The threat of invasive species - Jennifer Klos

2,283,525 views ใƒป 2016-05-03

TED-Ed


ืื ื ืœื—ืฅ ืคืขืžื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ืœืžื˜ื” ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ.

ืชืจื’ื•ื: Ido Dekkers ืขืจื™ื›ื”: Tal Dekkers
00:07
Massive vines that blanket the southern United States,
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ืžื˜ืคืกื™ื ืžืกื™ื‘ื™ื™ื ืฉืžื›ืกื™ื ืืช ื“ืจื•ื ืืจืฆื•ืช ื”ื‘ืจื™ืช,
00:11
climbing as high as 100 feet as they uproot trees and swallow buildings.
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ืžื˜ืคืกื™ื ืœื’ื•ื‘ื” 30 ืžื˜ืจ ื›ืฉื”ื ืขื•ืงืจื™ื ืขืฆื™ื ื•ื‘ื•ืœืขื™ื ื‘ื ื™ื™ื ื™ื.
00:16
A ravenous snake that is capable of devouring an alligator.
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ื ื—ืฉ ืจืขื‘ืชื ื™ ืฉื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื‘ืœื•ืข ืืœื™ื’ื˜ื•ืจ.
00:21
Rabbit populations that eat themselves into starvation.
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ืื•ื›ืœื•ืกื™ื™ืช ืืจื ื‘ื™ื ืฉืื•ื›ืœืช ืืช ืขืฆืžื” ืœืจืขื‘.
00:25
These aren't horror movie concepts.
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ืืœื” ืœื ืจืขื™ื•ื ื•ืช ืœืกืจื˜ื™ ืื™ืžื”.
00:27
They're real stories,
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ื”ื ืกื™ืคื•ืจื™ื ืืžื™ืชื™ื™ื,
00:28
but how could such situations exist in nature?
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ืื‘ืœ ืื™ืš ื›ืืœื” ืžืฆื‘ื™ื ืงื™ื™ืžื™ื ื‘ื˜ื‘ืข?
00:32
All three are examples of invasive species,
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ื›ืœ ื”ืฉืœื•ืฉื” ื”ื ื“ื•ื’ืžืื•ืช ืœืžื™ื ื™ื ืคื•ืœืฉื™ื,
00:35
organisms harmful not because of what they are,
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ืื•ืจื’ื ื™ื–ืžื™ื ืžื–ื™ืงื™ื ืœื ื‘ื’ืœืœ ืžื” ืฉื”ื,
00:39
but where they happen to be.
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ืืœื ืื™ืคื” ืฉื”ื ื‘ืžืงืจื” ื ืžืฆืื™ื.
00:41
The kudzu vine, for example,
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ืžื˜ืคืก ื”ืงื•ื“ื–ื•, ืœื“ื•ื’ืžื”,
00:43
had grown quality in its native east Asia, eaten by various insects
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ื’ื“ืœ ืื™ื›ื•ืชื™ืช ื‘ืžื–ืจื— ืืกื™ื” ื”ื˜ื‘ืขื™ืช ืœื•, ื ืื›ืœ ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื—ืจืงื™ื ืฉื•ื ื™ื
00:47
and dying off during the cold winters.
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ื•ืžืชื™ื ื‘ืžื”ืœืš ื”ื—ื•ืจืคื™ื ื”ืงืจื™ื.
00:50
But its fortunes changed
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ืื‘ืœ ื”ืžื–ืœ ืฉืœื• ื”ืฉืชื ื”
00:51
when it was imported into the southeastern United States
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ื›ืฉื”ื•ื ื™ื•ื‘ื ืœื“ืจื•ื ืžื–ืจื— ืืจืฆื•ืช ื”ื‘ืจื™ืช
00:55
for porch decoration and cattle feed.
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ืœืงื™ืฉื•ื˜ ืžืจืคืกื•ืช ื•ื”ืื›ืœืช ื‘ืงืจ.
00:58
Its planting was even subsidized by the government to fight soil erosion.
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ื”ืฉืชื™ืœื” ืฉืœื• ืืคื™ืœื• ืกื•ื‘ืกื“ื” ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื”ืžืžืฉืœื” ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืœื—ื ื‘ืฉื—ื™ืงืช ื”ืงืจืงืข.
01:02
With sunny fields, a mild climate, and no natural predators in its new home,
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ืขื ืฉื“ื•ืช ืฉืžืฉื™ื™ื, ืืงืœื™ื ื ืขื™ื, ื•ืœืœื ื˜ื•ืจืคื™ื ื˜ื‘ืขื™ื™ื ื‘ื‘ื™ืช ื”ื—ื“ืฉ ืฉืœื•,
01:08
the vine grew uncontrollably
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ื”ืžื˜ืคืก ื’ื“ืœ ืœืœื ืฉืœื™ื˜ื”
01:10
until it became known as the plant that ate the South.
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ืขื“ ืฉื”ืคืš ืœื™ื“ื•ืข ื›ืฆืžื— ืฉืื›ืœ ืืช ื”ื“ืจื•ื.
01:15
Meanwhile in Florida's Everglades, Burmese pythons,
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ื‘ื™ื™ื ืชื™ื™ื ื‘ืื‘ืจื’ืœื™ื™ื“ืก ืฉืœ ืคืœื•ืจื™ื“ื”, ื”ืคื™ืชื•ืŸ ื”ื‘ื•ืจืžื–ื™,
01:19
thought to have been released by pet owners,
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ืฉื—ื•ืฉื‘ื™ื ืฉืฉื•ื—ืจืจื• ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื‘ืขืœื™ ื—ื™ื•ืช ืžื—ืžื“,
01:21
are the cause of decreasing populations of organisms.
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ื”ื ื”ืกื™ื‘ื” ืœื™ืจื™ื“ื” ื‘ืื•ื›ืœื•ืกื™ื™ืช ืื•ืจื’ื ื™ื–ืžื™ื.
01:25
They're successfully outcompeting top predators,
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ื”ื ืžืชื—ืจื™ื ื‘ื”ืฆืœื—ื” ื‘ื˜ื•ืจืคื™ ืขืœ,
01:28
such as the alligator and panther,
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ื›ืžื• ื”ืืœื™ื’ื˜ื•ืจ ื•ื”ืคื ืชืจ,
01:30
causing a significant reduction in their food sources.
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ื•ื’ื•ืจืžื™ื ืœื™ืจื™ื“ื” ืžืฉืžืขื•ืชื™ืช ื‘ืžืงื•ืจื•ืช ื”ืžื–ื•ืŸ ืฉืœื”ื.
01:33
They're not a problem in their native Asia
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ื”ื ืœื ื‘ืขื™ื” ื‘ืืกื™ื” ืžืžื ื” ื”ื’ื™ืขื•
01:35
because diseases, parasites, and predators help to control their population size.
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ื‘ื’ืœืœ ืžื—ืœื•ืช, ื˜ืคื™ืœื™ื, ื•ื˜ื•ืจืคื™ื ืฉืขื•ื–ืจื™ื ืœืฉืœื•ื˜ ื‘ื’ื•ื“ืœ ื”ืื•ื›ืœื•ืกื™ื” ืฉืœื”ื.
01:41
And in Australia, European rabbits eat so many plants
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ื•ื‘ืื•ืกื˜ืจืœื™ื”, ืืจื ื‘ื•ืช ืืจื•ืคืื™ื•ืช ืื•ื›ืœื•ืช ื›ืœ ื›ืš ื”ืจื‘ื” ืฆืžื—ื™ื
01:45
that they wipe out the food supply for themselves and other herbivores.
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ืฉื”ื ืžื—ืกืœื•ืช ืืช ืืกืคืงืช ื”ืžื–ื•ืŸ ืœืขืฆืžื ื•ืœืื•ื›ืœื™ ืขืฉื‘ ืื—ืจื™ื.
01:50
They're a pretty recent addition,
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ื”ื ืชื•ืกืคืช ื“ื™ ืขื“ื›ื ื™ืช,
01:52
intentionally introduced to the continent because one man enjoyed hunting them.
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ืฉื”ื•ื‘ืื” ื‘ื›ื•ื•ื ื” ืœื™ื‘ืฉืช ื‘ื’ืœืœ ืฉืื“ื ืื—ื“ ื ื”ื ื” ืœืฆื•ื“ ืื•ืชื.
01:58
Like the Burmese pythons,
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ื›ืžื• ื”ืคื™ืชื•ืŸ ื”ื‘ื•ืจืžื–ื™,
02:00
various factors in their native habitat keep their numbers in control.
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ื’ื•ืจืžื™ื ืฉื•ื ื™ื ื‘ืกื‘ื™ื‘ื” ื”ื˜ื‘ืขื™ืช ืฉืœื”ื ืฉื•ืžืจื™ื ืขืœื™ื”ื ืชื—ืช ืฉืœื™ื˜ื”.
02:05
But in Australia, the lack of predators
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ืื‘ืœ ื‘ืื•ืกื˜ืจืœื™ื”, ื—ื•ืกืจ ื‘ื˜ื•ืจืคื™ื
02:07
and a climate perfect for year-long reproduction
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ื•ืืงืœื™ื ืžื•ืฉืœื ืœื”ืชืจื‘ื•ืช ื›ืœ ื”ืฉื ื”
02:10
allows their populations to skyrocket.
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ืžืืคืฉืจื™ื ืœืื•ื›ืœื•ืกื™ื•ืช ืฉืœื”ื ืœื”ืชืจื•ืžื ืœื’ื‘ื”ื™ื ืขืฆื•ืžื™ื.
02:13
So why does this keep happening?
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ืื– ืœืžื” ื–ื” ืžืžืฉื™ืš ืœืงืจื•ืช?
02:16
Most of the world's ecosystems
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ืจื•ื‘ ืกื‘ื™ื‘ื•ืช ื”ืžื—ื™ื” ื‘ืขื•ืœื
02:18
are the result of millennia of coevolution by organisms,
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ื”ืŸ ืชื•ืฆืื” ืฉืœ ืืœืคื™ ืฉื ื™ื ืฉืœ ืื‘ื•ืœื•ืฆื™ื” ืžืฉื•ืชืคืช ืฉืœ ืื•ืจื’ื ื™ื–ืžื™ื,
02:22
adapting to their environment and each other
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ืฉืžืชืื™ืžื™ื ืœืกื‘ื™ื‘ื” ืฉืœื”ื ื•ืื—ื“ ืืœ ื”ืฉื ื™
02:24
until a stable balance is reached.
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ืขื“ ืฉืื™ื–ื•ืŸ ื™ืฆื™ื‘ ืžื•ืฉื’.
02:27
Healthy ecosystems maintain this balance via limiting factors,
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ืžืขื›ื•ืช ืžื—ื™ื” ื‘ืจื™ืื•ืช ืฉื•ืžืจื•ืช ืขืœ ืื™ื–ื•ืŸ ื“ืจืš ื’ื•ืจืžื™ื ืžื’ื‘ื™ืœื™ื,
02:31
environmental conditions that restrict the size or range of a species.
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ืชื ืื™ื ืกื‘ื™ื‘ืชื™ื™ื ืฉืžื’ื‘ื™ืœื™ื ืืช ื’ื•ื“ืœ ื•ื˜ื•ื•ื— ื”ืžื—ื™ื” ืฉืœ ืžื™ืŸ.
02:36
These include things like natural geography and climate,
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ืืœื” ื›ื•ืœืœื™ื ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ื›ืžื• ื’ืื•ื’ืจืคื™ื” ื˜ื‘ืขื™ืช ื•ืืงืœื™ื,
02:39
food availability,
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ื–ืžื™ื ื•ืช ืžื–ื•ืŸ,
02:41
and the presence or absence of predators.
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ื•ื”ื ื•ื›ื—ื•ืช ืื• ื”ื—ืกืจื•ืŸ ื‘ื˜ื•ืจืคื™ื.
02:44
For example, plant growth depends on levels of sunlight and soil nutrients.
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ืœื“ื•ื’ืžื”, ื’ื“ื™ืœืช ืฆืžื—ื™ื” ืชืœื•ื™ื” ื‘ืจืžื•ืช ืฉืœ ืื•ืจ ืฉืžืฉ ื•ื—ื•ืžืจื™ื ืžื–ื™ื ื™ื ื‘ืื“ืžื”.
02:49
The amount of edible plants affects the population of herbivores,
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ื›ืžื•ืช ื”ืฆืžื—ื™ื ื”ืื›ื™ืœื™ื ืžืฉืคื™ืขื” ืขืœ ื”ืื•ื›ืœื•ืกื™ื” ืฉืœ ืื•ื›ืœื™ ืขืฉื‘,
02:53
which in turn impacts the carnivores that feed on them.
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ืฉื‘ืชื•ืจื” ืžืฉืคื™ืขื” ืขืœ ื”ื˜ื•ืจืคื™ื ืฉืื•ื›ืœื™ื ืื•ืชื.
02:56
And a healthy predator population keeps the herbivores from becoming too numerous
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ื•ืื•ื›ืœื•ืกื™ื™ืช ื˜ื•ืจืคื™ื ื‘ืจื™ืื” ืฉื•ืžืจืช ืขืœ ืื•ื›ืœื™ ื”ืขืฉื‘ ืžืœื”ืคื•ืš ื’ื“ื•ืœื” ืžื“ื™
03:01
and devouring all the plants.
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ื•ืœืื›ื•ืœ ืืช ื›ืœ ื”ืฆืžื—ื™ื.
03:03
But even minor changes in one factor can upset this balance,
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ืื‘ืœ ืืคื™ืœื• ืฉื™ื ื•ื™ื™ื ื–ื ื™ื—ื™ื ื‘ื’ื•ืจื ืื—ื“ ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœื”ืคืจ ืืช ื”ืื™ื–ื•ืŸ ื”ื–ื”,
03:08
and the sudden introduction of non-native organisms
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ื•ื”ื”ืฆื’ื” ื”ืคืชืื•ืžื™ืช ืฉืœ ืื•ืจื’ื ื™ื–ืžื™ื ืœื ืžืงื•ืžื™ื™ื
03:10
can be a pretty major change.
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ื™ื›ื•ืœื” ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืฉื™ื ื•ื™ ืžืฉืžืขื•ืชื™.
03:13
A species that is evolved in a separate habitat
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ืžื™ืŸ ืฉื”ืชืคืชื— ื‘ืกื‘ื™ื‘ืช ืžื—ื™ื™ื” ื ืคืจื“ืช
03:16
will be susceptible to different limiting factors,
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ื™ื”ื™ื” ืจื’ื™ืฉ ืœื’ื•ืจืžื™ื ืžื’ื‘ื™ืœื™ื ืื—ืจื™ื,
03:19
different predators,
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ื˜ื•ืจืคื™ื ืื—ืจื™ื,
03:20
different energy sources,
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ืžืงื•ืจื•ืช ืื ืจื’ื™ื” ืื—ืจื™ื,
03:22
and different climates.
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ื•ืืงืœื™ืžื™ื ืฉื•ื ื™ื.
03:24
If the new habitat's limiting factors fail to restrict the species growth,
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ืื ื”ื’ื•ืจืžื™ื ื”ืžื’ื‘ื™ืœื™ื ืฉืœ ืกื‘ื™ื‘ืช ื”ืžื—ื™ื” ื”ื—ื“ืฉื” ืœื ืžืฆืœื™ื—ื™ื ืœื”ื’ื‘ื™ืœ ืืช ืฆืžื™ื—ืช ื”ืžื™ืŸ,
03:28
it will continue to multiply,
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ื”ื•ื ื™ืžืฉื™ืš ืœื’ื“ื•ืœ,
03:30
out-competing native organisms for resources
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ื’ื•ื‘ืจ ืขืœ ืื•ืจื’ื ื™ื–ืžื™ื ืžืงื•ืžื™ื™ื ื‘ืชื—ืจื•ืช ืขืœ ืžืฉืื‘ื™ื
03:33
and disrupting the entire ecosystem.
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ื•ืžืฉื‘ืฉ ืืช ื›ืœ ืžืขืจื›ืช ื”ืžื—ื™ื”.
03:36
Species are sometimes introduced into new habitats through natural factors,
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ืžื™ื ื™ื ืœืคืขืžื™ื ืžื•ืฆื’ื™ื ืœืกื‘ื™ื‘ื•ืช ืžื—ื™ื” ื—ื“ืฉื•ืช ื“ืจืš ื’ื•ืจืžื™ื ื˜ื‘ืขื™ื™ื,
03:41
like storms,
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ื›ืžื• ืกืขืจื•ืช,
03:42
ocean currents,
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ื–ืจืžื™ ืื•ืงื™ื™ื ื•ืกื™ื,
03:43
or climate shifts.
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ืื• ืฉื™ื ื•ื™ื™ ืืงืœื™ื.
03:45
The majority of invasive species, though, are introduced by humans.
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ืจื•ื‘ ื”ืžื™ื ื™ื ื”ืคื•ืœืฉื™ื, ืขื ื–ืืช, ืžื•ื‘ืื™ื ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืื ืฉื™ื.
03:49
Often this happens unintentionally,
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ื”ืจื‘ื” ืคืขืžื™ื ื–ื” ืงื•ืจื” ืœืœื ื‘ื›ื•ื•ื ื”,
03:51
as when the zebra mussel was accidentally brought to Lake Erie by cargo ships.
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ื›ืžื• ื›ืฉืฆื“ืคืช ื”ื–ื‘ืจื” ื”ื•ื‘ืื” ื‘ื˜ืขื•ืช ืœืื’ื ืื™ืจื™ ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืื•ื ื™ื•ืช ืžืฉื.
03:57
But as people migrate around the world,
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ืื‘ืœ ื›ืฉืื ืฉื™ื ื ื•ื“ื“ื™ื ืžืกื‘ื™ื‘ ืœืขื•ืœื,
03:59
we have also deliberately brought our plants and animals along,
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ืื ื—ื ื• ื’ื ืžื‘ื™ืื™ื ื‘ื›ื•ื•ื ื” ืฆืžื—ื™ื ื•ื—ื™ื•ืช ืื™ืชื ื•,
04:03
rarely considering the consequences.
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ืœืขื™ืชื™ื ืจื—ืงื•ืช ื—ื•ืฉื‘ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื”ืฉืœื›ื•ืช.
04:06
But now that we're learning more
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ืื‘ืœ ืขื›ืฉื™ื• ื›ืฉืœืžื“ื ื• ื™ื•ืชืจ
04:08
about the effects of invasive species on ecosystems,
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ืขืœ ื”ื”ืฉืคืขื•ืช ืฉืœ ืžื™ื ื™ื ืคื•ืœืฉื™ื ืขืœ ืžืขืจื›ื•ืช ืžื—ื™ื”,
04:11
many governments closely monitor the transport of plants and animals,
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ื”ืจื‘ื” ืžืžืฉืœื•ืช ืžื ื˜ืจื•ืช ื‘ืงืคื™ื“ื” ืืช ื”ื”ื•ื‘ืœื” ืฉืœ ืฆืžื—ื™ื ื•ื—ื™ื•ืช,
04:15
and ban the imports of certain organisms.
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ื•ืื•ืกืจื•ืช ืขืœ ื™ื‘ื•ื ืฉืœ ืื•ืจื’ื ื™ื–ืžื™ื ืžืกื•ื™ื™ืžื™ื.
04:18
But could the species with the most drastic environmental impact
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ืื‘ืœ ื”ืื ื”ืžื™ืŸ ืขื ื”ื”ืฉืคืขื•ืช ื”ืกื‘ื™ื‘ืชื™ื•ืช ื”ื›ื™ ื“ืจืกื˜ื™ื•ืช
04:22
be a group of primates who emerged from Africa to cover most of the world?
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ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืงื‘ื•ืฆืช ืงื•ืคื™ ืื“ื ืฉื”ื’ื™ืขื• ืžืืคืจื™ืงื” ื•ื›ื™ืกื• ืืช ื›ืœ ื”ืขื•ืœื?
04:26
Are we an invasive species?
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ื”ืื ืื ื—ื ื• ืžื™ืŸ ืคื•ืœืฉ?
ืขืœ ืืชืจ ื–ื”

ืืชืจ ื–ื” ื™ืฆื™ื’ ื‘ืคื ื™ื›ื ืกืจื˜ื•ื ื™ YouTube ื”ืžื•ืขื™ืœื™ื ืœืœื™ืžื•ื“ ืื ื’ืœื™ืช. ืชื•ื›ืœื• ืœืจืื•ืช ืฉื™ืขื•ืจื™ ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืขื‘ืจื™ื ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืžื•ืจื™ื ืžื”ืฉื•ืจื” ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื” ืžืจื—ื‘ื™ ื”ืขื•ืœื. ืœื—ืฅ ืคืขืžื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืฆื’ื•ืช ื‘ื›ืœ ื“ืฃ ื•ื™ื“ืื• ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ ืžืฉื. ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื’ื•ืœืœื•ืช ื‘ืกื ื›ืจื•ืŸ ืขื ื”ืคืขืœืช ื”ื•ื•ื™ื“ืื•. ืื ื™ืฉ ืœืš ื”ืขืจื•ืช ืื• ื‘ืงืฉื•ืช, ืื ื ืฆื•ืจ ืื™ืชื ื• ืงืฉืจ ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ื˜ื•ืคืก ื™ืฆื™ืจืช ืงืฉืจ ื–ื”.

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