื”ื—ื•ื’ื” ื”ืฉืœื™ืฉื™ืช ืงื•ื‘ืขืช ืขื“ ื›ืžื” ื”ืฉื•ื•ืงื™ื ืžืฉืžืฉื™ื ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ื ืจื—ื‘ ืœืงื‘ื™ืขืช ืžื—ื™ืจื™ื.
01:28
Over here at 0%, we have economies with no markets,
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ื›ืืŸ ื‘-0%, ื™ืฉ ืœื ื• ื›ืœื›ืœื•ืช ืœืœื ืฉื•ื•ืงื™ื,
01:32
where the government sets all prices, and consumers have no say.
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ืฉื‘ื”ืŸ ื”ืžืžืฉืœื” ืงื•ื‘ืขืช ืืช ื›ืœ ื”ืžื—ื™ืจื™ื, ื•ืœืฆืจื›ื ื™ื ืื™ืŸ ืžื™ืœื” ืœื•ืžืจ.
01:36
Over here at 100%,
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ื›ืืŸ ื‘-100%,
01:37
markets are used to set the price of everything,
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ืฉื•ื•ืงื™ื ืžืฉืžืฉื™ื ื›ื“ื™ ืœืงื‘ื•ืข ืืช ื”ืžื—ื™ืจ ืฉืœ ื”ื›ืœ,
01:40
even things like basic life-saving health care.
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ืืคื™ืœื• ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ื›ืžื• ืฉื™ืจื•ืชื™ ื‘ืจื™ืื•ืช ื‘ืกื™ืกื™ื™ื ืžืฆื™ืœื™ ื—ื™ื™ื.
01:43
You can also think of this dial as controlling the number and extent
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ืืชื ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ื’ื ืœื—ืฉื•ื‘ ืขืœ ื”ื—ื•ื’ื” ื”ื–ื• ื›ืขืœ ืฉื•ืœื˜ืช ื‘ืžืกืคืจ ื•ื‘ื”ื™ืงืฃ
01:46
of government regulationsโ€”
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ืฉืœ ืชืงื ื•ืช ื”ืžืžืฉืœื”-
01:47
from tariffs on foreign goods to antitrust laws
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ืžืžื›ืกื™ื ืขืœ ืกื—ื•ืจื•ืช ื–ืจื•ืช ืœื—ื•ืงื™ ื”ื’ื‘ืœื™ื ืขืกืงื™ื™ื
01:50
to regulations on net neutrality.
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ืœืชืงื ื•ืช ืขืœ ื ื™ื˜ืจืœื™ื•ืช ืจืฉืช.
01:53
So, capitalism isnโ€™t just one type of economyโ€”
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ืื–, ืงืคื™ื˜ืœื™ื–ื ื”ื•ื ืœื ืจืง ืกื•ื’ ืื—ื“ ืฉืœ ื›ืœื›ืœื” -
01:56
itโ€™s a wide range of possible economies,
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ื–ื” ืžื’ื•ื•ืŸ ืจื—ื‘ ืฉืœ ื›ืœื›ืœื•ืช ืืคืฉืจื™ื•ืช,
01:59
which makes answering the question of whether capitalism is broken, complicated.
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ืžื” ืฉื’ื•ืจื ืœืขื ื•ืช ืขืœ ื”ืฉืืœื” ื”ืื ื”ืงืคื™ื˜ืœื™ื–ื ืฉื‘ื•ืจ, ืžืกื•ื‘ืš.
02:03
But weโ€™re going to try.
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ืื‘ืœ ืื ื—ื ื• ื”ื•ืœื›ื™ื ืœื ืกื•ืช.
02:05
At the height of the Industrial Revolution,
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ื‘ืฉื™ืื” ืฉืœ ื”ืžื”ืคื›ื” ื”ืชืขืฉื™ื™ืชื™ืช
02:07
the dials were set pretty close to what we now call free market,
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ื”ื—ื•ื’ื•ืช ื”ื™ื• ืžื›ื•ื•ื ื•ืช ื“ื™ ืงืจื•ื‘ ืœืžื” ืฉืื ื• ืžื›ื ื™ื ื›ื™ื•ื ืฉื•ืง ื—ื•ืคืฉื™,
02:10
or โ€œlaissez-faireโ€ capitalism.
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ืื• ืงืคื™ื˜ืœื™ื–ื โ€œlaissez-faireโ€.
02:12
There were very few regulations,
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ื”ื™ื• ืžืขื˜ ืžืื•ื“ ืชืงื ื•ืช,
02:13
and economists of the time believed that capitalismโ€™s โ€œinvisible handโ€โ€”
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ื•ื›ืœื›ืœื ื™ื ืฉืœ ืื•ืชื” ืชืงื•ืคื” ื”ืืžื™ื ื• ืฉโ€œื”ื™ื“ ื”ื ืขืœืžื”โ€ ืฉืœ ื”ืงืคื™ื˜ืœื™ื–ื -
02:17
basically, individuals acting freely and in their own self-interestโ€”
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ื‘ืขืฆื, ืื ืฉื™ื ื”ืคื•ืขืœื™ื ื‘ื—ื•ืคืฉื™ื•ืช ื•ืœืžืขืŸ ื”ืื™ื ื˜ืจืก ื”ืื™ืฉื™ ืฉืœื”ื-
02:21
would produce optimal outcomes, both for the economy and for society.
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ื™ื‘ื™ืื• ืœืชื•ืฆืื•ืช ืžื™ื˜ื‘ื™ื•ืช, ื”ืŸ ืขื‘ื•ืจ ื”ื›ืœื›ืœื” ื•ื”ืŸ ืขื‘ื•ืจ ื”ื—ื‘ืจื”.
02:25
And thatโ€™s how we ended up with embalming fluid in milk.
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ื•ื›ื›ื” ืกื™ื™ืžื ื• ืขื ื ื•ื–ืœ ืฉื™ืžื•ืจ ื‘ื—ืœื‘.
02:30
In the late 1800s in the United States, food manufacturers put all kinds of cheap
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ื‘ืกื•ืฃ ื”ืžืื” ื”-18 ื‘ืืจืฆื•ืช ื”ื‘ืจื™ืช, ื™ืฆืจื ื™ ืžื–ื•ืŸ ืฉืžื• ื›ืœ ืžื™ื ื™ ืกื•ื’ื™ื ื–ื•ืœื™ื
02:34
(and sometimes dangerous) adulterants in food to maximize profits.
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(ื•ืœืคืขืžื™ื ืžืกื•ื›ื ื™ื) ืฉืœ ืชื•ืกืคื™ื ื›ื“ื™ ืœืžืงืกื ืืช ื”ืจื•ื•ื—ื™ื
02:38
What they were doing was legal, but of course, wrong.
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ืžื” ืฉื”ื ืขืฉื• ื”ื™ื” ื—ื•ืงื™, ืื‘ืœ ื›ืžื•ื‘ืŸ, ืœื ื˜ื•ื‘.
02:41
There was a public outcry, and in 1906,
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ื”ื™ื™ืชื” ืกืขืจื” ืฆื™ื‘ื•ืจื™ืช, ื•ื‘ืฉื ืช 1906,
02:43
Congress passed the Pure Food and Drugs Act,
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ื”ืงื•ื ื’ืจืก ื”ืขื‘ื™ืจ ืืช ื—ื•ืง ื”ืžื–ื•ืŸ ื•ื”ืชืจื•ืคื•ืช ื”ื˜ื”ื•ืจ,
02:46
setting the stage for the Food and Drug Administration,
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ื›ืฉื”ื•ื ืžื›ื™ืŸ ืืช ื”ื‘ืžื” ืขื‘ื•ืจ ืžื™ื ื”ืœ ื”ืžื–ื•ืŸ ื•ื”ืชืจื•ืคื•ืช,
02:48
which watches over the USโ€™s food supply to this day.
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ืฉืฉื•ืžืจ ืขืœ ืืกืคืงืช ื”ืžื–ื•ืŸ ืฉืœ ืืจื”โ€œื‘ ืขื“ ื”ื™ื•ื.
02:51
These days, no economy really practices pure โ€œinvisible handโ€ capitalism,
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ื‘ื™ืžื™ื ืืœื”, ืฉื•ื ื›ืœื›ืœื” ืœื ื‘ืืžืช ื ื•ื”ื’ืช ื‘ืงืคื™ื˜ืœื™ื–ื ื˜ื”ื•ืจ ืฉืœ โ€œื™ื“ ื‘ืœืชื™ ื ืจืื™ืชโ€œ,
02:56
but some people are increasingly worried that todayโ€™s threats,
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ืื‘ืœ ื—ืœืง ืžื”ืื ืฉื™ื ืžื•ื“ืื’ื™ื ืฉืื™ื•ืžื™ื,
02:59
like climate change and rising inequality, canโ€™t be solved by any capitalist system.
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ื›ืžื• ืฉื™ื ื•ื™ื™ ืืงืœื™ื ื•ืื™-ืฉื•ื•ื™ื•ืŸ ืขื•ืœื”, ืœื ื ื™ืชืŸ ืœืคืชื•ืจ ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืžืขืจื›ืช ืงืคื™ื˜ืœื™ืกื˜ื™ืช.
03:04
Letโ€™s look at climate change first.
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ื ืกืชื›ืœ ืชื—ื™ืœื” ืขืœ ืฉื™ื ื•ื™ื™ ื”ืืงืœื™ื.
03:07
Capitalist economies incentivize growth.
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ื›ืœื›ืœื•ืช ืงืคื™ื˜ืœื™ืกื˜ื™ื•ืช ืžืขื•ื“ื“ื•ืช ืฆืžื™ื—ื”.
03:09
Thatโ€™s created massive demand for the cheapest energy possible,
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ื–ื” ื™ืฆืจ ื‘ื™ืงื•ืฉ ืขืฆื•ื ืœืื ืจื’ื™ื” ื”ื–ื•ืœื” ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ื”ืืคืฉืจื™ืช,
03:12
which, for a long time, was fossil fuels.
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ืฉื‘ืžืฉืš ื–ืžืŸ ืจื‘ ื”ื™ืชื” ื“ืœืง ืžืื•ื‘ื ื™ื.
03:14
Burning all those fossil fuels unquestionably droveโ€”
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ืฉืจื™ืคืช ื›ืœ ื”ื“ืœืงื™ื ื”ืžืื•ื‘ื ื™ื ื”ืืœื” ื”ื ื™ืขื” ืœืœื ืขื•ืจืจื™ืŸ-
03:17
and continues to driveโ€” climate change.
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ื•ืžืžืฉื™ื›ื” ืœื”ื ื™ืข- ืฉื™ื ื•ื™ื™ ืืงืœื™ื.
03:19
Not only that, but the desire to maximize profit usually gives corporations
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ืœื ืจืง ื–ื”, ืืœื ื”ืจืฆื•ืŸ ืœืžืงืกื ืจื•ื•ื— ื‘ื“ืจืš ื›ืœืœ ื ื•ืชืŸ ืœืชืื’ื™ื“ื™ื
03:23
a powerful incentive to ignore inconvenient truths.
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ืชืžืจื™ืฅ ืจื‘ ืขื•ืฆืžื” ืœื”ืชืขืœื ืžืืžื™ืชื•ืช ืœื ื ื•ื—ื•ืช.
03:26
Just like tobacco companies denied the link between cigarettes and cancer,
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ื›ืžื• ืฉื—ื‘ืจื•ืช ื”ื˜ื‘ืง ื”ื›ื—ื™ืฉื• ืืช ื”ืงืฉืจ ื‘ื™ืŸ ืกื™ื’ืจื™ื•ืช ืœืกืจื˜ืŸ,
03:30
oil and gas companies denied or downplayed climate science for decades.
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ื—ื‘ืจื•ืช ื”ื ืคื˜ ื•ื”ื’ื– ื”ื›ื—ื™ืฉื• ืื• ื”ืคื—ื™ืชื• ื‘ืขืจืš ืžื“ืข ื”ืืงืœื™ื ืขืฉืจื•ืช ืฉื ื™ื.
03:34
Next, inequality.
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ื”ื‘ื, ืื™ ืฉื•ื•ื™ื•ืŸ.
03:35
Inequality is complicated enough that we made a whole video about it,
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ืื™ ื”ืฉื•ื•ื™ื•ืŸ ืžืกืคื™ืง ืžืกื•ื‘ืš ืฉื‘ืฉื‘ื™ืœื• ืขืฉื™ื ื• ืขืœ ื–ื” ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ ืฉืœื,
03:39
but the simple story is:
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ืื‘ืœ ื”ืกื™ืคื•ืจ ื”ืคืฉื•ื˜ ื”ื•ื:
03:40
in many countries, inequality is rising.
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ื‘ืžื“ื™ื ื•ืช ืจื‘ื•ืช, ืื™ ื”ืฉื•ื•ื™ื•ืŸ ืขื•ืœื”.
03:43
In the US, the UK, Canada, Ireland, and Australia,
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ื‘ืืจื”โ€œื‘, ื‘ืจื™ื˜ื ื™ื”, ืงื ื“ื”, ืื™ืจืœื ื“, ื•ืื•ืกื˜ืจืœื™ื”,
03:47
the top 1% of income earners have been eating up a larger and larger share
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ื”1% ื”ืขืœื™ื•ืŸ ืฉืœ ื‘ืขืœื™ ื”ื”ื›ื ืกื” ืื•ื›ืœื™ื ื ืชื— ื’ื“ื•ืœ ื™ื•ืชืจ ื•ื™ื•ืชืจ
03:50
of total income over the past 50 years.
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ืžืกืš ื”ื”ื›ื ืกื” ื‘-50 ื”ืฉื ื™ื ื”ืื—ืจื•ื ื•ืช.
03:53
In the UK, the top 1% share doubled from 7% in 1980 to 14% in 2014.
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ื‘ื‘ืจื™ื˜ื ื™ื” ื”ื•ื›ืคืœ ื”ื—ืœืง ืฉืœ ื”ืžืื™ื•ืŸ ื”ืขืœื™ื•ืŸ ื”ื•ื›ืคืœ ืž-7% ื‘-1980 ืœ-14% ื‘-2014.
04:00
But that's not the whole picture.
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ืื‘ืœ ื–ื• ืœื ื›ืœ ื”ืชืžื•ื ื”.
04:02
In England, the country for which we have the best data before capitalism,
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ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ื” ื”ืžื“ื™ื ื” ืฉืขื‘ื•ืจื” ื™ืฉ ืœื ื• ืืช ื”ื ืชื•ื ื™ื ื”ื˜ื•ื‘ื™ื ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ืœืคื ื™ ื”ืงืคื™ื˜ืœื™ื–ื
04:06
the share of income going to the top 5% of income earners
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ื—ืœืง ื”ื”ื›ื ืกื” ืฉื”ื•ืœืš ืœ-5% ื”ืขืœื™ื•ื ื™ื ืฉืœ ื‘ืขืœื™ ื”ื”ื›ื ืกื”
04:09
peaked at around 40% in 1801,
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ื”ื’ื™ืข ืœืฉื™ื ืฉืœ ื›-40% ื‘ืฉื ืช 1801,
04:12
and then, as capitalism took hold, it fell steadily to a low of about 17% in 1977.
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ื•ืื–, ื›ืฉื”ืงืคื™ื˜ืœื™ื–ื ื”ืฉืชืœื˜, ื”ื•ื ื ืคืœ ื‘ื”ืชืžื“ื” ืœืฉืคืœ ืฉืœ ื›-17% ื‘-1977.
04:19
These days, itโ€™s back upโ€” hovering around 26%.
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ื‘ื™ืžื™ื ืืœื” ื”ื•ื ื—ื•ื–ืจ ืœืžืขืœื” โ€“ ืžืจื—ืฃ ืกื‘ื™ื‘ 26%.
04:23
And hereโ€™s another data point: in many European countries and Japan,
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ื•ื”ื ื” ืขื•ื“ ื ืงื•ื“ืช ื ืชื•ื ื™ื: ื‘ืžื“ื™ื ื•ืช ืจื‘ื•ืช ื‘ืื™ืจื•ืคื” ื•ื‘ื™ืคืŸ,
04:27
the top 1%โ€™s share of income came down from 20 to 25% in the early 1900s
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ื”ื—ืœืง ืฉืœ ื”ืžืื™ื•ืŸ ื”ืขืœื™ื•ืŸ ืžื”ื”ื›ื ืกื” ื™ืจื“ ืž-20 ืœ-25% ื‘ืชื—ื™ืœืช ืฉื ื•ืช ื”-1900
04:32
to 7 to 12% today.
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ืœ-7 ืขื“ 12% ื”ื™ื•ื.
04:34
So, is capitalism increasing inequality or not?
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ืื– ื”ืื ื”ืงืคื™ื˜ืœื™ื–ื ืžื’ื‘ื™ืจ ืืช ืื™ ื”ืฉื•ื•ื™ื•ืŸ ืื• ืฉืœื?
04:38
It depends.
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ื–ื” ืชืœื•ื™.
04:39
Remember, there's a wide range of settings that all fall under capitalism,
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ื™ืฉ ืžื’ื•ื•ืŸ ืจื—ื‘ ืฉืœ ื”ื’ื“ืจื•ืช ืฉื›ื•ืœืŸ ื ื•ืคืœื•ืช ืชื—ืช ื”ืงืคื™ื˜ืœื™ื–ื,
04:42
meaning that one country's version can look very different from another's.
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ื›ืœื•ืžืจ, ื’ืจืกื” ืฉืœ ืžื“ื™ื ื” ืื—ืช ื™ื›ื•ืœื” ืœื”ื™ืจืื•ืช ืฉื•ื ื” ืžืื•ื“ ืžืฉืœ ืื—ืจื•ืช.
04:46
Itโ€™s totally possible that inequality could be increasing
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ื–ื” ื‘ื”ื—ืœื˜ ืืคืฉืจื™ ืฉืื™ ื”ืฉื•ื•ื™ื•ืŸ ื”ื–ื” ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื”ืชื’ื‘ืจ
04:49
in Chinaโ€™s version of capitalism, while it decreases in Franceโ€™s.
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ื‘ื’ืจืกื” ืฉืœ ืกื™ืŸ ืœืงืคื™ื˜ืœื™ื–ื, ื‘ืขื•ื“ ืฉื”ื•ื ื™ื•ืจื“ ื‘ืฆืจืคืช.
04:53
Capitalism, it seems, is a double-edged sword.
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ืงืคื™ื˜ืœื™ื–ื, ื›ืš ื ืจืื”, ื”ื•ื ื—ืจื‘ ืคื™ืคื™ื•ืช.
04:56
On the one hand, it generates a huge amount of value,
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ืžืฆื“ ืื—ื“, ื–ื” ืžื™ื™ืฆืจ ื›ืžื•ืช ืขืฆื•ืžื” ืฉืœ ืขืจืš,
04:58
which translates to almost everyone having more money than they otherwise would.
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ืžื” ืฉืžืชื•ืจื’ื ืœื›ืš ืฉื›ืžืขื˜ ืœื›ื•ืœื ื™ืฉ ื™ื•ืชืจ ื›ืกืฃ ืžืžื” ืฉื”ื™ื” ืœื”ื ืื—ืจืช.
05:02
On the other hand, it also funnels the biggest chunk of that money
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ืžืฆื“ ืฉื ื™, ื–ื” ื’ื ืžื–ืจื™ื ืืช ื”ื—ืœืง ื”ื’ื“ื•ืœ ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ืฉืœ ื”ื›ืกืฃ ื”ื–ื”
05:06
into the wallets of relatively few people.
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ืœืืจื ืงื™ื ืฉืœ ืžืขื˜ ืื ืฉื™ื ื™ื—ืกื™ืช.
05:09
Capitalismโ€™s staunchest defenders say that with enough grit and determination,
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ื”ืžื’ื™ื ื™ื ื”ืขื™ืงืฉื™ื ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ืฉืœ ื”ืงืคื™ื˜ืœื™ื–ื ืื•ืžืจื™ื ืฉืขื ืžืกืคื™ืง ื—ื•ืฆืคื” ื•ื ื—ื™ืฉื•ืช,
05:13
anyone can join the ranks of the wealthy.
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ื›ืœ ืื—ื“ ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื”ืฆื˜ืจืฃ ืœืฉื•ืจื•ืช ื”ืขืฉื™ืจื™ื.
05:16
Is that really true?
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ื”ืื ื–ื” ื‘ืืžืช ื ื›ื•ืŸ?
05:18
In a free, capitalist market,
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ื‘ืฉื•ืง ืงืคื™ื˜ืœื™ืกื˜ื™ ื—ื•ืคืฉื™,
05:20
the wealth generated by successful companies mostly flows to the owners.
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ื”ืขื•ืฉืจ ืฉื ื•ืฆืจ ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื—ื‘ืจื•ืช ืžืฆืœื™ื—ื•ืช ื–ื•ืจื ื‘ืขื™ืงืจ ืœื‘ืขืœื™ื.
05:24
And along with that come other benefits:
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ื•ื™ื—ื“ ืขื ื–ื” ื‘ืื™ื ื™ืชืจื•ื ื•ืช ืื—ืจื™ื:
05:26
education, health, social standing, and power.
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ื—ื™ื ื•ืš, ื‘ืจื™ืื•ืช, ืžืขืžื“ ื—ื‘ืจืชื™, ื•ื›ื•ื—.
05:30
If owners tinker with the machine so that it benefits them more than others,
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ืื ื”ื‘ืขืœื™ื ืžืชืขืกืงื™ื ืขื ื”ืžื›ื•ื ื” ื›ืš ืฉื–ื” ืžื•ืขื™ืœ ืœื”ื ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžืื—ืจื™ื,
05:34
they create a feedback loop where power and everything that flows with it
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ื”ื ื™ื•ืฆืจื™ื ืœื•ืœืืช ืžืฉื•ื‘ ืฉื‘ื” ื›ื•ื— ื•ื›ืœ ืžื” ืฉื–ื•ืจื ืื™ืชื•
05:37
calcifies within their families.
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ืžืชืงื‘ืข ื‘ืชื•ืš ืžืฉืคื—ื•ืชื™ื”ื.
05:39
And then youโ€™ve got, basically, an aristocracy.
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ื•ืื– ื™ืฉ ืœื›ื, ื‘ืขืฆื, ืืจื™ืกื˜ื•ืงืจื˜ื™ื”.
05:42
So letโ€™s break down the question we started with:
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ืื– ื‘ื•ืื• ื ืคืจืง ืืช ื”ืฉืืœื” ืื™ืชื” ื”ืชื—ืœื ื•:
05:44
is pure, โ€œinvisible handโ€ capitalism,
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ื”ืื ืงืคื™ื˜ืœื™ื–ื ื˜ื”ื•ืจ, โ€œื™ื“ ื‘ืœืชื™ ื ืจืื™ืชโ€œ,
05:47
with all the dials set to the extremes, broken?
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ืขื ื›ืœ ื”ื—ื•ื’ื•ืช ืžื›ื•ื•ื ื•ืช ืœืงื™ืฆื•ื ื™ื•ืช, ืฉึธืื‘ื•ึผืจ?
05:50
Yeah.
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ื›ึตึผืŸ.
05:51
But itโ€™s also kind of irrelevant, since no country uses pure capitalism.
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ืื‘ืœ ื–ื” ื’ื ืงืฆืช ืœื ืจืœื•ื•ื ื˜ื™, ืžื›ื™ื•ื•ืŸ ืฉืืฃ ืžื“ื™ื ื” ืœื ืžืฉืชืžืฉืช ื‘ืงืคื™ื˜ืœื™ื–ื ื˜ื”ื•ืจ.
05:55
Is contemporary capitalismโ€”
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ื”ืื ืงืคื™ื˜ืœื™ื–ื ืขื›ืฉื•ื•ื™ --
05:57
as itโ€™s practiced in much of the world todayโ€” broken?
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ื›ืคื™ ืฉื”ื•ื ืžืชื•ืจื’ืœ ื‘ืจื•ื‘ื• ืฉืœ ื”ืขื•ืœื ื”ื™ื•ื - ืฉื‘ื•ืจ?
06:00
Well, itโ€™s the major driver of climate change
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ื•ื‘ื›ืŸ, ื–ื” ื”ืžื ื™ืข ื”ืขื™ืงืจื™ ืฉืœ ืฉื™ื ื•ื™ื™ ื”ืืงืœื™ื
06:02
and in many places is contributing to rising inequality.
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ื•ื‘ืžืงื•ืžื•ืช ืจื‘ื™ื ืชื•ืจื ืœืื™ ื”ืฉื•ื•ื™ื•ืŸ ื”ื’ื•ืื”.
06:05
And it may even be creating a de facto aristocracy in certain countries,
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ื•ื™ื™ืชื›ืŸ ืฉื”ื•ื ืืคื™ืœื• ื™ื•ืฆืจ ืืจื™ืกื˜ื•ืงืจื˜ื™ื” ื“ื”-ืคืงื˜ื• ื‘ืžื“ื™ื ื•ืช ืžืกื•ื™ืžื•ืช
06:08
so, not looking good.
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ืื–, ื–ื” ืœื ื ืจืื” ื˜ื•ื‘.
06:11
The critical question is: can we fix contemporary capitalism
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ื”ืฉืืœื” ื”ืงืจื™ื˜ื™ืช ื”ื™ื: ื”ืื ื ื•ื›ืœ ืœืชืงืŸ ืืช ื”ืงืคื™ื˜ืœื™ื–ื ื”ืขื›ืฉื•ื•ื™
06:14
by fiddling with the dials or restricting who can turn them,
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ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื”ืชืขืกืงื•ืช ืขื ื”ื—ื•ื’ื•ืช ืื• ื”ื’ื‘ืœืช ืžื™ ืฉื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื”ืคื•ืš ืื•ืชื,
06:17
or do we need to tear the machine down and build a new one from scratch?
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ืื• ืฉืื ื—ื ื• ืฆืจื™ื›ื™ื ืœื”ืจื•ืก ืืช ื”ืžื›ื•ื ื” ื•ืœื‘ื ื•ืช ื—ื“ืฉื” ืžืืคืก?

Original video on YouTube.com
ืขืœ ืืชืจ ื–ื”

ืืชืจ ื–ื” ื™ืฆื™ื’ ื‘ืคื ื™ื›ื ืกืจื˜ื•ื ื™ YouTube ื”ืžื•ืขื™ืœื™ื ืœืœื™ืžื•ื“ ืื ื’ืœื™ืช. ืชื•ื›ืœื• ืœืจืื•ืช ืฉื™ืขื•ืจื™ ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืขื‘ืจื™ื ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืžื•ืจื™ื ืžื”ืฉื•ืจื” ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื” ืžืจื—ื‘ื™ ื”ืขื•ืœื. ืœื—ืฅ ืคืขืžื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืฆื’ื•ืช ื‘ื›ืœ ื“ืฃ ื•ื™ื“ืื• ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ ืžืฉื. ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื’ื•ืœืœื•ืช ื‘ืกื ื›ืจื•ืŸ ืขื ื”ืคืขืœืช ื”ื•ื•ื™ื“ืื•. ืื ื™ืฉ ืœืš ื”ืขืจื•ืช ืื• ื‘ืงืฉื•ืช, ืื ื ืฆื•ืจ ืื™ืชื ื• ืงืฉืจ ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ื˜ื•ืคืก ื™ืฆื™ืจืช ืงืฉืจ ื–ื”.

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