Is capitalism actually broken?

1,045,312 views ใƒป 2022-11-01

TED-Ed


์•„๋ž˜ ์˜๋ฌธ์ž๋ง‰์„ ๋”๋ธ”ํด๋ฆญํ•˜์‹œ๋ฉด ์˜์ƒ์ด ์žฌ์ƒ๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.

๋ฒˆ์—ญ: JW Lee ๊ฒ€ํ† : DK Kim
00:08
Each one of these machines represents the economic system of a country.
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์ด ๊ธฐ๊ณ„๋“ค ๊ฐ๊ฐ์€
ํ•œ ๊ตญ๊ฐ€์˜ ๊ฒฝ์ œ ์ฒด์ œ๋ฅผ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋ƒ…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
00:13
Every machine has three inputs:
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๊ฐ ๊ธฐ๊ณ„์—๋Š” โ€˜์ƒ์‚ฐ ์š”์†Œโ€™๊ฐ€ ์„ธ ๊ฐ€์ง€ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
00:15
labor, peopleโ€™s work.
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๋…ธ๋™, ์‚ฌ๋žŒ์ด ํ•˜๋Š” ์ผ.
00:17
Capital, all the stuff that a business might use,
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์ž๋ณธ, ์‚ฌ์—…์— ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•˜๋Š” ๋ชจ๋“  ๊ฒƒ.
00:20
including intangibles, like ideas.
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์•„์ด๋””์–ด ๊ฐ™์€ ๋ฌดํ˜•๋ฌผ๋„ ํฌํ•จํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
00:22
And natural resources.
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๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ์ฒœ์—ฐ ์ž์›์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
00:24
The machine converts these inputs into goods and services,
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๊ธฐ๊ณ„๋Š” ์ด ์„ธ ์š”์†Œ๋ฅผ ์žฌํ™”์™€ ์„œ๋น„์Šค๋กœ ๋ฐ”๊ฟ‰๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
00:27
and because weโ€™re willing to pay for the things the machine produces,
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ์ด ๊ธฐ๊ณ„๊ฐ€ ์ƒ์‚ฐํ•œ ๊ฒƒ์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด ๊ธฐ๊บผ์ด ๊ฐ’์„ ์ง€๋ถˆํ•˜๋ ค ํ•˜๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์—
00:31
what the machine is really creating here is value.
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์ด ๊ธฐ๊ณ„๊ฐ€ ์ƒ์‚ฐํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์€ โ€˜๊ฐ€์น˜โ€™๊ฐ€ ๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
00:34
Economies turn inputs into value.
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๊ฒฝ์ œ๋Š” ์ƒ์‚ฐ ์š”์†Œ๋ฅผ ๊ฐ€์น˜๋กœ ๋ณ€ํ™˜ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
00:37
What determines whether the machine is capitalist, communist, socialist,
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๊ทธ๋ ‡๋‹ค๋ฉด ๋Œ€์ฒด ๋ฌด์—‡์ด ์ด ๊ธฐ๊ณ„๊ฐ€ ์ž๋ณธ์ฃผ์˜๋‚˜ ๊ณต์‚ฐ์ฃผ์˜๊ฐ€ ๋ ์ง€
์‚ฌํšŒ์ฃผ์˜๋‚˜ ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ๊ฒŒ ๋ ์ง€ ๊ฒฐ์ •ํ• ๊นŒ์š”?
00:41
or something else?
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00:43
Three dials.
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๋ฐ”๋กœ ์ด ๋‹ค์ด์–ผ ์„ธ ๊ฐœ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
00:44
The first dial controls who owns the capital.
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์ฒซ ๋ฒˆ์งธ ๋‹ค์ด์–ผ์€ ๋ˆ„๊ฐ€ ์ž๋ณธ์„ ์†Œ์œ ํ•˜๋Š”์ง€ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋ƒ…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
00:47
Over here, the government owns every bit of capital,
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์ด ์ง€์ˆ˜๊ฐ€ 0์ธ ์ด๊ณณ์—์„œ๋Š” ์ •๋ถ€๊ฐ€ ๋ชจ๋“  ์ž๋ณธ์„ ์ฅ๊ณ  ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
00:50
down to the last office paperclip.
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์‚ฌ๋ฌด์‹ค์˜ ํด๋ฆฝ ํ•˜๋‚˜๊นŒ์ง€ ์ •๋ถ€์˜ ๊ฒƒ์ด์ฃ .
00:52
North Korea is probably the closest economy to 0%.
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๋ถํ•œ์ด ์•„๋งˆ ์ด์™€ ๊ฐ€์žฅ ๋น„์Šทํ•œ ๊ฒฝ์ œ์ผ ๊ฒ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
00:56
On the other end of the spectrum, at 100%, private citizens own all the capital.
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๋ฐ˜๋Œ€๋กœ ์ด ์ง€์ˆ˜๊ฐ€ 100์ธ ๊ณณ์—์„œ๋Š”
์‹œ๋ฏผ ๊ฐœ์ธ์ด ๋ชจ๋“  ์ž๋ณธ์„ ์†Œ์œ ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
01:00
The US is about here, at roughly two-thirds private ownership.
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๋ฏธ๊ตญ์ด ์ด๊ณณ๊ณผ ๋น„์Šทํ•œ๋ฐ ์ž๋ณธ์˜ ๋Œ€๋žต 3๋ถ„์˜ 2๊ฐ€ ๊ฐœ์ธ ์†Œ์œ ์ฃ .
01:04
The second dial dictates how much control the government has
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๋‘ ๋ฒˆ์งธ ๋‹ค์ด์–ผ์€ ์ƒ์‚ฐ ํ™œ๋™์— ์ •๋ถ€๊ฐ€ ์–ผ๋งˆ๋‚˜ ๊ด€์—ฌํ•˜๋Š”์ง€๋ฅผ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋ƒ…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
01:07
over what gets produced.
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01:09
In economies with high coordination, like the old USSR,
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๊ณ„ํš ์ˆ˜์ค€์ด ๋†’์€ ๊ณผ๊ฑฐ ์†Œ๋ จ๊ณผ ๊ฐ™์€ ๊ฒฝ์ œ์—์„œ๋Š”
01:12
the government dictated what the economy couldโ€” and wouldโ€” produce.
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๊ฒฝ์ œ๊ฐ€ ์ƒ์‚ฐํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š” ๊ฒƒ๊ณผ ์ƒ์‚ฐํ•  ๊ฒƒ์„ ์ •๋ถ€๊ฐ€ ์ง€์‹œํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
01:16
In economies with low coordination,
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๊ณ„ํš ์ˆ˜์ค€์ด ๋‚ฎ์€ ๊ฒฝ์ œ์—์„œ๋Š”
01:18
the government might mandate a few things,
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์ •๋ถ€๊ฐ€ ๋ช‡ ๊ฐ€์ง€๋งŒ์„ ์ง€์ •ํ•˜๊ณ 
01:20
but leaves most decision-making up to the private sector.
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๋Œ€๋ถ€๋ถ„์˜ ๊ฒฐ์ •์€ ๋ฏผ๊ฐ„์— ๋งก๊ธฐ์ฃ .
01:23
The third dial controls how extensively markets are used to set prices.
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์„ธ ๋ฒˆ์งธ ๋‹ค์ด์–ผ์€ ์‹œ์žฅ์ด ๊ฐ€๊ฒฉ ๊ฒฐ์ •์— ์–ผ๋งˆ๋‚˜ ์˜ํ–ฅ์„ ๋ฏธ์น˜๋Š”์ง€๋ฅผ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋ƒ…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
01:28
Over here at 0%, we have economies with no markets,
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์ด ์ง€์ˆ˜๊ฐ€ 0์ธ ๊ฒฝ์ œ์—๋Š” ์‹œ์žฅ์ด ์—†๊ณ 
01:32
where the government sets all prices, and consumers have no say.
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์ •๋ถ€๊ฐ€ ๋ชจ๋“  ๊ฐ€๊ฒฉ์„ ์ •ํ•˜๊ณ  ์†Œ๋น„์ž๋Š” ๋ฐœ์–ธ๊ถŒ์ด ์—†์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
01:36
Over here at 100%,
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์ด ์ง€์ˆ˜๊ฐ€ 100์ธ ๊ณณ์—์„œ๋Š” ์‹œ์žฅ์ด ๋ชจ๋“  ๊ฒƒ์˜ ๊ฐ€๊ฒฉ์„ ์ •ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
01:37
markets are used to set the price of everything,
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01:40
even things like basic life-saving health care.
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๊ธฐ๋ณธ์ ์ธ ์˜๋ฃŒ ์„œ๋น„์Šค์˜ ๊ฐ€๊ฒฉ๊นŒ์ง€๋„ ๋ง์ด์ฃ .
01:43
You can also think of this dial as controlling the number and extent
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์ด ๋‹ค์ด์–ผ์ด ์ •๋ถ€ ๊ทœ์ œ์˜ ๋นˆ๋„์™€ ๋ฒ”์œ„๋ฅผ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚ธ๋‹ค๊ณ ๋„ ๋ณผ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
01:46
of government regulationsโ€”
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01:47
from tariffs on foreign goods to antitrust laws
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์™ธ๊ตญ ์ƒํ’ˆ์˜ ๊ด€์„ธ๋ถ€ํ„ฐ ๋ฐ˜๋…์ ๋ฒ•, ๋ง ์ค‘๋ฆฝ์„ฑ ๊ทœ์ œ๊นŒ์ง€์š”.
01:50
to regulations on net neutrality.
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01:53
So, capitalism isnโ€™t just one type of economyโ€”
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์ฆ‰, ์ž๋ณธ์ฃผ์˜๋Š” ๊ทธ์ € ํ•œ ์ข…๋ฅ˜์˜ ๊ฒฝ์ œ ์ฒด์ œ๊ฐ€ ์•„๋‹™๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
01:56
itโ€™s a wide range of possible economies,
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๊ด‘๋ฒ”์œ„ํ•œ ๊ฒฝ์ œ ํ˜•ํƒœ๊ฐ€ ๊ฐ€๋Šฅํ•˜์ฃ .
01:59
which makes answering the question of whether capitalism is broken, complicated.
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๊ทธ๋ž˜์„œ ์ž๋ณธ์ฃผ์˜๊ฐ€ ๋ง๊ฐ€์กŒ๋ƒ๋Š” ๋ฌผ์Œ์— ๋‹ต์„ ํ•˜๊ธฐ๋ž€ ์–ด๋ ต์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
02:03
But weโ€™re going to try.
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๊ทธ๋ž˜๋„ ํ•œ๋ฒˆ ์ƒ๊ฐํ•ด ๋ณด์ฃ .
02:05
At the height of the Industrial Revolution,
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์‚ฐ์—… ํ˜๋ช…์ด ํ•œ์ฐฝ์ผ ๋•Œ,
02:07
the dials were set pretty close to what we now call free market,
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์ด ๋‹ค์ด์–ผ๋“ค์€ ์ง€๊ธˆ ์ž์œ ์‹œ์žฅ์ด๋ผ ๋ถ€๋ฅด๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์— ๊ฐ€๊น๊ฒŒ ๋งž์ถฐ์กŒ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
02:10
or โ€œlaissez-faireโ€ capitalism.
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์ด๋ฅผ โ€˜์ž์œ ๋ฐฉ์ž„์ฃผ์˜โ€™๋ผ๊ณ ๋„ ํ•˜์ฃ .
02:12
There were very few regulations,
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๊ตญ๊ฐ€์˜ ๊ทœ์ œ๋Š” ๋งค์šฐ ์ ์—ˆ๊ณ 
02:13
and economists of the time believed that capitalismโ€™s โ€œinvisible handโ€โ€”
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๊ทธ ์‹œ๋Œ€์˜ ๊ฒฝ์ œํ•™์ž๋“ค์€ ์ž๋ณธ์ฃผ์˜์˜ โ€˜๋ณด์ด์ง€ ์•Š๋Š” ์†โ€™์„ ๋ฏฟ์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
02:17
basically, individuals acting freely and in their own self-interestโ€”
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๋งํ•˜์ž๋ฉด ๊ฐœ์ธ์€ ์ž์œ ๋กญ๊ฒŒ ์‚ฌ๋ฆฌ์‚ฌ์š•์„ ์ฑ„์šฐ๋ ค ํ–‰๋™ํ•˜๊ณ 
02:21
would produce optimal outcomes, both for the economy and for society.
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๊ทธ๊ฒƒ์ด ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ์ ์œผ๋กœ ๊ฒฝ์ œ์™€ ์‚ฌํšŒ ๋ชจ๋‘์— ์ตœ์ ์˜ ์ด๋“์„ ์ค€๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฑฐ์ฃ .
02:25
And thatโ€™s how we ended up with embalming fluid in milk.
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๋•๋ถ„์— ์šฐ๋ฆฐ ๋ฐฉ๋ถ€์ œ๊ฐ€ ๋“  ์šฐ์œ ๋ฅผ ๋งˆ์‹œ๊ฒŒ ๋˜์—ˆ์ฃ .
02:30
In the late 1800s in the United States, food manufacturers put all kinds of cheap
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1800๋…„๋Œ€ ํ›„๋ฐ˜ ๋ฏธ๊ตญ์˜ ์‹ํ’ˆ ์ œ์กฐ์—…์ฒด๋“ค์€
์˜จ๊ฐ– ์ข…๋ฅ˜์˜ ์‹ธ๊ณ  ๊ฐ€๋”์€ ์œ„ํ—˜ํ•˜๊ธฐ๊นŒ์ง€ํ•œ ๋ถˆ์ˆœ๋ฌผ๋“ค์„ ์Œ์‹์— ๋„ฃ์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
02:34
(and sometimes dangerous) adulterants in food to maximize profits.
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์ด์ต์„ ๊ทน๋Œ€ํ™”ํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด์„œ์š”.
02:38
What they were doing was legal, but of course, wrong.
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๋ฒ•์ ์œผ๋กœ๋Š” ๋ฌธ์ œ๊ฐ€ ์—†์—ˆ์ง€๋งŒ ๋‹น์—ฐํžˆ ์ž˜๋ชป๋œ ๊ฒƒ์ด์—ˆ์ฃ .
02:41
There was a public outcry, and in 1906,
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๋Œ€์ค‘์˜ ๊ฒฉ๋ ฌํ•œ ํ•ญ์˜๊ฐ€ ์žˆ์—ˆ๊ณ 
1906๋…„, ๋ฏธ ์˜ํšŒ๋Š” ์ˆœ์ˆ˜ ์‹ํ’ˆ ์˜์•ฝํ’ˆ๋ฒ•์„ ์ œ์ •ํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
02:43
Congress passed the Pure Food and Drugs Act,
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02:46
setting the stage for the Food and Drug Administration,
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์ด์— ๋”ฐ๋ผ ์‹ํ’ˆ์˜์•ฝ๊ตญ์ด ๋“ฑ์žฅํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์—ˆ๊ณ 
02:48
which watches over the USโ€™s food supply to this day.
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์ด๊ณณ์€ ์˜ค๋Š˜๋‚ ๊นŒ์ง€ ๋ฏธ๊ตญ์˜ ์‹ํ’ˆ ๊ณต๊ธ‰์„ ๊ด€๋ฆฌํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
02:51
These days, no economy really practices pure โ€œinvisible handโ€ capitalism,
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์ˆœ์ˆ˜ํ•œ ๋ณด์ด์ง€ ์•Š๋Š” ์† ์ž๋ณธ์ฃผ์˜๋ฅผ ์‹ค์ฒœํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒฝ์ œ๊ฐ€ ๊ทผ๋ž˜์— ์—†๊ธฐ๋Š” ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ
02:56
but some people are increasingly worried that todayโ€™s threats,
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์ผ๋ถ€ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์€ ์–ด๋–ค ์ž๋ณธ์ฃผ์˜ ์ฒด์ œ๋กœ๋„
02:59
like climate change and rising inequality, canโ€™t be solved by any capitalist system.
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๊ธฐํ›„ ๋ณ€ํ™”์™€ ๋ถˆํ‰๋“ฑ ์‹ฌํ™”์™€ ๊ฐ™์€ ์˜ค๋Š˜๋‚ ์˜ ์œ„ํ˜‘๋“ค์ด
ํ•ด๊ฒฐ๋  ์ˆ˜ ์—†์„ ๊ฒƒ์ด๋ผ๊ณ  ๊ฑฑ์ •ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
03:04
Letโ€™s look at climate change first.
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๊ธฐํ›„ ๋ณ€ํ™”๋ฅผ ๋จผ์ € ์‚ดํŽด๋ณด์ฃ .
์ž๋ณธ์ฃผ์˜ ๊ฒฝ์ œ ์ฒด์ œ๋Š” ์„ฑ์žฅ์„ ์žฅ๋ คํ–ˆ๊ณ 
03:07
Capitalist economies incentivize growth.
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03:09
Thatโ€™s created massive demand for the cheapest energy possible,
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๊ฐ€๋Šฅํ•œ ํ•œ ๊ฐ€์žฅ ์ €๋ ดํ•œ ์—๋„ˆ์ง€์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์—„์ฒญ๋‚œ ์ˆ˜์š”๋ฅผ ์ฐฝ์ถœํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
03:12
which, for a long time, was fossil fuels.
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์˜ค๋žซ๋™์•ˆ ์ด๋Š” ํ™”์„ ์—ฐ๋ฃŒ์˜€์ฃ .
03:14
Burning all those fossil fuels unquestionably droveโ€”
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๊ทธ ๋ชจ๋“  ํ™”์„ ์—ฐ๋ฃŒ๋ฅผ ํƒœ์šฐ๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์€
์˜์‹ฌํ•  ์—ฌ์ง€์—†์ด ๊ธฐํ›„ ๋ณ€ํ™”๋ฅผ ๊ฐ€์ ธ์™”๊ณ  ์ง€๊ธˆ๋„ ์ผ์œผํ‚ค๊ณ  ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
03:17
and continues to driveโ€” climate change.
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03:19
Not only that, but the desire to maximize profit usually gives corporations
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๊ทธ๋ฟ ์•„๋‹ˆ๋ผ ์ด์œค์„ ๊ทน๋Œ€ํ™”ํ•˜๋ ค๋Š” ์š•๋ง์€
๊ธฐ์—…์—๊ฒŒ ๊ฐ•๋ ฅํ•œ ๋™๊ธฐ๊ฐ€ ๋˜์–ด ๋Œ€๋ถ€๋ถ„์ด ๋ถˆํŽธํ•œ ์ง„์‹ค์€ ์™ธ๋ฉดํ•ด๋ฒ„๋ ธ์ฃ .
03:23
a powerful incentive to ignore inconvenient truths.
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03:26
Just like tobacco companies denied the link between cigarettes and cancer,
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๋‹ด๋ฐฐ ํšŒ์‚ฌ๊ฐ€ ๋‹ด๋ฐฐ์™€ ์•”์˜ ์ƒ๊ด€ ๊ด€๊ณ„๋ฅผ ๋ถ€์ •ํ•˜๊ฑฐ๋‚˜
03:30
oil and gas companies denied or downplayed climate science for decades.
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์„์œ ์™€ ๊ฐ€์Šค ํšŒ์‚ฌ๋“ค์ด ๊ธฐํ›„ ๊ณผํ•™์„ ์ˆ˜์‹ญ ๋…„๊ฐ„ ๋ถ€์ธํ•˜๊ฑฐ๋‚˜ ๊ฒฝ์‹œํ•œ ๊ฒƒ์ฒ˜๋Ÿผ์š”.
03:34
Next, inequality.
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์ด์ œ ๋ถˆํ‰๋“ฑ์„ ๋ณด์ฃ .
03:35
Inequality is complicated enough that we made a whole video about it,
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๋ถˆํ‰๋“ฑ์€ ๊ทธ ์ž์ฒด๋กœ ๋ณต์žกํ•˜๊ณ  ์šฐ๋ฆฐ ๋ถˆํ‰๋“ฑ๋งŒ์„ ๋‹ค๋ฃฌ ์˜์ƒ์„ ๋งŒ๋“ค๊ธฐ๋„ ํ–ˆ์ฃ .
03:39
but the simple story is:
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๊ฐ„๋‹จํ•˜๊ฒŒ ๋งํ•˜์ž๋ฉด, ๋งŽ์€ ๊ตญ๊ฐ€์—์„œ ๋ถˆํ‰๋“ฑ์ด ์‹ฌํ™”๋˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฑฐ์˜ˆ์š”.
03:40
in many countries, inequality is rising.
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03:43
In the US, the UK, Canada, Ireland, and Australia,
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๋ฏธ๊ตญ, ์˜๊ตญ, ์บ๋‚˜๋‹ค, ์•„์ผ๋žœ๋“œ, ํ˜ธ์ฃผ
03:47
the top 1% of income earners have been eating up a larger and larger share
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์ตœ๊ณ ์†Œ๋“์ธต 1ํผ์„ผํŠธ๊ฐ€ ์ด ์†Œ๋“์—์„œ ์ ์  ๋” ๋งŽ์€ ๋ถ€๋ถ„์„ ์ฐจ์ง€ํ•ด์™”์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
03:50
of total income over the past 50 years.
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์ง€๋‚œ 50๋…„๊ฐ„ ๋ง์ด์ฃ .
03:53
In the UK, the top 1% share doubled from 7% in 1980 to 14% in 2014.
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์˜๊ตญ์—์„œ๋Š” ์ตœ๊ณ ์†Œ๋“์ธต 1ํผ์„ผํŠธ์˜ ๋ชซ์ด ๋‘ ๋ฐฐ๊ฐ€ ๋์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
1980๋…„ 7ํผ์„ผํŠธ์—์„œ 2014๋…„ 14ํผ์„ผํŠธ๋กœ์š”.
04:00
But that's not the whole picture.
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ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ๊ทธ๊ฒŒ ์ „๋ถ€๋Š” ์•„๋‹™๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
04:02
In England, the country for which we have the best data before capitalism,
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์ž๋ณธ์ฃผ์˜ ๋ฐœ์ƒ ์ด์ „์˜ ์ž๋ฃŒ๋ฅผ ์–ป๊ธฐ์— ๊ฐ€์žฅ ์ข‹์€ ๊ตญ๊ฐ€์ธ ์˜๊ตญ์„ ๋ณด๋ฉด
04:06
the share of income going to the top 5% of income earners
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์ตœ๊ณ ์†Œ๋“์ธต 5ํผ์„ผํŠธ์˜ ์†Œ๋“ ๋น„์œจ์ด
04:09
peaked at around 40% in 1801,
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1801๋…„์— ์•ฝ 40ํผ์„ผํŠธ๋กœ ์ •์ ์„ ์ฐ์€ ํ›„
04:12
and then, as capitalism took hold, it fell steadily to a low of about 17% in 1977.
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์ž๋ณธ์ฃผ์˜๊ฐ€ ์ž๋ฆฌ๋ฅผ ์žก์œผ๋ฉด์„œ ๊พธ์ค€ํžˆ ๋–จ์–ด์กŒ๊ณ 
1977๋…„์—๋Š” ์•ฝ 17ํผ์„ผํŠธ๊นŒ์ง€ ๋‚ฎ์•„์กŒ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
04:19
These days, itโ€™s back upโ€” hovering around 26%.
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์ตœ๊ทผ์—๋Š” ๋‹ค์‹œ ์ƒ์Šนํ•˜์—ฌ 26ํผ์„ผํŠธ๋ฅผ ๋งด๋Œ๊ณ  ์žˆ์ฃ .
04:23
And hereโ€™s another data point: in many European countries and Japan,
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๋˜ ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ์ž๋ฃŒ๋„ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
์œ ๋Ÿฝ์˜ ๋งŽ์€ ๊ตญ๊ฐ€์™€ ์ผ๋ณธ์—์„œ๋Š”
04:27
the top 1%โ€™s share of income came down from 20 to 25% in the early 1900s
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์ตœ๊ณ ์†Œ๋“์ธต 1ํผ์„ผํŠธ์˜ ์†Œ๋“ ๋น„์œจ์ด ๊ฐ์†Œํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
1900๋…„๋Œ€, 20-25ํผ์„ผํŠธ์—์„œ ์˜ค๋Š˜๋‚ , 7-12ํผ์„ผํŠธ๋กœ ๋ง์ด์ฃ .
04:32
to 7 to 12% today.
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04:34
So, is capitalism increasing inequality or not?
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๊ทธ๋ž˜์„œ, ์ž๋ณธ์ฃผ์˜๊ฐ€ ๋ถˆํ‰๋“ฑ์„ ์‹ฌํ™”์‹œํ‚จ ๊ฑธ๊นŒ์š” ๊ทธ๋ ‡์ง€ ์•Š์€ ๊ฑธ๊นŒ์š”?
04:38
It depends.
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์–ด๋–ป๊ฒŒ ๋ณด๋Š๋ƒ์— ๋‹ฌ๋ ธ์ฃ .
04:39
Remember, there's a wide range of settings that all fall under capitalism,
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๊ธฐ์–ตํ•˜์„ธ์š”, ์ž๋ณธ์ฃผ์˜์—๋Š” ์ˆ˜๋งŽ์€ ์ข…๋ฅ˜๊ฐ€ ์žˆ์–ด์„œ
04:42
meaning that one country's version can look very different from another's.
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ํ•œ ๊ตญ๊ฐ€์˜ ์ž๋ณธ์ฃผ์˜๋Š” ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ๊ตญ๊ฐ€์™€ ๋งค์šฐ ๋‹ค๋ฅผ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
04:46
Itโ€™s totally possible that inequality could be increasing
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๋‹ค์Œ๊ณผ ๊ฐ™์€ ์ƒํ™ฉ์ด ์ถฉ๋ถ„ํžˆ ๊ฐ€๋Šฅํ•ด์š”.
๋ถˆํ‰๋“ฑ์ด ์ค‘๊ตญ์˜ ์ž๋ณธ์ฃผ์˜์—์„œ๋Š” ์‹ฌํ™”๋˜๊ณ 
04:49
in Chinaโ€™s version of capitalism, while it decreases in Franceโ€™s.
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ํ”„๋ž‘์Šค์˜ ์ž๋ณธ์ฃผ์˜์—์„œ๋Š” ์™„ํ™”๋  ์ˆ˜๋„ ์žˆ๋Š” ๊ฑฐ์ฃ .
04:53
Capitalism, it seems, is a double-edged sword.
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์ž๋ณธ์ฃผ์˜๋Š” ์–‘๋‚ ์˜ ๊ฒ€๊ณผ ๊ฐ™๋‹ค๊ณ  ๋ณผ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
04:56
On the one hand, it generates a huge amount of value,
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ํ•œํŽธ์œผ๋กœ๋Š” ์—„์ฒญ๋‚œ ์–‘์˜ ๊ฐ€์น˜๋ฅผ ์ฐฝ์ถœํ•ด์„œ
04:58
which translates to almost everyone having more money than they otherwise would.
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๊ฑฐ์˜ ๋ชจ๋‘๊ฐ€ ์ž๋ณธ์ฃผ์˜๊ฐ€ ์•„๋‹ ๋•Œ๋ณด๋‹ค ๋” ๋ถ€์œ ํ•ด์ง„๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฑธ ์˜๋ฏธํ•˜๋ฉด์„œ๋„
05:02
On the other hand, it also funnels the biggest chunk of that money
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ํ•œํŽธ์œผ๋กœ๋Š” ๊ทธ ๋ถ€์˜ ๊ฐ€์žฅ ํฐ ๋ถ€๋ถ„์„
05:06
into the wallets of relatively few people.
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์ƒ๋Œ€์ ์œผ๋กœ ๋งค์šฐ ์ ์€ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์˜ ์ง€๊ฐ‘์œผ๋กœ ํ˜๋ ค๋ณด๋‚ธ๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฑฐ์ฃ .
05:09
Capitalismโ€™s staunchest defenders say that with enough grit and determination,
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์ž๋ณธ์ฃผ์˜์˜ ๋…์‹คํ•œ ์˜นํ˜ธ์ž๋“ค์€ ์ถฉ๋ถ„ํ•œ ๊ธฐ๊ฐœ์™€ ๊ฒฐ๋‹จ๋ ฅ๋งŒ ์žˆ๋‹ค๋ฉด
05:13
anyone can join the ranks of the wealthy.
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๋ˆ„๊ตฌ๋‚˜ ๋ถ€์œ ์ธต์˜ ๋Œ€์—ด์— ํ•ฉ๋ฅ˜ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค๊ณ  ๋งํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
05:16
Is that really true?
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์ •๋ง ๊ทธ๋Ÿด๊นŒ์š”?
05:18
In a free, capitalist market,
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์ž์œ ๋กœ์šด ์ž๋ณธ์ฃผ์˜ ์‹œ์žฅ์—์„œ
05:20
the wealth generated by successful companies mostly flows to the owners.
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์„ฑ๊ณตํ•œ ๊ธฐ์—…์ด ์ฐฝ์ถœํ•œ ๋ถ€๋Š” ๋Œ€๋ถ€๋ถ„ ๊ทธ ์†Œ์œ ์ฃผ์—๊ฒŒ ํ˜๋Ÿฌ๋“ค์–ด๊ฐ‘๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
05:24
And along with that come other benefits:
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๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ๊ทธ์— ๋”ฐ๋ผ ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ์ด์ ๋“ค๋„ ํ˜๋Ÿฌ๊ฐ€์ฃ .
05:26
education, health, social standing, and power.
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๊ต์œก, ๊ฑด๊ฐ•, ์‚ฌํšŒ์  ์ง€์œ„, ๊ถŒ๋ ฅ.
05:30
If owners tinker with the machine so that it benefits them more than others,
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์†Œ์œ ์ฃผ๋“ค์ด ๊ธฐ๊ณ„๋ฅผ ์กฐ์ž‘ํ•ด์„œ ๊ทธ๊ฒƒ์ด ๊ทธ๋“ค์—๊ฒŒ๋งŒ ๋” ์ด๋“์ด ๋˜๊ฒŒ ํ•œ๋‹ค๋ฉด
05:34
they create a feedback loop where power and everything that flows with it
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๊ทธ๋“ค์€ ๊ถŒ๋ ฅ๊ณผ ๋ชจ๋“  ๊ฒƒ์ด ํ๋ฅด๋Š” ๋˜๋จน์ž„ ํšŒ๋กœ๋ฅผ ๋งŒ๋“ค์–ด์„œ
05:37
calcifies within their families.
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๊ทธ ๋ชจ๋“  ๊ฒƒ์„ ๊ทธ๋“ค์˜ ๊ฐ€์กฑ ์•ˆ์—์„œ๋งŒ ๊ฒฌ๊ณ ํ•˜๊ฒŒ ๋งŒ๋“ค ๊ฒ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
05:39
And then youโ€™ve got, basically, an aristocracy.
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๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ๊ทธ๋ ‡๊ฒŒ ๊ท€์กฑ์ด ๋งŒ๋“ค์–ด์ง€๋Š” ๊ฑฐ์ฃ .
05:42
So letโ€™s break down the question we started with:
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์ด์ œ ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ์‹œ์ž‘ํ•  ๋•Œ ํ’ˆ์€ ์˜๋ฌธ์„ ํ’€์–ด๋ด…์‹œ๋‹ค.
05:44
is pure, โ€œinvisible handโ€ capitalism,
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์ˆœ์ˆ˜ํ•œ ๋ณด์ด์ง€ ์•Š๋Š” ์† ์ž๋ณธ์ฃผ์˜๋กœ์„œ
05:47
with all the dials set to the extremes, broken?
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๋ชจ๋“  ๋‹ค์ด์–ผ์ด ๊ทน๋‹จ์ธ ๊ฒฝ์ œ๋Š” ๋ฌด๋„ˆ์งˆ๊นŒ์š”?
05:50
Yeah.
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๊ทธ๋ ‡์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
05:51
But itโ€™s also kind of irrelevant, since no country uses pure capitalism.
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ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ์ƒ๊ด€์—†๊ธฐ๋„ ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
์ˆœ์ˆ˜ํ•œ ์ž๋ณธ์ฃผ์˜ ๊ฒฝ์ œ ์ฒด์ œ๋ฅผ ์“ฐ๋Š” ๊ตญ๊ฐ€๋Š” ์—†์œผ๋‹ˆ๊นŒ์š”.
05:55
Is contemporary capitalismโ€”
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์˜ค๋Š˜๋‚  ์„ธ๊ณ„ ์ˆ˜๋งŽ์€ ๊ณณ์— ์žˆ๋Š” ํ˜„๋Œ€ ์ž๋ณธ์ฃผ์˜๋Š” ๋ฌด๋„ˆ์กŒ๋‚˜์š”?
05:57
as itโ€™s practiced in much of the world todayโ€” broken?
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06:00
Well, itโ€™s the major driver of climate change
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๊ทธ๊ฑด ๊ธฐํ›„ ๋ณ€ํ™”์˜ ์ฃผ๋ฒ”์ด๊ธฐ๋„ ํ•˜๊ณ 
06:02
and in many places is contributing to rising inequality.
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๋งŽ์€ ๊ณณ์—์„œ ์‹ฌํ™”๋˜๋Š” ๋ถˆํ‰๋“ฑ์— ์ฑ…์ž„์ด ์žˆ๊ธฐ๋„ ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
06:05
And it may even be creating a de facto aristocracy in certain countries,
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์‹ฌ์ง€์–ด ์–ด๋–ค ๊ตญ๊ฐ€๋“ค์—์„œ๋Š” ์‚ฌ์‹ค์ƒ ๊ท€์กฑ์ œ๋ฅผ ๋งŒ๋“œ๋Š” ๊ฒƒ๋„ ๊ฐ™์œผ๋‹ˆ
06:08
so, not looking good.
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์ข‹์•„ ๋ณด์ด์ง€๋Š” ์•Š์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
06:11
The critical question is: can we fix contemporary capitalism
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ํ•ต์‹ฌ์ ์ธ ์งˆ๋ฌธ์€ ์ด๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
์šฐ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ํ˜„๋Œ€ ์ž๋ณธ์ฃผ์˜๋ฅผ ๊ณ ์น  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์„๊นŒ์š”?
06:14
by fiddling with the dials or restricting who can turn them,
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๋‹ค์ด์–ผ์„ ์ด๋ฆฌ์ €๋ฆฌ ๋Œ๋ฆฌ๊ฑฐ๋‚˜ ๋Œ๋ฆด ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š” ์‚ฌ๋žŒ์„ ์ œํ•œํ•˜๋ฉด ๋ ๊นŒ์š”?
06:17
or do we need to tear the machine down and build a new one from scratch?
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์•„๋‹ˆ๋ฉด ๊ธฐ๊ณ„๋ฅผ ๋ถ„ํ•ดํ•˜๊ณ  ์ฒ˜์Œ๋ถ€ํ„ฐ ์ƒˆ๋กœ ๋งŒ๋“ค์–ด์•ผ ํ• ๊นŒ์š”?

Original video on YouTube.com
์ด ์›น์‚ฌ์ดํŠธ ์ •๋ณด

์ด ์‚ฌ์ดํŠธ๋Š” ์˜์–ด ํ•™์Šต์— ์œ ์šฉํ•œ YouTube ๋™์˜์ƒ์„ ์†Œ๊ฐœํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์ „ ์„ธ๊ณ„ ์ตœ๊ณ ์˜ ์„ ์ƒ๋‹˜๋“ค์ด ๊ฐ€๋ฅด์น˜๋Š” ์˜์–ด ์ˆ˜์—…์„ ๋ณด๊ฒŒ ๋  ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ฐ ๋™์˜์ƒ ํŽ˜์ด์ง€์— ํ‘œ์‹œ๋˜๋Š” ์˜์–ด ์ž๋ง‰์„ ๋”๋ธ” ํด๋ฆญํ•˜๋ฉด ๊ทธ๊ณณ์—์„œ ๋™์˜์ƒ์ด ์žฌ์ƒ๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๋น„๋””์˜ค ์žฌ์ƒ์— ๋งž์ถฐ ์ž๋ง‰์ด ์Šคํฌ๋กค๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์˜๊ฒฌ์ด๋‚˜ ์š”์ฒญ์ด ์žˆ๋Š” ๊ฒฝ์šฐ ์ด ๋ฌธ์˜ ์–‘์‹์„ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•˜์—ฌ ๋ฌธ์˜ํ•˜์‹ญ์‹œ์˜ค.

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