How does work...work? - Peter Bohacek

336,178 views ใƒป 2012-11-29

TED-Ed


ืื ื ืœื—ืฅ ืคืขืžื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ืœืžื˜ื” ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ.

00:00
Transcriber: Andrea McDonough Reviewer: Bedirhan Cinar
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ืชืจื’ื•ื: Ido Dekkers ืขืจื™ื›ื”: Mark Freehoff
00:14
In Physics,
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ื‘ืคื™ืกื™ืงื”,
00:15
the concepts of work and power help us understand
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ื”ืจืขื™ื•ืŸ ืฉืœ ืขื‘ื•ื“ื” ื•ื”ืกืคืง ืขื•ื–ืจื™ื ืœื ื• ืœื”ื‘ื™ืŸ
00:18
and explain lots of things in our universe.
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ื•ืœื”ืกื‘ื™ืจ ื”ืจื‘ื” ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ื‘ื™ืงื•ื.
00:21
Let's start with work.
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ื‘ื•ืื• ื ืชื—ื™ืœ ืขื ืขื‘ื•ื“ื”.
00:23
Positive work is the energy we put into a system,
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ืขื‘ื•ื“ื” ื—ื™ื•ื‘ื™ืช ื–ื• ื”ืื ืจื’ื™ื” ืฉืื ื—ื ื• ืžื›ื ื™ืกื™ื ืœืžืขืจื›ืช,
00:26
and negative work is energy that is transferred out.
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ื•ืขื‘ื•ื“ื” ืฉืœื™ืœื™ืช ื”ื™ื ื”ืื ืจื’ื™ื” ืฉืžื•ืขื‘ืจืช ื”ื—ื•ืฆื”.
00:29
Think of positive work as money being added to your bank account,
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ื—ืฉื‘ื• ืขืœ ืขื‘ื•ื“ื” ื—ื™ื•ื‘ื™ืช ื›ืขืœ ื›ืกืฃ ืฉืžื•ืกืฃ ืœื—ืฉื‘ื•ืŸ ื”ื‘ื ืง ืฉืœื›ื,
00:33
and negative work as money taken out.
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ื•ืขื‘ื•ื“ื” ืฉืœื™ืœื™ืช ื›ื›ืกืฃ ืฉืžื•ืฆื.
00:36
In the metric system,
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ื‘ืฉื™ื˜ื” ื”ืžื˜ืจื™ืช,
00:37
work and energy are measured in Joules.
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ืขื‘ื•ื“ื” ื•ืื ืจื’ื™ื” ื ืžื“ื“ื•ืช ื‘ื’'ืื•ืœ.
00:41
As an example, let's take a beautiful, old, mechanical grandfather clock.
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ืœื“ื•ื’ืžื”, ื‘ื•ืื• ื ื™ืงื— ืืช ืฉืขื•ืŸ ื”ืกื‘ื ื”ืžื›ืื ื™, ื”ืขืชื™ืง ื•ื”ื™ืคื”.
00:46
We transfer energy into the clock
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ืื ื—ื ื• ืžืขื‘ื™ืจื™ื ืื ืจื’ื™ื” ืœืชื•ืš ื”ืฉืขื•ืŸ
00:48
when we turn the crank
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ื›ืฉืื ื—ื ื• ืžื•ืชื—ื™ื ืื•ืชื•
00:49
to raise the heavy metal cylinders inside the clock.
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ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืขืœื•ืช ืฆื™ืœื™ื ื“ืจื™ื ืžืชื›ืชื™ื™ื ื›ื‘ื“ื™ื ื‘ืชื•ืš ื”ืฉืขื•ืŸ.
00:52
When we do this, we are doing positive work,
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ื›ืฉืื ื—ื ื• ืขื•ืฉื™ื ืืช ื–ื”, ืื ื—ื ื• ืขื•ืฉื™ื ืขื‘ื•ื“ื” ื—ื™ื•ื‘ื™ืช,
00:54
adding energy to the clock,
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ืžื•ืกื™ืคื™ื ืื ืจื’ื™ื” ืœืฉืขื•ืŸ,
00:57
and that energy is stored as gravitational potential energy.
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ื•ื”ืื ืจื’ื™ื” ื”ื–ื• ื ืฉืžืจืช ื›ืื ืจื’ื™ื” ืคื•ื˜ื ืฆื™ืืœื™ืช ื›ื‘ื™ื“ืชื™ืช.
01:00
We can calculate the amount of work done by multiplying the force we apply
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ืื ื—ื ื• ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœื—ืฉื‘ ืืช ื›ืžื•ืช ื”ืขื‘ื•ื“ื” ืฉื ืขืฉืชื” ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื”ื›ืคืœืช ื”ื›ื•ื— ืฉื”ืคืขืœื ื•
01:04
times the distance over which we apply the force.
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ื›ืคื•ืœ ื”ืžืจื—ืง ืฉื‘ื• ื”ืคืขืœื ื• ืืช ื”ื›ื•ื—.
01:08
To raise the metal cylinders,
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ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืจื™ื ืืช ื’ืœื™ืœื™ ื”ืžืชื›ืช,
01:09
we need to apply a force equal to their weight.
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ืื ื—ื ื• ืžืคืขื™ืœื™ื ื›ื•ื— ืฉื•ื•ื” ืœืžืฉืงืœ ืฉืœื”ื.
01:12
That is, equal to the force of gravity
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ื–ื” ืื•ืžืจ, ืฉื•ื•ื” ืœื›ื•ื— ื”ื›ื‘ื™ื“ื”
01:14
pulling downward on the cylinders.
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ืฉืžื•ืฉืš ืื•ืชื ืœืžื˜ื”.
01:17
These cylinders weight 300 Newtons,
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ื”ื’ืœื™ืœื™ื ื”ืืœื” ืฉื•ืงืœื™ื 300 ื ื™ื•ื˜ื•ืŸ,
01:19
which is pretty heavy,
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ืฉื–ื” ื“ื™ ื›ื‘ื“,
01:20
about as much as a small child,
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ื‘ืขืจืš ื‘ืžืฉืงืœ ืฉืœ ื™ืœื“ ืงื˜ืŸ,
01:23
and if we lift them 1/2 meter,
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ื•ืื ื ืจื™ื ืื•ืชื 1/2 ืžื˜ืจ,
01:25
then we do 300 Newtons
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ืื– ืื ื—ื ื• ืขื•ืฉื™ื 300 ื ื™ื•ื˜ื•ืŸ
01:27
times 1/2 meter
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ื›ืคื•ืœ 1/2 ืžื˜ืจ
01:28
or 150 Joules of work.
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ืื• 150 ื’'ืื•ืœ ืฉืœ ืขื‘ื•ื“ื”.
01:31
Power is the rate at which energy is transferred.
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ื”ืกืคืง ื”ื•ื ื”ืงืฆื‘ ื‘ื• ื”ืื ืจื’ื™ื” ืžื•ืขื‘ืจืช.
01:35
When we say rate,
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ื›ืฉืื ื—ื ื• ืื•ืžืจื™ื ืงืฆื‘,
01:36
we mean the amount of energy transferred
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ืื ื—ื ื• ืžืชื›ื•ื•ื ื™ื ืœื›ืžื•ืช ื”ืื ืจื’ื™ื” ื”ืžื•ืขื‘ืจืช
01:38
per unit of time.
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ืœื™ื—ื™ื“ืช ื–ืžืŸ.
01:40
In the metric system, power is measured in
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ื‘ืฉื™ื˜ื” ื”ืžื˜ืจื™ืช, ื”ืกืคืง ื ืžื“ื“
01:42
Joules per second,
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ื‘ื’'ืื•ืœ ืœืฉื ื™ื”,
01:44
or Watts.
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ืื• ื•ื•ืื˜.
01:45
The term Watt goes back to James Watt,
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ื”ืžื•ื ื— ื•ื•ืื˜ ื—ื•ื–ืจ ืื—ื•ืจื” ืœื’'ื™ื™ืžืก ื•ื•ืื˜,
01:48
who came up with the concept of horsepower
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ืฉื”ื’ื” ืืช ื”ืจืขื™ื•ืŸ ืฉืœ ื›ื•ื— ืกื•ืก
01:50
to measure the amount of power
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ื›ื“ื™ ืœืžื“ื•ื“ ืืช ื›ืžื•ืช ื”ื”ื”ืกืคืง
01:51
produced by a typical work horse.
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ืฉืžื™ื•ืฆืจ ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืกื•ืก ืขื‘ื•ื“ื” ื˜ื™ืคื•ืกื™.
01:54
James Watt was a producer of industrial steam engines,
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ื’'ื™ื™ืžืก ื•ื•ืื˜ ื”ื™ื” ื™ืฆืจืŸ ืฉืœ ืžื ื•ืขื™ ืงื™ื˜ื•ืจ ืชืขืฉื™ื™ืชื™ื™ื,
01:57
and he wanted his potential customers
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ื•ื”ื•ื ืจืฆื” ืฉื”ืœืงื•ื—ื•ืช ื”ืคื•ื˜ื ืฆื™ืืœื™ื ืฉืœื•
01:59
to be able to make comparisons
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ื™ื•ื›ืœื• ืœืขืฉื•ืช ื”ืฉื•ื•ืื•ืช
02:01
between his steam engines and a familiar quanity,
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ื‘ื™ืŸ ืžื ื•ืขื™ ื”ืงื™ื˜ื•ืจ ืฉืœื• ื•ืžื™ื“ื” ืžื•ื›ืจืช,
02:04
the power they could get from a working horse.
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ื”ื”ืกืคืง ืฉื”ื ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœืงื‘ืœ ืžืกื•ืก ืขื‘ื•ื“ื”.
02:07
It was such a useful idea
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ื–ื” ื”ื™ื” ืจืขื™ื•ืŸ ื›ืœ ื›ืš ื™ืขื™ืœ
02:08
that the metric system unit for power, the Watt,
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ืฉื”ื™ื—ื™ื“ื” ื‘ืฉื™ื˜ื” ื”ืžื˜ืจื™ืช ืœื”ืกืคืง, ื”ื•ื•ืื˜,
02:11
is named after James Watt.
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ื ืงืจืืช ืขืœ ืฉื ื’'ื™ื™ืžืก ื•ื•ืื˜.
02:13
Following in James Watt's footsteps,
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ื‘ืขืงื‘ื•ืช ื’'ื™ื™ืžืก ื•ื•ืื˜,
02:15
let's compare the amount of power it takes
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ื‘ื•ืื• ื ืฉื•ื•ื” ืืช ื›ืžื•ืช ื”ื”ืกืคืง ื”ื ื“ืจืฉืช
02:17
to run this grandfather clock
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ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ืฉืขื•ืŸ ื”ืกื‘ื
02:19
to the power we'd need to run
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ืœื”ืกืคืง ืฉื“ืจื•ืฉ ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ
02:21
a bright, 100-Watt light bulb.
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ื ื•ืจืช 100 ื•ื•ืื˜ ื‘ื•ื”ืงืช.
02:24
We can measure the power a person uses
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ืื ื—ื ื• ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœืžื“ื•ื“ ืืช ื”ื”ืกืคืง ืฉืื“ื ืžืคืขื™ืœ
02:26
to wind the clock
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ื›ื“ื™ ืœืžืชื•ื— ืืช ื”ืฉืขื•ืŸ
02:27
by dividing the amount of work they did
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ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื—ืœื•ืงืช ื›ืžื•ืช ื”ืขื‘ื•ื“ื” ืฉื”ื ืขืฉื•
02:29
by the time it took them to do it.
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ื‘ื–ืžืŸ ืฉื”ื™ื” ื“ืจื•ืฉ ืœืขืฉื•ืช ืื•ืชื”.
02:31
If it takes 1 minute, or 60 seconds,
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ืื ื–ื” ืœื•ืงื— ื“ืงื” ืื—ืช, ืื• 60 ืฉื ื™ื•ืช,
02:33
to lift the weights,
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ืœื”ืจื™ื ืืช ื”ืžืฉืงื•ืœื•ืช,
02:35
then they are doing 150 Joules
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ืื– ื”ื ืขื•ืฉื™ื 150 ื’'ืื•ืœ
02:37
divided by 60 seconds,
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ื—ืœืงื™ 60 ืฉื ื™ื•ืช,
02:39
or 2.5 Joules per second of work.
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ืื• 2.5 ื’'ืื•ืœื™ื ืœืฉื ื™ื” ืฉืœ ืขื‘ื•ื“ื”.
02:43
They are adding energy to the clock
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ื”ื ืžื•ืกื™ืคื™ื ืื ืจื’ื™ื” ืœืฉืขื•ืŸ
02:45
in the rate of 2.5 Watts.
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ื‘ืงืฆื‘ ืฉืœ 2.5 ื•ื•ืื˜.
02:48
You would need about 40 times as much
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ืืชื ืชืฆื˜ืจื›ื• ื‘ืขืจืš ืคื™ 40
02:50
to run a bright, 100-Watt light bulb.
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ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ื ื•ืจืช 100 ื•ื•ืื˜ ื‘ื•ื”ืงืช.
02:53
Before we let the clock run,
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ืœืคื ื™ ืฉื ื™ืชืŸ ืœืฉืขื•ืŸ ืœืคืขื•ืœ,
02:54
the energy is stored
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ื”ืื ืจื’ื™ื” ืฉืžื•ืจื”
02:56
as gravitational potential energy of the cylinders.
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ื›ืื ืจื’ื™ื” ื›ื‘ื™ื“ืชื™ืช ืคื•ื˜ื ืฆื™ืืœื™ืช ื‘ื’ืœื™ืœื™ื.
02:59
It's like your bank account
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ื–ื” ื›ืžื• ื—ืฉื‘ื•ืŸ ื”ื‘ื ืง ืฉืœื›ื
03:00
when you have just deposited money.
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ื›ื‘ื“ื™ื•ืง ื”ืคืงื“ืชื ื›ืกืฃ.
03:02
But if we let the clock run,
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ืื‘ืœ ืื ื ื™ืชืŸ ืœืฉืขื•ืŸ ืœืคืขื•ืœ,
03:04
the cylinders slowly move downward.
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ื”ื’ืœื™ืœื™ื ื™ื ื•ืขื• ืœืžื˜ื” ื‘ืื™ื˜ื™ื•ืช.
03:06
Energy is leaving the clock.
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ืื ืจื’ื™ื” ืขื•ื–ื‘ืช ืืช ื”ืฉืขื•ืŸ.
03:08
In fact, when the cylinders get to the bottom,
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ืœืžืขืฉื”, ื›ืฉื”ื’ืœื™ืœื™ื ืžื’ื™ืขื™ื ืœืชื—ืชื™ืช,
03:10
all the energy that we put in will have left.
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ื›ืœ ื”ืื ืจื’ื™ื” ืฉื”ื›ื ืกื ื• ืœืžืขืจื›ืช ื™ืฆืื”.
03:13
So how much power does the clock use?
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ืื– ื‘ื›ืžื” ื”ืกืคืง ืžืฉืชืžืฉ ื”ืฉืขื•ืŸ?
03:16
That is, how many Joules of energy per second leave the clock
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ื”ื›ื•ื•ื ื” ื”ื™ื, ื›ืžื” ื’'ืื•ืœ ืฉืœ ืื ืจื’ื™ื” ืœืฉื ื™ื” ืขื•ื–ื‘ืช ืืช ื”ืฉืขื•ืŸ
03:20
if it takes 5 days for the cylinders to return to their original position?
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ืื ืœื•ืงื— ืœื’ืœื™ืœื™ื 5 ื™ืžื™ื ืœื—ื–ื•ืจ ืœืžืงื•ืžื ื”ืžืงื•ืจื™?
03:25
We can figure this out
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ืื ื—ื ื• ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœื—ืฉื‘ ืืช ื–ื”
03:26
because we already know how much work we did
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ืžืคื ื™ ืฉืื ื—ื ื• ื™ื•ื“ืขื™ื ื›ืžื” ืขื‘ื•ื“ื” ืขืฉื™ื ื•
03:29
when we lifted the cylinders:
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ื›ืฉื”ืจืžื ื• ืืช ื”ื’ืœื™ืœื™ื:
03:30
150 Joules.
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150 ื’'ืื•ืœ.
03:32
But this time, it took 5 days rather than a minute.
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ืื‘ืœ ื”ืคืขื, ืœืงื— 5 ื™ืžื™ื ื‘ืžืงื•ื ื“ืงื”.
03:35
Five days is 5 times 24
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ื—ืžื™ืฉื” ื™ืžื™ื ื–ื” 5 ืคืขืžื™ื 24
03:38
times 60
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ื›ืคื•ืœ 60
03:40
times 60 again
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ื›ืคื•ืœ 60 ืฉื•ื‘
03:41
or 432,000 seconds.
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ืื• 432,000 ืฉื ื™ื•ืช.
03:44
So we divide the work done by the time
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ืื– ืื ื—ื ื• ืžื—ืœืงื™ื ืืช ื”ืขื‘ื•ื“ื” ืฉื ืขืฉืชื” ื‘ื–ืžืŸ
03:47
and find the answer of about 0.00035 Joules per second,
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ื•ืžื•ืฆืื™ื ืฉื”ืชืฉื•ื‘ื” ื”ื™ื ื‘ืขืจืš 0.00035 ื’'ืื•ืœ ืœืฉื ื™ื”,
03:53
or about 0.35 milliwatts.
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ืื• ื‘ืขืจืš 0.35 ืžื™ืœื™ื•ื•ืื˜.
03:56
That's a tiny amount of power.
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ื–ื• ื›ืžื•ืช ืžื–ืขืจื™ืช ืฉืœ ื”ืกืคืง.
03:58
This clock uses so little power
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ื”ืฉืขื•ืŸ ื”ื–ื” ืžืฉืชืžืฉ ื‘ื›ืœ ื›ืš ืžืขื˜ ื”ืกืคืง
04:00
that you could run almost 300,000 clocks
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ืฉืชื•ื›ืœื• ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ื›ืžืขื˜ 300,000 ืฉืขื•ื ื™ื
04:03
using the same power it takes to run one 100-Watt light bulb.
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ืขื ื”ื”ืกืคืง ืฉื“ืจื•ืฉ ืœื”ืคืขืœืช ื ื•ืจืช 100 ื•ื•ืื˜ ืื—ืช.
04:07
That's right, you could run a clock in every house
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ื–ื” ื ื›ื•ืŸ, ืชื•ื›ืœื• ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืฉืขื•ืŸ ื‘ื›ืœ ื‘ื™ืช
04:10
in a medium sized city with that much power.
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ื‘ืขื™ืจ ื‘ื™ื ื•ื ื™ืช ืขื ื›ืžื•ืช ื”ื”ืกืคืง ื”ื–ื•.
04:13
That's a pretty amazing conclusion
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ื–ื• ืžืกืงื ื” ื“ื™ ืžื“ื”ื™ืžื”
04:15
and it took knowledge of work
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ื•ื–ื” ื”ืฆืจื™ืš ื™ื“ืข ืขืœ ืขื‘ื•ื“ื”
04:16
and power to figure it out.
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ื•ื”ืกืคืง ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ื’ื™ืข ืœื–ื”.
ืขืœ ืืชืจ ื–ื”

ืืชืจ ื–ื” ื™ืฆื™ื’ ื‘ืคื ื™ื›ื ืกืจื˜ื•ื ื™ YouTube ื”ืžื•ืขื™ืœื™ื ืœืœื™ืžื•ื“ ืื ื’ืœื™ืช. ืชื•ื›ืœื• ืœืจืื•ืช ืฉื™ืขื•ืจื™ ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืขื‘ืจื™ื ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืžื•ืจื™ื ืžื”ืฉื•ืจื” ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื” ืžืจื—ื‘ื™ ื”ืขื•ืœื. ืœื—ืฅ ืคืขืžื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืฆื’ื•ืช ื‘ื›ืœ ื“ืฃ ื•ื™ื“ืื• ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ ืžืฉื. ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื’ื•ืœืœื•ืช ื‘ืกื ื›ืจื•ืŸ ืขื ื”ืคืขืœืช ื”ื•ื•ื™ื“ืื•. ืื ื™ืฉ ืœืš ื”ืขืจื•ืช ืื• ื‘ืงืฉื•ืช, ืื ื ืฆื•ืจ ืื™ืชื ื• ืงืฉืจ ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ื˜ื•ืคืก ื™ืฆื™ืจืช ืงืฉืจ ื–ื”.

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