Could we survive prolonged space travel? - Lisa Nip

433,788 views ・ 2016-10-04

TED-Ed


μ•„λž˜ μ˜λ¬Έμžλ§‰μ„ λ”λΈ”ν΄λ¦­ν•˜μ‹œλ©΄ μ˜μƒμ΄ μž¬μƒλ©λ‹ˆλ‹€.

λ²ˆμ—­: μ‘° 영호 κ²€ν† : Jihyeon J. Kim
00:07
Prolonged space travel takes a severe toll on the human body.
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μž₯κΈ°κ°„μ˜ 우주 여행은 신체에 μ‹¬κ°ν•œ ν”Όν•΄λ₯Ό μ€λ‹ˆλ‹€.
00:12
Microgravity impairs muscle and bone growth,
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κ·Ήλ―Έ 쀑λ ₯은 근윑과 골격 μ„±μž₯을 μ €ν•΄μ‹œν‚€λ©°,
00:15
and high doses of radiation cause irreversible mutations.
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λ‹€λŸ‰μ˜ 방사선은 되돌릴 수 μ—†λŠ” λŒμ—°λ³€μ΄λ₯Ό μ΄ˆλž˜ν•  수 μžˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
00:19
As we seriously consider the human species becoming space-faring,
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인λ₯˜κ°€ 우주λ₯Ό μ—¬ν–‰ν•˜κ²Œ λ˜λŠ”κ²ƒμ„ μ§„μ§€ν•˜κ²Œ κ³ λ €ν–ˆμ„ λ•Œ,
00:23
a big question stands.
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ν•œκ°€μ§€ 큰 질문이 μƒκΉλ‹ˆλ‹€.
00:26
Even if we break free from Earth's orbit
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λ§Œμ•½ μš°λ¦¬κ°€ 지ꡬ κΆ€λ„μ—μ„œ λ²—μ–΄λ‚˜μ„œ
00:28
and embark on long-duration journeys among the stars,
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별듀을 μ˜€κ°€λ©° κΈ΄ μ„Έμ›” λ™μ•ˆμ˜ 여정에 λ“€μ–΄μ„ λ‹€λ©΄,
00:31
can we adapt to the extreme environments of space?
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우주의 κ·Ήν•œ ν™˜κ²½μ— 적응할 수 μžˆμ„κΉŒμš”?
00:35
This won't be the first time that humans have adapted to harsh environments
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인λ₯˜κ°€ ν˜Ήλ…ν•œ ν™˜κ²½μ— μ μ‘ν•˜κ³ 
00:39
and evolved superhuman capabilities.
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초인적인 λŠ₯λ ₯을 μ§„ν™”μ‹œν‚¨ 것은 처음이 아닐 κ²ƒμž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
00:41
Not fantastical powers like laser vision or invisibility,
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λ ˆμ΄μ € 빔을 μ˜κ±°λ‚˜ 투λͺ…인간과 같은 곡상적인 힘이 μ•„λ‹ˆλΌ,
00:45
but physiological adaptations for survival in tough conditions.
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거친 ν™˜κ²½μ—μ„œ 살아남기 μœ„ν•œ 윑체적인 적응을 λ§ν•˜λŠ” κ²ƒμž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
00:50
For example, on the Himalayan mountains
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예λ₯Ό λ“€λ©΄, κ°€μž₯ 높은 곳이
00:52
where the highest elevation is nine kilometers above sea level,
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ν•΄λ°œ 9,000km인 νžˆλ§λΌμ•Ό μ‚°μ—μ„œλŠ”
00:56
an unacclimated lowland human will experience symptoms of hypoxia,
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μ €μ§€λŒ€μ˜ μ‚¬λžŒμ€ 일반적으둜 κ³ μ‚°λ³‘μœΌλ‘œ μ•Œλ €μ§„
01:01
commonly known as mountain sickness.
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μ €μ‚°μ†Œμ¦μ„ κ²ͺ을 κ²ƒμž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
01:03
At these altitudes, the body usually produces extra red blood cells,
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μ΄λŸ¬ν•œ κ³ λ„μ—μ„œ μ‹ μ²΄λŠ” 보톡 더 λ§Žμ€ 적혈ꡬλ₯Ό μƒμ‚°ν•˜μ—¬
01:07
thickening the blood and impeding its flow.
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ν”Όλ₯Ό κ±Έμ­‰ν•˜κ²Œ ν•˜κ³  ν˜ˆμ•‘μˆœν™˜μ„ μ§€μ—°μ‹œν‚΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
01:10
But Himalayans who have lived on these mountains for thousands of years
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ν•˜μ§€λ§Œ 이 μ‚°μ—μ„œ 수 μ²œλ…„ λ™μ•ˆ μ‚΄μ•„μ™”λ˜ νžˆλ§λ¦¬μ•Ό μ‚¬λžŒλ“€μ€
01:13
permanently evolved mechanisms to circumvent this process
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μ΄λŸ¬ν•œ 과정을 ν”Όν•˜κ³ μž 신체ꡬ쑰λ₯Ό κΎΈμ€€νžˆ μ§„ν™”μ‹œμΌ°κ³ 
01:17
and maintain normal blood flow.
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일반적인 ν˜ˆμ•‘μˆœν™˜μ„ μœ μ§€ν•˜κ²Œ λ˜μ—ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
01:19
Cases like that prove that humans can develop permanent lifesaving traits.
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μ΄λŸ¬ν•œ μ‚¬λ‘€λŠ” 인간이 μ˜μ†μ μœΌλ‘œ 진화할 수 μžˆμŒμ„ λ³΄μ—¬μ€λ‹ˆλ‹€.
01:25
But natural adaptation for entire human populations
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ν•˜μ§€λ§Œ 인λ₯˜ 인ꡬ 전체가 μžμ—°μ μœΌλ‘œ μ μ‘ν•˜λ €λ©΄
01:28
could take tens of thousands of years.
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μˆ˜λ§Œλ…„μ˜ μ‹œκ°„μ΄ 걸릴 μˆ˜λ„ μžˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
01:30
Recent scientific advances may help us accelerate human adaptation
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졜근 κ³Όν•™μ˜ λ°œμ „μ€ 인λ₯˜ 진화가 ν•œ μ„ΈλŒ€ μ•ˆμ—μ„œ μ΄‰μ§„λ˜μ–΄ 이뀄지도둝
01:35
to single generations.
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도움을 쀄 μˆ˜λ„ μžˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
01:37
To thrive as a species during space travel,
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우주 μ—¬ν–‰μ€‘μ—μ„œλ„ λ²ˆμ˜ν•˜λŠ” 쒅이 되기 μœ„ν•΄μ„œ
01:40
we could potentially develop methods
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μš°λ¦¬λŠ” 잠재적으둜 μŠ€μŠ€λ‘œμ—κ²Œ
01:41
to quickly program protective abilities into ourselves.
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보호λŠ₯λ ₯을 λΉ λ₯΄κ²Œ ν”„λ‘œκ·Έλž˜λ° ν•  수 μžˆλŠ” 방법듀을 κ°œλ°œν•  수 μžˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
01:45
A beta version of these methods is gene therapy,
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μ΄λŸ¬ν•œ λ°©λ²•λ“€μ˜ 베타버전은 μœ μ „μž μΉ˜λ£Œμž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
01:48
which we can currently use to correct genetic diseases.
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ν˜„λŒ€μ—λ„ μœ μ „λ³‘μ„ μΉ˜μœ ν•˜λŠ”λ° 이용되고 있죠.
01:52
Gene editing technology, which is improving rapidly,
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λΉ λ₯΄κ²Œ λ°œμ „ν•˜κ³  μžˆλŠ” μœ μ „μž νŽΈμ§‘ κΈ°μˆ μ€
01:55
allows scientists to directly change the human genome
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κ³Όν•™μžλ“€μ΄ 인간 κ²Œλ†ˆμ„ μ§μ ‘μ μœΌλ‘œ λ°”κΎΈμ–΄
01:59
to stop undesirable processes or make helpful substances.
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λ°”λžŒμ§ν•˜μ§€ μ•Šμ€ 과정을 λ§‰κ±°λ‚˜ μœ μ΅ν•œ λ¬Όμ§ˆλ“€μ„ λ§Œλ“€λ„λ‘ ν•©λ‹ˆλ‹€.
02:04
An example of an unwanted process
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μ΄λŸ¬ν•œ κ³Όμ •μ˜ μ˜ˆλ‘œλŠ”
02:06
is what happens when our bodies are exposed to ionizing radiation.
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우리 λͺΈμ΄ 전리 방사선에 λ…ΈμΆœλμ„ λ•Œ λ°œμƒν•˜λŠ” κ²ƒμœΌλ‘œ λ“€ 수 μžˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
02:11
Without an atmospheric barrier and a magnetic field like Earth's,
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λŒ€κΈ°μƒμ˜ λ³΄ν˜Έλ§‰κ³Ό μ§€κ΅¬μ˜ 자기μž₯ 같은 것이 μ—†λŠ”
02:15
most planets and moons are bombarded with these dangerous subatomic particles.
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λŒ€λΆ€λΆ„μ˜ ν–‰μ„±λ“€κ³Ό μœ„μ„±λ“€μ€ 이런 μœ„ν—˜ν•œ 아원화 μž…μžμ— ν”Όν­λ©λ‹ˆλ‹€.
02:19
They can pass through nearly anything
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방사선은 근처의 λͺ¨λ“ κ²ƒμ„ ν†΅κ³Όν•˜λ©°
02:21
and would cause potentially cancerous DNA damage to space explorers.
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잠재적으둜 치λͺ…적인 DNA ν”Όν•΄λ₯Ό μœ λ°œν•  수 μžˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
02:26
But what if we could turn the tables on radiation?
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ν•˜μ§€λ§Œ μ΄λŸ¬ν•œ 상황을 μ—­μ „μ‹œν‚¨λ‹€λ©΄ μ–΄λ–¨κΉŒμš”?
02:29
Human skin produces a pigment called melanin
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μΈκ°„μ˜ ν”ΌλΆ€λŠ” λ©œλΌλ‹Œμ΄λΌλŠ” μƒ‰μ†Œλ₯Ό λ§Œλ“œλŠ”λ° μ΄λŠ”
02:31
that protects us from the filtered radiation on Earth.
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지상에 λ‹€λ‹€λ₯Έ μ—¬κ³Όλœ λ°©μ‚¬μ„ μœΌλ‘œλΆ€ν„° 신체λ₯Ό λ³΄ν˜Έν•΄μ€λ‹ˆλ‹€.
02:34
Melanin exists in many forms across species,
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λ©œλΌλ‹Œμ€ λ‹€μ–‘ν•œ μ’…λ“€μ—μ„œ λ‹€μ–‘ν•œ ν˜•νƒœλ‘œ μ‘΄μž¬ν•˜λ©°,
02:38
and some melanin-expressing fungi
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λ©œλΌλ‹Œμ„ μƒμ‚°ν•˜λŠ” μ–΄λ–€ κ· λ₯˜λŠ”
02:41
use the pigment to convert radiation into chemical energy.
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μƒ‰μ†Œλ₯Ό μ΄μš©ν•˜μ—¬ 방사선을 화학적 μ—λ„ˆμ§€λ‘œ μ „ν™˜μ‹œν‚΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
02:45
Instead of trying to shield the human body,
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신체λ₯Ό λ³΄ν˜Έν•˜λ €ν•˜κ±°λ‚˜,
02:47
or rapidly repair damage,
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κΈ‰νžˆ 손상을 μΉ˜μœ ν•˜λŠ” 것 λŒ€μ‹ 
02:49
we could potentially engineer humans
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μš°λ¦¬λŠ” 잠재적으둜 인간을 κ°œμ„ μ‹œμΌœ
02:51
to adopt and express these fungal, melanin-based energy-harvesting systems.
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κ· λ₯˜μ˜, λ©œλΌλ‹Œ 기반의 μ—λ„ˆμ§€μ €μž₯ μ‹œμŠ€ν…œμ„ μ“Έ 수 μžˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
02:57
They'd then convert radiation into useful energy while protecting our DNA.
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이 μ‹œμŠ€ν…œμ€ DNAλ₯Ό λ³΄ν˜Έν•˜λŠ” λŒ€μ‹  방사선을 μœ μš©ν•œ μ—λ„ˆμ§€λ‘œ λ°”κΏ€ κ²ƒμž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
03:02
This sounds pretty sci-fi,
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곡상 κ³Όν•™ μ†Œμ„€κ°™μ§€λ§Œ
03:04
but may actually be achievable with current technology.
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ν˜„λŒ€μ˜ 기술λ ₯으둜 ν™•μ‹€νžˆ 이룰 수 μžˆμ„κ²λ‹ˆλ‹€.
03:07
But technology isn't the only obstacle.
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ν•˜μ§€λ§Œ 기술λ ₯만이 μœ μΌν•œ μž₯애물이 μ•„λ‹™λ‹ˆλ‹€.
03:10
There are ongoing debates on the consequences
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μœ μ „μž ꡬ쑰에 λŒ€ν•œ 근본적인 개쑰의 결과와
03:12
and ethics of such radical alterations to our genetic fabric.
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μœ€λ¦¬μ— λŒ€ν•œ λ…ΌμŸλ“€μ΄ μ§„ν–‰μ€‘μž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
03:16
Besides radiation,
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방사선 말고도
03:18
variation in gravitational strength is another challenge for space travelers.
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쀑λ ₯의 λ³€ν™”λŠ” 우주 μ—¬ν–‰μžλ“€μ—κ²Œ 또 λ‹€λ₯Έ λ„˜μ–΄μ•Ό ν•  μ‚°μž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
03:23
Until we develop artificial gravity in a space ship or on another planet,
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μš°μ£Όμ„ μ΄λ‚˜ λ‹€λ₯Έ 행성에 인곡적인 쀑λ ₯을 λ°œμƒμ‹œν‚¬λ•Œ κΉŒμ§€λŠ”
03:27
we should assume that astronauts will spend time living in microgravity.
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μš°λ¦¬λŠ” 우주 비행사가 미세쀑λ ₯ μ†μ—μ„œ 지낼 것을 인지해야 ν•©λ‹ˆλ‹€.
03:32
On Earth, human bone and muscle custodial cells
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지ꡬ에선, μΈκ°„μ˜ λΌˆμ™€ 근윑 세포듀은
03:35
respond to the stress of gravity's incessant tugging
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μž¬μƒμ‚°κ³Ό κ°œμ‘°ν™”λ‘œ μ•Œλ €μ§„
03:38
by renewing old cells in processes known as remodeling and regeneration.
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λŠμž„μ—†μ΄ μž‘μ•„λ‹ΉκΈ°λŠ” 쀑λ ₯의 압박에 λ°˜μ‘ν•©λ‹ˆλ‹€.
03:43
But in a microgravity environment like Mars,
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ν•˜μ§€λ§Œ ν™”μ„±κ³Ό 같은 미세쀑λ ₯의 ν™˜κ²½μ—μ„œλŠ”
03:46
human bone and muscle cells won't get these cues,
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μΈκ°„μ˜ λΌˆμ™€ κ·Όμœ‘μ„Έν¬λŠ” μ΄λŸ¬ν•œ 압박을 받지 λͺ»ν•˜μ—¬
03:49
resulting in osteoporosis and muscle atrophy.
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골닀곡증과 근윑 감퇴λ₯Ό μ΄ˆλž˜ν•  κ²ƒμž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
03:53
So, how could we provide an artificial signal for cells
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κ·Έλ ‡λ‹€λ©΄, μ–΄λ–»κ²Œ ν•˜λ©΄ μ„Έν¬λ“€μ—κ²Œ 인곡적인 μ‹ ν˜Έλ₯Ό 보내어
03:56
to counteract bone and muscle loss?
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λΌˆμ™€ 근윑 손싀에 λŒ€μ‘ν•  수 μžˆμ„κΉŒμš”?
03:59
Again, this is speculative,
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λ‹€μ‹œ, 이건 μΆ”μΈ‘μ΄μ§€λ§Œ
04:00
but biochemically engineered microbes inside our bodies
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우리 λͺΈ 속 μƒν™”ν•™μ μœΌλ‘œ μ‘°μž‘λœ 미생물듀은
04:04
could churn out bone and muscle remodeling signaling factors.
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λΌˆμ™€ κ·Όμœ‘μ„ 재 κ΅¬μ‘°ν™”ν•˜λŠ” μš”μ†Œλ“€μ„ λŒ€λŸ‰μœΌλ‘œ 생산할 수 μžˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
04:09
Or humans could be genetically engineered
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ν˜Ήμ€ 인간은 μœ μ „μ μœΌλ‘œ κ°œμ‘°λ˜μ–΄
04:11
to produce more of these signals in the absence of gravity.
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무쀑λ ₯의 ν™˜κ²½μ—μ„œ μ΄λŸ¬ν•œ μ‹ ν˜Έλ“€μ„ 더 λ§Œλ“€ 수 μžˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
04:14
Radiation exposure and microgravity are only two of the many challenges
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방사선 λ…ΈμΆœκ³Ό κ·Ήλ―Έ 쀑λ ₯은 μš°λ¦¬κ°€ ν˜Ήλ…ν•œ 우주 ν™˜κ²½ μ†μ—μ„œ
04:18
we will encounter in the hostile conditions of space.
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λ§ˆμ£Όν•  μˆ˜λ§Žμ€ 어렀움 쀑 단지 두 개일 λΏμž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
04:21
But if we're ethically prepared to use them,
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ν•˜μ§€λ§Œ μš°λ¦¬κ°€ 윀리적으둜 μ‚¬μš©ν•  μ€€λΉ„κ°€ λœλ‹€λ©΄,
04:24
gene editing and microbial engineering are two flexible tools
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μœ μ „μž νŽΈμ§‘κ³Ό 미생물 곡학은
04:28
that could be adapted to many scenarios.
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λ§Žμ€ μƒν™©μ—μ„œ 맞좰질 수 μžˆλŠ” μœ μ—°ν•œ λ„κ΅¬μž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
04:31
In the near future, we may decide to further develop
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κ°€κΉŒμš΄ λ―Έλž˜μ—, μš°λ¦¬λŠ” 우주 μƒν™œμ˜ κ°€ν˜Ήν•œ ν˜„μ‹€μ„ λŒ€λΉ„ν•˜κΈ° μœ„ν•΄
04:35
and tune these genetic tools for the harsh realities of space living.
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이 μœ μ „μ  도ꡬ듀을 더 κ°œλ°œν•˜κ³  μ‘°μ •ν•  것인지 κ²°μ •ν•  κ²ƒμž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
이 μ›Ήμ‚¬μ΄νŠΈ 정보

이 μ‚¬μ΄νŠΈλŠ” μ˜μ–΄ ν•™μŠ΅μ— μœ μš©ν•œ YouTube λ™μ˜μƒμ„ μ†Œκ°œν•©λ‹ˆλ‹€. μ „ 세계 졜고의 μ„ μƒλ‹˜λ“€μ΄ κ°€λ₯΄μΉ˜λŠ” μ˜μ–΄ μˆ˜μ—…μ„ 보게 될 κ²ƒμž…λ‹ˆλ‹€. 각 λ™μ˜μƒ νŽ˜μ΄μ§€μ— ν‘œμ‹œλ˜λŠ” μ˜μ–΄ μžλ§‰μ„ 더블 ν΄λ¦­ν•˜λ©΄ κ·Έκ³³μ—μ„œ λ™μ˜μƒμ΄ μž¬μƒλ©λ‹ˆλ‹€. λΉ„λ””μ˜€ μž¬μƒμ— 맞좰 μžλ§‰μ΄ μŠ€ν¬λ‘€λ©λ‹ˆλ‹€. μ˜κ²¬μ΄λ‚˜ μš”μ²­μ΄ μžˆλŠ” 경우 이 문의 양식을 μ‚¬μš©ν•˜μ—¬ λ¬Έμ˜ν•˜μ‹­μ‹œμ˜€.

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