Could we survive prolonged space travel? - Lisa Nip

430,495 views ใƒป 2016-10-04

TED-Ed


ืื ื ืœื—ืฅ ืคืขืžื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ืœืžื˜ื” ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ.

ืชืจื’ื•ื: Roni Ravia ืขืจื™ื›ื”: Ido Dekkers
00:07
Prolonged space travel takes a severe toll on the human body.
0
7617
4491
ืœืฉื”ื™ื™ื” ืžืžื•ืฉื›ืช ื‘ื—ืœืœ ื™ืฉ ื”ืฉืœื›ื•ืช ื”ืจืกื ื™ื•ืช ืขืœ ื’ื•ืฃ ื”ืื“ื.
00:12
Microgravity impairs muscle and bone growth,
1
12108
3450
ื—ื•ืกืจ ืžืฉืงืœ ืžื•ื ืข ื”ืชื—ื“ืฉื•ืช ืฉืœ ืฉืจื™ืจื™ื ื•ืขืฆืžื•ืช
00:15
and high doses of radiation cause irreversible mutations.
2
15558
4172
ื•ื—ืฉื™ืคื” ืžื•ื’ื‘ืจืช ืœืงืจื™ื ื” ื’ื•ืจืžืช ืœื”ื™ื•ื•ืฆืจื•ืช ืžื•ื˜ืฆื™ื•ืช ื‘ืœืชื™ ื”ืคื™ื›ื•ืช.
00:19
As we seriously consider the human species becoming space-faring,
3
19730
3989
ื‘ืขื•ื“ ืื ื• ืฉื•ืงืœื™ื ื‘ืจืฆื™ื ื•ืช ืืช ื”ืืคืฉืจื•ืช ืฉื‘ื ื™ ืื“ื ื™ื”ื™ื• ื™ืฆื•ืจื™ื ื”ื ื•ื“ื“ื™ื ื‘ื—ืœืœ,
00:23
a big question stands.
4
23719
2501
ืฉืืœื” ืื—ืช ื ืฉืืจืช ืคืชื•ื—ื”.
00:26
Even if we break free from Earth's orbit
5
26220
2348
ืืคื™ืœื• ืื ื ืฆืœื™ื— ืœื”ืฉืชื—ืจืจ ืžื”ืฉืคืขืช ื”ื›ื‘ื™ื“ื” ืฉืœ ื›ื“ื•ืจ ื”ืืจืฅ
00:28
and embark on long-duration journeys among the stars,
6
28568
3223
ื•ืœืฆืืช ืœืžืกืข ื‘ื™ืŸ-ื›ื•ื›ื‘ื™ ืžืžื•ืฉืš,
00:31
can we adapt to the extreme environments of space?
7
31791
3638
ื”ืื ื ื•ื›ืœ ืœื”ืกืชื’ืœ ืœืกื‘ื™ื‘ืชื• ื”ืขื•ื™ื™ื ืช ืฉืœ ื”ื—ืœืœ ื”ื—ื™ืฆื•ืŸ?
00:35
This won't be the first time that humans have adapted to harsh environments
8
35429
3652
ื–ื• ืœื ืชื”ื™ื” ื”ืคืขื ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื” ืฉื”ืžื™ืŸ ื”ืื ื•ืฉื™ ืžืฆืœื™ื— ืœื”ืกืชื’ืœ ืœืกื‘ื™ื‘ื” ืขื•ื™ื™ื ืช
00:39
and evolved superhuman capabilities.
9
39081
2618
ื•ืœืคืชื— ื™ื›ื•ืœื•ืช ืขืœ ืื ื•ืฉื™ื•ืช.
00:41
Not fantastical powers like laser vision or invisibility,
10
41699
3502
ืœื ื›ื•ื—ื•ืช ื‘ื“ื™ื•ื ื™ื™ื ื›ืžื• ืจืื™ื™ื” ื‘ื™ื•ื ื™ืช ืื• ื™ื›ื•ืœืช ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืจื•ืื” ื•ืื™ื ื• ื ืจืื”.
00:45
but physiological adaptations for survival in tough conditions.
11
45201
5129
ืืœื ื”ืกืชื’ืœื•ืช ืคื™ืกื™ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ืช ืœืฉื ื”ืฉืจื“ื•ืช ื‘ืชื ืื™ื ืงืฉื™ื.
00:50
For example, on the Himalayan mountains
12
50330
2531
ืœื“ื•ื’ืžื”: ืขืœ ืคืกื’ื•ืช ื”ืจื™ ื”ื”ื™ืžืœืื™ื”
00:52
where the highest elevation is nine kilometers above sea level,
13
52861
3653
ืฉื—ืœืงืŸ ืžื’ื™ืขื•ืช ืœื’ื‘ื”ื™ื ืฉืœ 9 ืงืดืž ืžืขืœ ืœื’ื•ื‘ื” ืคื ื™ ื”ื™ื,
00:56
an unacclimated lowland human will experience symptoms of hypoxia,
14
56514
4687
ืื“ื ืžื”ืฉืคืœื” ืฉืœื ืขื‘ืจ ืชื”ืœื™ืš ื”ืชืืงืœืžื•ืช ื™ื—ื•ื•ื” ืกื™ืžืคื˜ื•ืžื™ื ืฉืœ ื”ื™ืคื•ืงืกื™ื”,
01:01
commonly known as mountain sickness.
15
61201
2369
ืื• ื›ืคื™ ืฉื”ื ืงืจื•ื™ื™ื - ืžื—ืœืช ื’ื‘ื”ื™ื.
01:03
At these altitudes, the body usually produces extra red blood cells,
16
63570
4110
ื‘ื’ื‘ื”ื™ื ืฉื›ืืœื”, ื”ื’ื•ืฃ ื‘ื“ืดื› ืžื™ื™ืฆืจ ืขื•ื“ืฃ ื›ื“ื•ืจื™ื•ืช ื“ื ืื“ื•ืžื•ืช
01:07
thickening the blood and impeding its flow.
17
67680
2751
ื“ื‘ืจ ื”ื’ื•ืจื ืœื“ื ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืกืžื™ืš ื™ื•ืชืจ ื•ืžืงืฉื” ืขืœ ื–ืจื™ืžืชื•.
01:10
But Himalayans who have lived on these mountains for thousands of years
18
70431
3461
ืื‘ืœ ืืฆืœ ื”ืžืงื•ืžื™ื™ื, ืฉื—ื™ื™ื ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ืจื™ ื”ื”ื™ืžืœืื™ื” ื›ื‘ืจ ืืœืคื™ ืฉื ื™ื
01:13
permanently evolved mechanisms to circumvent this process
19
73892
3840
ืงื™ื™ืžื™ื ื‘ื’ื•ืฃ ืžื ื’ื ื•ื ื™ื ืฉืขื•ืงืคื™ื ืืช ืชื”ืœื™ืš ื”ื”ืชืืงืœืžื•ืช
01:17
and maintain normal blood flow.
20
77732
2149
ื•ืฉื•ืžืจื™ื ืขืœ ื–ืจื™ืžืช ื“ื ื ื•ืจืžืœื™ืช.
01:19
Cases like that prove that humans can develop permanent lifesaving traits.
21
79881
5531
ืžืงืจื™ื ืžืขื™ืŸ ืืœื” ืžื•ื›ื™ื—ื™ื ืฉื’ื•ืฃ ื”ืื“ื ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœืขื‘ื•ืจ ืฉื™ื ื•ื™ ืชืžื™ื“ื™ ืฉื™ืกื™ื™ืข ื‘ื”ื™ืฉืจื“ื•ืชื•,
01:25
But natural adaptation for entire human populations
22
85412
2730
ืื‘ืœ ืฉื™ื ื•ื™ ื˜ื‘ืขื™ ืฉื›ื–ื” ื‘ืงืจื‘ ื”ืื•ื›ืœื•ืกื™ื” ื”ืื ื•ืฉื™ืช ื›ื•ืœื”
01:28
could take tens of thousands of years.
23
88142
2711
ืขืœื•ืœ ืœืงื—ืช ืขืฉืจื•ืช ืืœืคื™ ืฉื ื™ื.
01:30
Recent scientific advances may help us accelerate human adaptation
24
90853
4260
ื”ืชืคืชื—ื•ื™ื•ืช ืžื“ืขื™ื•ืช ืฉืืจืขื• ืœืื—ืจื•ื ื” ื™ื›ื•ืœื•ืช ืœืกื™ื™ืข ืœื ื• ื‘ื”ืืฆืช ืชื”ืœื™ืš ื”ื”ืกืชื’ืœื•ืช
01:35
to single generations.
25
95113
2178
ื›ืš ืฉื”ื•ื ื™ื™ืžืฉืš ืžืกืคืจ ื“ื•ืจื•ืช ื‘ืœื‘ื“.
01:37
To thrive as a species during space travel,
26
97291
2772
ื›ื“ื™ ืœืฉื’ืฉื’ ื›ื™ื™ืฆื•ืจื™ื ื”ื ื•ื“ื“ื™ื ื‘ื—ืœืœ,
01:40
we could potentially develop methods
27
100063
1768
ืื•ืœื™ ื ื•ื›ืœ ืœืคืชื— ืฉื™ื˜ื•ืช
01:41
to quickly program protective abilities into ourselves.
28
101831
3951
ืฉื™ืกื™ื™ืขื• ืœื”ืฉืจื™ืฉ ื‘ืžื”ื™ืจื•ืช ื‘ื’ื•ืคื™ื ื• ืชื›ื•ื ื•ืช ืฉื™ื’ื ื• ืขืœื™ื ื•.
01:45
A beta version of these methods is gene therapy,
29
105782
3100
ื“ื•ื’ืžื” ืœื’ืจืกืช ื‘ื˜ื ืฉืœ ืฉื™ื˜ื•ืช ืžืขื™ืŸ ืืœื• ื”ื™ื ืจื™ืคื•ื™ ื’ื ื™,
01:48
which we can currently use to correct genetic diseases.
30
108882
3981
ืฉืžืฉืžืฉ ืื•ืชื ื• ื›ื™ื•ื ืœืชื™ืงื•ืŸ ืžื—ืœื•ืช ื’ื ื˜ื™ื•ืช.
01:52
Gene editing technology, which is improving rapidly,
31
112863
3050
ื˜ื›ื ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื•ืช ืฉืœ ืžื•ื“ื™ืคื™ืงืฆื™ื” ื’ื ื˜ื™ืช ื”ืžืฉืชืคืจื•ืช ืžื™ื•ื ืœื™ื•ื,
01:55
allows scientists to directly change the human genome
32
115913
3649
ืžืืคืฉืจื•ืช ืœืžื“ืขื ื™ื ืœืฉื ื•ืช ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ื™ืฉื™ืจ ืืช ื”ื’ื ื•ื ื”ืื ื•ืฉื™
01:59
to stop undesirable processes or make helpful substances.
33
119562
4730
ืขืœ ืžื ืช ืœืขืฆื•ืจ ืชื”ืœื™ื›ื™ื ื‘ืœืชื™ ืจืฆื•ื™ื™ื ื•ืœื™ืฆื•ืจ ื—ื•ืžืจื™ื ืžื•ืขื™ืœื™ื.
02:04
An example of an unwanted process
34
124292
2152
ื“ื•ื’ืžื” ืœืชื”ืœื™ืš ื‘ืœืชื™ ืจืฆื•ื™
02:06
is what happens when our bodies are exposed to ionizing radiation.
35
126444
4879
ื”ื•ื ื”ืฉืคืขื•ืช ื”ื—ืฉื™ืคื” ืœืงืจื™ื ื” ืžื™ื™ื ื ืช ืขืœ ื’ื•ืคื™ื ื•.
02:11
Without an atmospheric barrier and a magnetic field like Earth's,
36
131323
3749
ื‘ืœื™ ืื˜ืžื•ืกืคืจื” ื•ืฉื“ื” ืžื’ื ื˜ื™ ื›ืžื• ืืœื• ื”ืงื™ื™ืžื™ื ื‘ื›ื“ื•ืจ ื”ืืจืฅ,
02:15
most planets and moons are bombarded with these dangerous subatomic particles.
37
135072
4901
ืจื•ื‘ ื›ื•ื›ื‘ื™ ื”ืœื›ืช ื•ื”ื™ืจื—ื™ื ื™ื•ืคืฆืฆื• ื‘ื—ืœืงื™ืงื™ื ืžืกื•ื›ื ื™ื ืืœื• ืฉื’ื•ื“ืœื ืงื˜ืŸ ืžืื˜ื•ื.
02:19
They can pass through nearly anything
38
139973
1920
ื”ื ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœื—ื“ื•ืจ ื›ืžืขื˜ ืœื›ืœ ื“ื‘ืจ
02:21
and would cause potentially cancerous DNA damage to space explorers.
39
141893
4655
ื•ืขืœื•ืœื™ื ืœื’ืจื•ื ืœืฉื™ื ื•ื™ื™ ื“ื ืดื ืกืจื˜ื ื™ื™ื ื‘ื’ื•ืคื ืฉืœ ื ื•ื•ื“ื™ ื”ื—ืœืœ.
02:26
But what if we could turn the tables on radiation?
40
146548
3017
ืื‘ืœ ืžื” ืื ื ื•ื›ืœ ืœืฉื ื•ืช ืืช ื”ืฉืคืขื•ืช ื”ืงืจื™ื ื”?
02:29
Human skin produces a pigment called melanin
41
149565
2419
ืขื•ืจ ืื ื•ืฉื™ ืžื™ื™ืฆืจ ืคื™ื’ืžื ื˜ ื”ื ืงืจื ืžืœื ื™ืŸ
02:31
that protects us from the filtered radiation on Earth.
42
151984
2821
ืฉืžื’ืŸ ืขืœื™ื ื• ืžื”ืงืจื™ื ื” ื”ืžืกื•ื ื ืช ืขืœ ืคื ื™ ื›ื“ื•ืจ ื”ืืจืฅ.
02:34
Melanin exists in many forms across species,
43
154805
3708
ืžืœื ื™ืŸ ืงื™ื™ื ื‘ืฆื•ืจื•ืช ืฉื•ื ื•ืช ืืฆืœ ืžื™ื ื™ื ืฉื•ื ื™ื,
02:38
and some melanin-expressing fungi
44
158513
2661
ื•ื—ืœืง ืžื”ืคื˜ืจื™ื•ืช ืขืชื™ืจื•ืช ื”ืžืœื ื™ืŸ
02:41
use the pigment to convert radiation into chemical energy.
45
161174
4581
ืžืฉืชืžืฉื•ืช ื‘ืคื™ื’ืžื ื˜ ื–ื” ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืžื™ืจ ืงืจื™ื ื” ืœืื ืจื’ื™ื” ื›ื™ืžื™ืช.
02:45
Instead of trying to shield the human body,
46
165755
2218
ื‘ืžืงื•ื ืœื”ื’ืŸ ืขืœ ื’ื•ืฃ ื”ืื“ื ืžืคื ื™ ื ื–ืง,
02:47
or rapidly repair damage,
47
167973
1782
ืื• ืœื ืกื•ืช ืœืชืงืŸ ื ื–ืง ืฉื›ื‘ืจ ืงืจื”,
02:49
we could potentially engineer humans
48
169755
1819
ืื•ืœื™ ืืคืฉืจ ืœื”ื ื“ืก ืืช ื’ื•ืฃ ื”ืื“ื
02:51
to adopt and express these fungal, melanin-based energy-harvesting systems.
49
171574
6100
ืœืืžืฅ ืœืขืฆืžื• ืืช ืื•ืชื” ืžืขืจื›ืช ืขืชื™ืจืช ืžืœื ื™ืŸ ื•ื™ืฆืจื ื™ืช ืื ืจื’ื™ื” ืฉืงื™ื™ืžืช ืืฆืœ ื”ืคื˜ืจื™ื•ืช.
02:57
They'd then convert radiation into useful energy while protecting our DNA.
50
177674
5101
ืื– ื™ื•ื›ืœ ื’ื•ืฃ ื”ืื“ื ืœื”ืคื•ืš ืงืจื™ื ื” ืœืื ืจื’ื™ื” ืฉื™ืžื•ืฉื™ืช ื•ื‘ืื•ืชื” ืขืช ืœื”ื’ืŸ ืขืœ ื”ื“ื ืดื ืžืคื ื™ ื ื–ืง.
03:02
This sounds pretty sci-fi,
51
182775
1480
ื–ื” ื ืฉืžืข ื›ืžื• ืžื“ืข ื‘ื“ื™ื•ื ื™,
03:04
but may actually be achievable with current technology.
52
184255
3541
ืื‘ืœ ื™ืชื›ืŸ ืฉื–ื” ื‘ืจ ื‘ื™ืฆื•ืข ืขื ื”ื˜ื›ื ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื” ื”ืงื™ื™ืžืช.
03:07
But technology isn't the only obstacle.
53
187796
2431
ืื‘ืœ ื˜ื›ื ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื” ืื™ื ื” ื”ืžื›ืฉื•ืœ ื”ื™ื—ื™ื“.
03:10
There are ongoing debates on the consequences
54
190227
2158
ืžืชืงื™ื™ืžื™ื ื›ืœ ื”ื–ืžืŸ ื“ื™ื•ื ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื”ืฉืœื›ื•ืช ื”ืืชื™ื•ืช
03:12
and ethics of such radical alterations to our genetic fabric.
55
192385
4351
ืฉืœ ืฉื™ื ื•ื™ ื’ื ื˜ื™ ืงื™ืฆื•ื ื™ ืฉื›ื–ื”.
03:16
Besides radiation,
56
196736
2200
ื—ื•ืฅ ืžืงืจื™ื ื”,
03:18
variation in gravitational strength is another challenge for space travelers.
57
198936
4630
ืฉื•ื ื™ ื‘ืขื•ืฆืžืช ื›ื— ื”ื›ื‘ื™ื“ื” ื”ื•ื ืืชื’ืจ ื ื•ืกืฃ ื”ืขื•ืžื“ ื‘ืคื ื™ ื”ื ื•ื“ื“ ื‘ื—ืœืœ.
03:23
Until we develop artificial gravity in a space ship or on another planet,
58
203566
4045
ืขื“ ืฉืœื ื ืคืชื— ื›ื‘ื™ื“ื” ืžืœืื›ื•ืชื™ืช ืขืœ ืคื ื™ ื—ืœืœื™ืช ืื• ืขืœ ืคื ื™ ื›ื•ื›ื‘ ืœื›ืช ืื—ืจ,
03:27
we should assume that astronauts will spend time living in microgravity.
59
207611
4585
ืฆืจื™ืš ืœื”ื ื™ื— ืฉืืกื˜ืจื•ื ืื•ื˜ื™ื ื™ืืœืฆื• ืœื—ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืฉื“ื” ื›ื‘ื™ื“ื” ื—ืœืฉ.
03:32
On Earth, human bone and muscle custodial cells
60
212196
3191
ืขืœ ื›ื“ื•ืจ ื”ืืจืฅ, ืชืื™ ืขืฆื ื•ืฉืจื™ืจ
03:35
respond to the stress of gravity's incessant tugging
61
215387
3253
ืžื’ื™ื‘ื™ื ืœืœื—ืฅ ื”ื›ื‘ื™ื“ื” ื”ื‘ืœืชื™ ืคื•ืกืง
03:38
by renewing old cells in processes known as remodeling and regeneration.
62
218640
5275
ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื—ื™ื“ื•ืฉ ืชืื™ื ื‘ืขื–ืจืช ืชื”ืœื™ื›ื™ื ื›ืžื• ืชื”ืœื™ืš ืชื—ืœื•ืคืช ื”ืขืฆื ื•ืชื”ืœื™ืš ื”ืจื’ื ืฆื™ื”.
03:43
But in a microgravity environment like Mars,
63
223915
2416
ืื‘ืœ ื‘ืกื‘ื™ื‘ื” ื‘ืขืœืช ื›ื•ื— ื›ื‘ื™ื“ื” ืžื•ื—ืœืฉ ื›ืžื• ืขืœ ืžืื“ื™ื,
03:46
human bone and muscle cells won't get these cues,
64
226331
3106
ืชืื™ ืขืฆืžื•ืช ื•ืฉืจื™ืจื™ื ื‘ื’ื•ืฃ ื”ืื“ื ืœื ื™ืงื‘ืœื• ืืช ื”ื’ื™ืจื•ื™ ื”ืžืชืื™ื,
03:49
resulting in osteoporosis and muscle atrophy.
65
229437
3720
ื“ื‘ืจ ืฉื™ื•ื‘ื™ืœ ืœืื•ืกื˜ืื•ืคื•ืจื•ื–ื™ืก ื•ื ื™ื•ื•ืŸ ืฉืจื™ืจื™ื.
03:53
So, how could we provide an artificial signal for cells
66
233157
3088
ืื– ืื™ืš ื ื•ื›ืœ ืœืกืคืง ื’ื™ืจื•ื™ ืžืœืื›ื•ืชื™ ืœืชืื™ื
03:56
to counteract bone and muscle loss?
67
236245
3107
ื›ื“ื™ ืœืžื ื•ืข ืื•ื‘ื“ืŸ ืฉืœ ืขืฆืžื•ืช ื•ืฉืจื™ืจื™ื.
03:59
Again, this is speculative,
68
239352
1535
ืฉื•ื‘, ื–ื•ื”ื™ ืจืง ื”ืฉืขืจื”,
04:00
but biochemically engineered microbes inside our bodies
69
240887
3623
ืื‘ืœ ืžื™ืงืจื•ื‘ื™ื ื‘ื’ื•ืคื™ื ื• ืฉื™ื”ื•ื ื“ืกื• ื‘ืขื–ืจืช ื‘ื™ื•ื›ื™ืžื™ื”
04:04
could churn out bone and muscle remodeling signaling factors.
70
244510
4719
ื™ื•ื›ืœื• ืœืขื•ืจืจ ื’ื•ืจืžื™ื ื”ืžื’ืจื™ื ื”ืชื—ื“ืฉื•ืช ืขืฆื ื•ืฉืจื™ืจ.
04:09
Or humans could be genetically engineered
71
249229
2077
ืื• ืฉื™ื”ื™ื” ืืคืฉืจ ืœื”ื ื“ืก ืืช ื’ื•ืฃ ื”ืื“ื
04:11
to produce more of these signals in the absence of gravity.
72
251306
3660
ืœื™ื™ืฆืจ ื™ื•ืชืจ ื’ื•ืจืžื™ื ืžื’ืจื™ื ืฉื›ืืœื” ื‘ื”ืขื“ืจ ื›ืœ ื›ื‘ื™ื“ื”.
04:14
Radiation exposure and microgravity are only two of the many challenges
73
254966
4032
ื—ืฉื™ืคื” ืœืงืจื™ื ื” ืžื–ื™ืงื” ื•ืฉื“ื” ื›ื‘ื™ื“ื” ื—ืœืฉ ื”ื ืจืง ืฉื ื™ื™ื ืžืชื•ืš ืืชื’ืจื™ื ืจื‘ื™ื
04:18
we will encounter in the hostile conditions of space.
74
258998
2999
ืฉื ื™ืชืงืœ ื‘ื”ื ื‘ืกื‘ื™ื‘ืชื• ื”ืขื•ื™ื™ื ืช ืฉืœ ื”ื—ืœืœ ื”ื—ื™ืฆื•ืŸ.
04:21
But if we're ethically prepared to use them,
75
261997
2580
ืื‘ืœ ื›ืœ ืขื•ื“ ืื ื—ื ื• ืžื•ื›ื ื™ื ืžื‘ื—ื™ื ื” ืืชื™ืช ืœื”ืฉืชืžืฉ ื‘ื”ื,
04:24
gene editing and microbial engineering are two flexible tools
76
264577
4252
ื›ืœื™ื ื›ืžื• ื”ื ื“ืกื” ื’ื ื˜ื™ืช ื•ื”ื ื“ืกื” ืžื™ืงืจื•ื‘ื™ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ืช ื”ื ืฉื ื™ ื›ืœื™ื ื’ืžื™ืฉื™ื,
04:28
that could be adapted to many scenarios.
77
268829
2968
ืฉื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœืกื™ื™ืข ืœื ื• ืœื”ืชืžื•ื“ื“ ืขื ืžืฆื‘ื™ื ืฉื•ื ื™ื.
04:31
In the near future, we may decide to further develop
78
271797
3320
ื‘ืขืชื™ื“ ื”ืงืจื•ื‘, ืื•ืœื™ ื ื—ืœื™ื˜ ืœืคืชื— ื•ืœืฉืคืจ
04:35
and tune these genetic tools for the harsh realities of space living.
79
275117
4051
ืืช ื”ื›ืœื™ื ื”ื’ื ื˜ื™ื ื”ืœืœื• ืœืžื˜ืจืช ื”ื”ืชืžื•ื“ื“ื•ืช ืขื ื”ืžืฆื™ืื•ืช ื”ืงืฉื” ืฉืœ ื—ื™ื™ื ื‘ื—ืœืœ ื”ื—ื™ืฆื•ืŸ.
ืขืœ ืืชืจ ื–ื”

ืืชืจ ื–ื” ื™ืฆื™ื’ ื‘ืคื ื™ื›ื ืกืจื˜ื•ื ื™ YouTube ื”ืžื•ืขื™ืœื™ื ืœืœื™ืžื•ื“ ืื ื’ืœื™ืช. ืชื•ื›ืœื• ืœืจืื•ืช ืฉื™ืขื•ืจื™ ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืขื‘ืจื™ื ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืžื•ืจื™ื ืžื”ืฉื•ืจื” ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื” ืžืจื—ื‘ื™ ื”ืขื•ืœื. ืœื—ืฅ ืคืขืžื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืฆื’ื•ืช ื‘ื›ืœ ื“ืฃ ื•ื™ื“ืื• ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ ืžืฉื. ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื’ื•ืœืœื•ืช ื‘ืกื ื›ืจื•ืŸ ืขื ื”ืคืขืœืช ื”ื•ื•ื™ื“ืื•. ืื ื™ืฉ ืœืš ื”ืขืจื•ืช ืื• ื‘ืงืฉื•ืช, ืื ื ืฆื•ืจ ืื™ืชื ื• ืงืฉืจ ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ื˜ื•ืคืก ื™ืฆื™ืจืช ืงืฉืจ ื–ื”.

https://forms.gle/WvT1wiN1qDtmnspy7