Mysteries of vernacular: Zero - Jessica Oreck and Rachael Teel

84,333 views ใƒป 2013-08-01

TED-Ed


ืื ื ืœื—ืฅ ืคืขืžื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ืœืžื˜ื” ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ.

ืชืจื’ื•ื: Ido Dekkers ืขืจื™ื›ื”: Sigal Tifferet
00:06
Mysteries of vernacular:
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ืžืกืชืจื™ ื”ื™ื•ื ื™ื•ืžื™:
00:08
Zero,
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ืืคืก (ื–ื™ืจื•),
00:10
a number that indicates an absence of units.
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ืžืกืคืจ ืฉืžืกืžืœ ื”ื™ืขื“ืจ ื™ื—ื™ื“ื•ืช.
00:13
In order to understand the genesis of the word zero,
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ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ื‘ื™ืŸ ืืช ืžืงื•ืจ ื”ืžื™ืœื” ืืคืก,
00:17
we must begin with the very origins of counting.
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ืื ื—ื ื• ืฆืจื™ื›ื™ื ืœื”ืชื—ื™ืœ ื‘ืžืงื•ืจื•ืช ื”ืกืคื™ืจื”.
00:20
The earliest known archaeological evidence of counting
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ื”ืขื“ื•ืช ื”ืืจื›ื™ืื•ืœื•ื’ื™ืช ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื” ืœืกืคื™ืจื”
00:24
dates back approximately 37,000 years
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ืžืชื•ืืจื›ืช ื‘ืขืจืš ืœืœืคื ื™ 37,000 ืฉื ื”,
00:28
and is merely a series of notches in bone.
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ื•ื”ื™ื ื‘ืกืš ื”ื›ืœ ืกื“ืจื” ืฉืœ ื—ืจื™ืฆื™ื ื‘ืขืฆื.
00:31
It wasn't until around 2500 B.C.
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ืจืง ื‘- 2500 ืœืคื ื™ ื”ืกืคื™ืจื”
00:35
that the first written number system
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ืžืขืจื›ืช ื”ืžืกืคืจื™ื ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื” ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื”
00:37
began to take form in Mesopotamia,
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ื”ื—ืœื” ืœื”ื™ื•ื•ืฆืจ ื‘ืžืกื•ืคื•ื˜ืžื™ื”,
00:40
using the units one, ten, and sixty.
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ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืฉื™ืžื•ืฉ ื‘ื™ื—ื™ื“ื•ืช ืฉืœ ืื—ืช, ืขืฉืจ ื•ืฉื™ืฉื™ื.
00:45
Fast forward another three millennia
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ื ืงืคื•ืฅ ืงื“ื™ืžื” ืฉืœื•ืฉื” ืืœืคื™ื
00:47
to seventh century India
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ืœื”ื•ื“ื• ื‘ืžืื” ื”ืฉื‘ื™ืขื™ืช,
00:49
where mathematicians used a single dot
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ืฉื ืžืชืžื˜ื™ืงืื™ื ื”ืฉืชืžืฉื• ื‘ื ืงื•ื“ื” ื”ื‘ื•ื“ื“ืช
00:52
to distinguish between numbers
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ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ื‘ื“ื™ืœ ื‘ื™ืŸ ืžืกืคืจื™ื
00:53
like 25, 205, and 250.
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ื›ืžื• 25, 205, ื• 250.
00:59
Employed as both a placeholder and a number,
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ื’ื ื›ืžืžืœืืช ืžืงื•ื ื•ื’ื ื›ืžืกืคืจ,
01:02
this all-powerful dot eventually morphed
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ื”ื ืงื•ื“ื” ื”ื—ื–ืงื” ื”ื–ื• ื”ืฉืชื ืชื” ื‘ืกื•ืคื• ืฉืœ ื“ื‘ืจ
01:05
into the symbol we know today.
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ืœืกื™ืžืŸ ืฉืื ื—ื ื• ืžื›ื™ืจื™ื ื”ื™ื•ื.
01:07
The word zero comes from the Arabic safira,
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ืžืงื•ืจ ื”ืžื™ืœื” ื–ื™ืจื• (ืืคืก) ืžื”ืžื™ืœื” ื”ืขืจื‘ื™ืช ืกืคืจื”,
01:11
whose literal translation is empty.
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ืฉืชื™ืจื’ื•ืžื” ื”ืžื™ืœื•ืœื™ ื”ื•ื ืจื™ืง.
01:15
Passing through Italian as zefiro,
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ื”ืžื™ืœื” ืขื‘ืจื” ืœืื™ื˜ืœืงื™ืช ื›ื–ืคื™ืจื•,
01:17
zero came into English in the seventeenth century.
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ื•ื ื›ื ืกื” ืœืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื›ื–ื™ืจื• ื‘ืžืื” ื”-17.
01:22
A second descendant of the Arabic root
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ืฆืืฆื ืฉื ื™ ืฉืœ ื”ืฉื•ืจืฉ ื”ืขืจื‘ื™
01:24
was adopted into English through old French
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ืื•ืžืฆื” ืœืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื“ืจืš ืฆืจืคืชื™ืช ืขืชื™ืงื”
01:27
as the word cipher.
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ื›ืžื™ืœื” ืกื™ื™ืคืจ.
01:30
Originally sharing the meaning empty with zero,
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ื‘ืžืงื•ืจ ืกื™ื™ืคืจ ื—ืœืงื” ืžืฉืžืขื•ืช ืฉืœ ืจื™ืง ืขื ื–ื™ืจื•,
01:33
cipher later came to describe a code,
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ืืš ืžืื•ื—ืจ ื™ื•ืชืจ ื”ืคื›ื” ืœืชื™ืื•ืจ ืฉืœ ืงื•ื“,
01:36
as early codes often used complicated substitutions
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ื›ืฉืงื•ื“ื™ื ืžื•ืงื“ืžื™ื ื”ืจื‘ื• ืœื”ื—ืœื™ืฃ
01:39
between letters and numbers.
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ื‘ื™ืŸ ืื•ืชื™ื•ืช ื•ืžืกืคืจื™ื.
01:42
From this shared empty origin,
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ืžื”ืžืงื•ืจ ื”ืžืฉื•ืชืฃ ืฉืœ ืจื™ืง,
01:44
zero continues to represent the number
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ื–ื™ืจื• ืžืžืฉื™ื›ื” ืœื™ื™ืฆื’ ืืช ื”ืžืกืคืจ
01:48
that represents nothing.
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ืฉืžื™ื™ืฆื’ ื›ืœื•ื.
ืขืœ ืืชืจ ื–ื”

ืืชืจ ื–ื” ื™ืฆื™ื’ ื‘ืคื ื™ื›ื ืกืจื˜ื•ื ื™ YouTube ื”ืžื•ืขื™ืœื™ื ืœืœื™ืžื•ื“ ืื ื’ืœื™ืช. ืชื•ื›ืœื• ืœืจืื•ืช ืฉื™ืขื•ืจื™ ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืขื‘ืจื™ื ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืžื•ืจื™ื ืžื”ืฉื•ืจื” ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื” ืžืจื—ื‘ื™ ื”ืขื•ืœื. ืœื—ืฅ ืคืขืžื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืฆื’ื•ืช ื‘ื›ืœ ื“ืฃ ื•ื™ื“ืื• ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ ืžืฉื. ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื’ื•ืœืœื•ืช ื‘ืกื ื›ืจื•ืŸ ืขื ื”ืคืขืœืช ื”ื•ื•ื™ื“ืื•. ืื ื™ืฉ ืœืš ื”ืขืจื•ืช ืื• ื‘ืงืฉื•ืช, ืื ื ืฆื•ืจ ืื™ืชื ื• ืงืฉืจ ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ื˜ื•ืคืก ื™ืฆื™ืจืช ืงืฉืจ ื–ื”.

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