Free falling in outer space - Matt J. Carlson

218,823 views ใƒป 2013-07-06

TED-Ed


ืื ื ืœื—ืฅ ืคืขืžื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ืœืžื˜ื” ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ.

ืชืจื’ื•ื: benyamin zinshtein ืขืจื™ื›ื”: Ido Dekkers
00:14
Have you ever been floating in a swimming pool,
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ื”ืื ืื™ ืคืขื ืฆืคืชื ื‘ื‘ืจื™ื›ืช ืฉื—ื™ื”?
00:16
all comfy and warm, thinking,
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ื—ืžื™ื ื•ื ืขื™ื ืœื›ื, ื—ืฉื‘ืชื,
00:18
"Man, it'd be cool to be an astronaut!
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"ื–ื” ื™ื”ื™ื” ื›ืœ ื›ืš ืžื’ื ื™ื‘ ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืืกื˜ืจื•ื ืื•ื˜!
00:20
You could float out in outer space, look down at the Earth and everything.
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ืื•ื›ืœ ืœืจื—ืฃ ื‘ื—ืœืœ ื”ื—ื™ืฆื•ืŸ
ืœื”ืกืชื›ืœ ืœืžื˜ื” ืขืœ ื›ื“ื•ืจ ื”ืืจืฅ ื•ื›ืœ ื–ื”.
00:23
It'd be so neat!"
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ื–ื” ื™ื”ื™ื” ื›ืœ ื›ืš ืžื’ื ื™ื‘!"
ืจืง ืฉื–ื” ืœื ืžืฆื‘ ื”ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ื‘ื›ืœืœ.
00:25
Only that's not how it is at all.
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00:26
If you are in outer space, you are orbiting the Earth:
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ืื ืืชื ื‘ื—ืœืœ ื”ื—ื™ืฆื•ืŸ,
ืืชื ืžืงื™ืคื™ื ืืช ื›ื“ื•ืจ ื”ืืจืฅ,
ื–ื” ื ืงืจื ื ืคื™ืœื” ื—ื•ืคืฉื™ืช
00:29
it's called free fall.
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00:31
You're actually falling towards the Earth.
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ืืชื ืœืžืขืฉื” ื ื•ืคืœื™ื ืœื›ื™ื•ื•ืŸ ื›ื“ื•ืจ ื”ืืจืฅ
ื‘ืกื“ืจ, ืชื—ืฉื‘ื• ืขืœ ื–ื” ืœืฉื ื™ื”.
00:33
Think about this for a moment: that's the feeling you get
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ื–ืืช ื”ืชื—ื•ืฉื” ืฉืืชื ืžืงื‘ืœื™ื
00:35
if you're going over the top of a roller coaster, going, like, "Whoa!"
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ืื ืืชื ืขื•ื‘ืจื™ื ืืช ืืช ืฉื™ื ื”ื’ื•ื‘ื” ื‘ืจื›ื‘ืช ื”ืจื™ื,
ืฆื•ืขืงื™ื, ื›ืื™ืœื•, "ื•ื•ื•ื•ื•ืืืืืื•ื•ื•ื•ื•ื•ื•ื•!"
00:40
Only you're doing this
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ืจืง ืฉืืชื ืขื•ืฉื™ื ืืช ื–ื” ื›ืœ ื”ื–ืžืŸ
00:41
the whole time you're orbiting the Earth,
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ืฉืืชื ืžืงื™ืคื™ื ืืช ื›ื“ื•ืจ ื”ืืจืฅ
ืœืžืฉืš ืฉืชื™ื™ื,
00:43
for two, three, four hours, days.
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ืฉืœื•ืฉ,
ืืจื‘ืข
ืฉืขื•ืช,
00:45
Whatever it takes, right?
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ื™ืžื™ื,
ื›ืžื” ื–ืžืŸ ืฉื ื“ืจืฉ, ื ื›ื•ืŸ?
00:46
So, how does orbiting work?
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ืื–, ืื™ืš ื”ืงืคืช ื›ื“ื•ืจ ื”ืืจืฅ ืขื•ื‘ื“ืช?
00:48
Let's take a page from Isaac Newton.
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ื‘ื•ืื• ื ืกืชื›ืœ ื‘ืกืคืจ ืžืืช ืื™ื™ื–ืง ื ื™ื•ื˜ื•ืŸ
00:50
He had this idea, a little mental experiment:
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ื”ื™ื” ืœื• ืจืขื™ื•ืŸ,
ื ื™ืกื•ื™ ืžื—ืฉื‘ืชื™ ืงื˜ืŸ.
00:52
You take a cannon,
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ืืชื ืœื•ืงื—ื™ื ืชื•ืชื—,
00:53
you put it on top of a hill.
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ืฉืžื™ื ืื•ืชื• ืขืœ ืจืืฉ ื’ื‘ืขื”.
ืื ืืชื ื™ื•ืจื™ื ื‘ืชื•ืชื—,
00:55
If you shoot the cannonball,
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00:56
it goes a little bit away.
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ื–ื” ืžืชืจื—ืง ืงืฆืช ืžื›ื.
00:57
But if you shoot it harder,
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ืื‘ืœ ืื ืชื™ืจื• ืื•ืชื• ื™ื•ืชืจ ื—ื–ืง,
ื”ื•ื ืขืฃ ืจื—ื•ืง ืžืกืคื™ืง ื›ืš ืฉื”ื•ื ื ื•ื—ืช
00:59
it goes far enough so that it lands
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01:01
a little bit past the curvature of Earth.
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ืงืฆืช ืžืขื‘ืจ ืœืขืงืžื•ืžื™ื•ืช ื›ื“ื•ืจ ื”ืืจืฅ.
ื•ื‘ื›ืŸ, ืืชื ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœื“ืžื™ื™ืŸ
01:04
Well, you can imagine if you shot it really, really, hard,
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ืื ืืชื ื™ื•ืจื™ื ืื•ืชื• ืžืžืฉ, ืžืžืฉ, ืžืžืฉ ื—ื–ืง,
01:06
it would go all the way around the Earth
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ื”ื•ื ื™ืงื™ืฃ ืœื’ืžืจื™ ืืช ื›ื“ื•ืจ ื”ืืจืฅ
01:08
and come back -- boom! -- and hit you in the backside or something.
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ื•ื™ื—ื–ื•ืจ, ื‘ื•ื!
ื•ื›ืื™ืœื• ื™ืคื’ืข ื‘ื›ื ื‘ื’ื‘ ืื• ืžืฉื”ื•.
ื‘ื•ืื• ื ืชืจื—ืง ื”ืจื‘ื”
01:12
Let's zoom way back and put you in a little satellite
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ื•ื ืฉื™ื ืืชื›ื ื‘ืœื•ื•ื™ื™ืŸ ืงื˜ืŸ
01:14
over the North Pole of the Earth
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ืžืขืœ ื”ืงื•ื˜ื‘ ื”ืฆืคื•ื ื™ ืฉืœ ื›ื“ื•ืจ ื”ืืจืฅ
01:16
and consider north to be up.
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ื ื—ืฉื™ื‘ ืืช ื”ืงื•ื˜ื‘ ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืœืžืขืœื”.
01:17
You're going to fall down and hit the Earth.
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ืืชื ื”ื•ืœื›ื™ื ืœื™ืคื•ืœ ืœืžื˜ื” ื•ืœืคื’ื•ืข ื‘ื›ื“ื•ืจ ื”ืืจืฅ.
ืื‘ืœ, ืืชื ืœืžืขืฉื” ื–ื–ื™ื ื”ืฆื™ื“ื” ืžืžืฉ ืžื”ืจ.
01:20
But you are actually moving sideways really fast.
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01:23
So when you fall down,
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ืื–, ื›ืืฉืจ ืืชื ื ื•ืคืœื™ื ืœืžื˜ื”,
ืืชื ื”ื•ืœื›ื™ื ืœืคืกืคืก.
01:25
you're going to miss.
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01:26
You're going to end up on the side of the Earth, falling down,
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ืืชื ืชืžืฆืื• ืืช ืขืฆืžื›ื ื‘ืฆื“ ื›ื“ื•ืจ ื”ืืจืฅ,
ื ื•ืคืœื™ื ืžื˜ื”,
01:29
and now the Earth is pulling you back in sideways.
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ื•ืขื›ืฉื™ื• ื›ื“ื•ืจ ื”ืืจืฅ ืžื•ืฉืš ืืชื›ื ืžื”ืฆื“.
01:32
So it's pulling you back in and you fall down,
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ืื•ืงื™ื™, ื•ืขื›ืฉื™ื• ื”ื•ื ืžื•ืฉืš ืืชื›ื ื—ื–ืจื” ืคื ื™ืžื”
ื•ืืชื ื ื•ืคืœื™ื ืœืžื˜ื”,
01:34
and so you miss the Earth again, and now you're under the Earth.
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ืื– ืืชื ืžืคืกืคืกื™ื ืฉื•ื‘ ืืช ื›ื“ื•ืจ ื”ืืจืฅ,
ื•ืขื›ืฉื™ื• ืืชื ืžืชื—ืช ืœื›ื“ื•ืจ ื”ืืจืฅ.
01:38
The Earth is going to pull you up, but you're moving sideways still.
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ื•ื›ื“ื•ืจ ื”ืืจืฅ ืžื•ืฉืš ืืชื›ื ืœืžืขืœื”,
ืื‘ืœ ืืชื ื–ื–ื™ื ื”ืฆื™ื“ื” ืขื“ื™ื™ืŸ.
ืื– ืืชื ื”ื•ืœื›ื™ื ืœืคืกืคืก ืฉื•ื‘ ืืช ื›ื“ื•ืจ ื”ืืจืฅ.
01:41
So you're going to miss the Earth again.
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ืขื›ืฉื™ื•, ืืชื ื‘ืฆื“ ื”ืฉื ื™ ืฉืœ ื›ื“ื•ืจ ื”ืืจืฅ,
01:43
Now you're on the other side of the Earth, moving upward,
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ื ืขื™ื ื›ืœืคื™ ืžืขืœื” ื•ื›ื“ื•ืจ ื”ืืจืฅ ืžื•ืฉืš ืืชื›ื ื”ืฆื™ื“ื”.
01:46
and the Earth's pulling you sideways.
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ืื•ืงื™ื™, ืื– ืืชื ื”ื•ืœื›ื™ื ืœื™ืคื•ืœ ืขืœ ื”ืฆื“,
01:47
So you're going to fall sideways,
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ืื‘ืœ ืืชื ื ืขื™ื ื›ืœืคื™ ืžืขืœื” ื•ืžืคืกืคืกื™ื.
01:49
but you're going to be moving up and so you'll miss.
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ื•ืขื›ืฉื™ื• ืืชื ืฉื•ื‘ ื‘ื—ืœืง ื”ืขืœื™ื•ืŸ ืฉืœ ื›ื“ื•ืจ ื”ืืจืฅ,
01:52
Now you're back on top of the Earth again, over the North Pole,
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ืžืขืœ ื”ืงื•ื˜ื‘ ื”ืฆืคื•ื ื™,
01:54
going sideways and falling down,
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ื ืขื™ื ื”ืฆื™ื“ื” ื•ื ื•ืคืœื™ื ืœืžื˜ื”,
01:56
and yep -- you guessed it.
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ื•ื›ืŸ, ื ื™ื—ืฉืชื ื ื›ื•ืŸ.
ืืชื ืชืžืฉื™ื›ื• ืœืคืกืคืก ืื•ืชื• ื›ื™ ืืชื ื ืขื™ื ื›ืœ ื›ืš ืžื”ืจ.
01:58
You'll keep missing because you're moving so fast.
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02:01
In this way, astronauts orbit the Earth.
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ื‘ื“ืจืš ื–ื•, ืืกื˜ืจื•ื ืื•ื˜ื™ื ืžืงื™ืคื™ื ืืช ื›ื“ื•ืจ ื”ืืจืฅ.
02:03
They're always falling towards the Earth,
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ื”ื ืชืžื™ื“ ื ื•ืคืœื™ื ื›ืœืคื™ ื›ื“ื•ืจ ื”ืืจืฅ,
02:05
but they're always missing, and therefore, they're falling all the time.
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ืื‘ืœ ื”ื ืชืžื™ื“ ืžืคืกืคืกื™ื,
ื•ืœื›ืŸ, ื”ื ื ื•ืคืœื™ื ื›ืœ ื”ื–ืžืŸ.
02:09
They feel like they're falling, so you just have to get over it.
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ื”ื ืžืจื’ื™ืฉื™ื ื›ืื™ืœื• ื”ื ื ื•ืคืœื™ื,
ืื– ืืชื” ืคืฉื•ื˜ ืฆืจื™ืš ืœื”ืชื’ื‘ืจ ืขืœ ื–ื”.
02:12
So technically, if you ran fast enough and tripped,
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ืื–, ืœืžืขืฉื”, ืื ืืชื ืจืฆื™ื ืžืกืคื™ืง ืžื”ืจ ื•ื ื•ืคืœื™ื,
02:16
you could miss the Earth.
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ืืชื ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœืคืกืคืก ืืช ื›ื“ื•ืจ ื”ืืจืฅ.
ืื‘ืœ ื™ืฉ ื‘ืขื™ื” ื’ื“ื•ืœื”.
02:19
But there's a big problem.
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02:20
First, you have to be going eight kilometers a second.
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ืจืืฉื™ืช, ืืชื ืฆืจื™ื›ื™ื ืœื ื•ืข ื‘ืžื”ื™ืจื•ืช ืฉืœ 8 ืงื™ืœื•ืžื˜ืจื™ื ืœืฉื ื™ื”.
02:24
That's 18,000 miles an hour,
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ืฉื–ื” 18,000 ืžื™ื™ืœื™ื ืœืฉืขื”,
02:26
just over Mach 23!
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ืงืฆืช ืžืขืœ 23 ืžืืš!
02:28
The second problem:
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ื”ื‘ืขื™ื” ื”ืฉื ื™ื”:
ืื ืืชื ื ืขื™ื ื›ื” ืžื”ืจ,
02:30
If you're going that fast,
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02:31
yes, you would orbit the Earth and come back where you came from,
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ื›ืŸ, ืืชื ืžืงื™ืคื™ื ืืช ื›ื“ื•ืจ ื”ืืจืฅ
ื•ื—ื•ื–ืจื™ื ืœืžืขืฉื” ืœืžืงื•ื ืžืžื ื• ื™ืฆืืชื,
02:34
but there's a lot of air in the way,
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ืื‘ืœ ื™ืฉ ื”ืจื‘ื” ืื•ื•ื™ืจ ื‘ื“ืจืš,
02:36
much less people and things.
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ื‘ืกื“ืจ, ื”ืจื‘ื” ืคื—ื•ืช ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ื•ืื ืฉื™ื.
02:37
So you would burn up due to atmospheric friction.
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ืื– ืืชื ืชื™ืฉืจืคื• ื›ืชื•ืฆืื” ืžื—ื™ื›ื•ืš ื‘ืื˜ืžื•ืกืคื™ืจื”.
02:40
So, I do not recommend this.
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ืื–, ืื ื™ ืœื ืžืžืœื™ืฅ ืขืœ ื–ื”.
ืขืœ ืืชืจ ื–ื”

ืืชืจ ื–ื” ื™ืฆื™ื’ ื‘ืคื ื™ื›ื ืกืจื˜ื•ื ื™ YouTube ื”ืžื•ืขื™ืœื™ื ืœืœื™ืžื•ื“ ืื ื’ืœื™ืช. ืชื•ื›ืœื• ืœืจืื•ืช ืฉื™ืขื•ืจื™ ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืขื‘ืจื™ื ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืžื•ืจื™ื ืžื”ืฉื•ืจื” ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื” ืžืจื—ื‘ื™ ื”ืขื•ืœื. ืœื—ืฅ ืคืขืžื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืฆื’ื•ืช ื‘ื›ืœ ื“ืฃ ื•ื™ื“ืื• ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ ืžืฉื. ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื’ื•ืœืœื•ืช ื‘ืกื ื›ืจื•ืŸ ืขื ื”ืคืขืœืช ื”ื•ื•ื™ื“ืื•. ืื ื™ืฉ ืœืš ื”ืขืจื•ืช ืื• ื‘ืงืฉื•ืช, ืื ื ืฆื•ืจ ืื™ืชื ื• ืงืฉืจ ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ื˜ื•ืคืก ื™ืฆื™ืจืช ืงืฉืจ ื–ื”.

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