Hawking's black hole paradox explained - Fabio Pacucci

3,757,519 views ใƒป 2019-10-22

TED-Ed


ืื ื ืœื—ืฅ ืคืขืžื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ืœืžื˜ื” ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ.

ืชืจื’ื•ื: Shlomo Adam ืขืจื™ื›ื”: Ido Dekkers
00:06
Scientists work on the boundaries of the unknown,
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ืžื“ืขื ื™ื ืคื•ืขืœื™ื ืขืœ ื’ื‘ื•ืœ ื”ื‘ืœืชื™-ื ื•ื“ืข,
00:10
where every new piece of knowledge forms a path into a void of uncertainty.
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ื›ืฉื›ืœ ื™ื“ืข ื—ื“ืฉ ืคื•ืชื— ืฉืขืจ ืœื—ืœืœ ืฉืœ ืื™-ื•ื“ืื•ืช.
00:15
And nothing is more uncertainโ€“
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ื•ืื™ืŸ ื“ื‘ืจ ืขื ื™ื•ืชืจ ื—ื•ืกืจ-ื•ื“ืื•ืช--
00:17
or potentially enlighteningโ€“ than a paradox.
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ืื• ืคื•ื˜ื ืฆื™ืืœ ืœื”ืื™ืจ ืขื™ื ื™ื™ื -- ืžืืฉืจ ืคืจื“ื•ืงืก.
00:21
Throughout history,
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ืœื›ืœ ืื•ืจืš ื”ื”ื™ืกื˜ื•ืจื™ื”,
00:22
paradoxes have threatened to undermine everything we know,
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ืคืจื“ื•ืงืกื™ื ืื™ื™ืžื• ืœื—ืชื•ืจ ืชื—ืช ื›ืœ ืžื” ืฉื™ื“ื•ืข ืœื ื•,
00:26
and just as often, theyโ€™ve reshaped our understanding of the world.
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ื•ืœืขืชื™ื ืงืจื•ื‘ื•ืช ืžืื“ ื”ื ืขื™ืฆื‘ื• ืžื—ื“ืฉ ืืช ื”ื‘ื ืช ื”ืขื•ืœื ืฉืœื ื•.
00:30
Today, one of the biggest paradoxes in the universe
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ื›ื™ื•ื, ืื—ื“ ื”ืคืจื“ื•ืงืกื™ื ื”ื’ื“ื•ืœื™ื ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ื‘ื™ืงื•ื
00:34
threatens to unravel the fields of general relativity and quantum mechanics:
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ืžืื™ื™ื ืœืขืจืขืจ ืืช ื”ื™ื—ืกื•ืช ื”ื›ืœืœื™ืช ื•ืืช ืžื›ื ื™ืงืช ื”ืงื•ื•ื ื˜ื™ื:
00:39
the black hole information paradox.
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ืคืจื“ื•ืงืก ื”ืžื™ื“ืข ืฉืœ ื—ื•ืจื™ื ืฉื—ื•ืจื™ื.
00:43
To understand this paradox,
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ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ื‘ื™ืŸ ืคืจื“ื•ืงืก ื–ื”,
00:44
we first need to define what we mean by "information."
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ืขืœื™ื ื• ืœื”ื’ื“ื™ืจ ืชื—ื™ืœื” ืžื”ื• "ืžื™ื“ืข".
00:48
Typically, the information we talk about is visible to the naked eye.
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ื‘ื“"ื›, ื”ืžื™ื“ืข ืฉืื ื• ืžื›ื™ืจื™ื ื’ืœื•ื™ ืœืขื™ืŸ ื”ืขื™ืจื•ืžื”.
00:52
For example,
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ืœืžืฉืœ,
00:53
this kind of information tells us that an apple is red, round, and shiny.
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ืžื™ื“ืข ื›ื–ื” ืื•ืžืจ ืœื ื• ืฉื”ืชืคื•ื— ื”ื•ื ืื“ื•ื, ืขื’ื•ืœ ื•ืžื‘ืจื™ืง.
00:58
But physicists are more concerned with quantum information.
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ืื‘ืœ ื”ืคื™ื–ื™ืงืื™ื ืžืชืขื ื™ื™ื ื™ื ื™ื•ืชืจ ื‘ืžื™ื“ืข ื”ืงื•ื•ื ื˜ื™.
01:02
This refers to the quantum properties of all the particles that make up that apple,
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ืžื“ื•ื‘ืจ ื‘ืชื›ื•ื ื•ืช ื”ืงื•ื•ื ื˜ื™ื•ืช ืฉืœ ื›ืœ ื—ืœืงื™ืงื™ ื”ืชืคื•ื—,
01:07
such as their position, velocity and spin.
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ื›ืžื• ื”ืžื™ืงื•ื, ื”ืžื”ื™ืจื•ืช ื•ื”ืกื—ืจื•ืจ ืฉืœื”ื.
01:11
Every object in the universe is composed
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ื›ืœ ืขืฆื ื‘ื™ืงื•ื ืžื•ืจื›ื‘ ืžื—ืœืงื™ืงื™ื ื‘ืขืœื™ ืชื›ื•ื ื•ืช ืงื•ื•ื ื˜ื™ื•ืช ื™ื™ื—ื•ื“ื™ื•ืช.
01:13
of particles with unique quantum properties.
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01:17
This idea is evoked most significantly in a vital law of physics:
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ืจืขื™ื•ืŸ ื–ื” ืžื•ืžื—ืฉ ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ื”ื›ื™ ืžืฉืžืขื•ืชื™ ื‘ื—ื•ืง ืคื™ื–ื™ืงื” ืžืจื›ื–ื™:
01:23
the total amount of quantum information in the Universe must be conserved.
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ื—ื•ืง ืฉื™ืžื•ืจ ืกืš ื›ืœ ื”ืžื™ื“ืข ื”ืงื•ื•ื ื˜ื™ ืฉื‘ื™ืงื•ื.
01:28
Even if you destroy an object beyond recognition,
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ืืคื™ืœื• ืื ืžืฉืžื™ื“ื™ื ืขืฆื ื›ืœืฉื”ื• ืขื“ ื›ืœื•ืช,
01:31
its quantum information is never permanently deleted.
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ื”ืžื™ื“ืข ื”ืงื•ื•ื ื˜ื™ ืฉืœื• ืื™ื ื ื• ื ืžื—ืง ืœื ืฆื—.
01:35
And theoretically, knowledge of that information
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ื•ืœื”ืœื›ื”, ื™ื“ื™ืขืช ื”ืžื™ื“ืข ื”ื–ื”
01:38
would allow us to recreate the object from its particle components.
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ืชืืคืฉืจ ืœื ื• ืœืฉื—ื–ืจ ืืช ื”ืขืฆื ืžื”ื—ืœืงื™ืงื™ื ื”ืžืจื›ื™ื‘ื™ื ืื•ืชื•.
01:42
Conservation of information isnโ€™t just an arbitrary rule,
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ืขืงืจื•ืŸ ืฉื™ืžื•ืจ ื”ืžื™ื“ืข ืื™ื ื ื• ืกืชื ื—ื•ืง ืฉืจื™ืจื•ืชื™,
01:46
but a mathematical necessity, upon which much of modern science is built.
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ืืœื ื›ื•ืจื— ืžืชืžื˜ื™ ืฉืขืœื™ื• ืžื‘ื•ืกืก ื”ืจื‘ื” ืžื”ืžื“ืข ื”ืžื•ื“ืจื ื™.
01:50
But around black holes, those foundations get shaken.
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ืื‘ืœ ื‘ืกื‘ื™ื‘ืช ื—ื•ืจื™ื ืฉื—ื•ืจื™ื ื”ื™ืกื•ื“ื•ืช ื”ืืœื” ืžืชืขืจืขืจื™ื.
01:55
When an apple enters a black hole,
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ื›ืฉืชืคื•ื— ื ื›ื ืก ืœื—ื•ืจ ืฉื—ื•ืจ
01:57
it seems as though it leaves the universe,
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ื ืจืื” ื›ืื™ืœื• ื”ื•ื ืขื•ื–ื‘ ืืช ื”ื™ืงื•ื,
02:00
and all its quantum information becomes irretrievably lost.
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ื•ื›ืœ ื”ืžื™ื“ืข ื”ืงื•ื•ื ื˜ื™ ืฉืœื• ืื•ื‘ื“ ืœืœื ื™ื›ื•ืœืช ืฉื—ื–ื•ืจ.
02:04
However, this doesnโ€™t immediately break the laws of physics.
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ืื•ืœื ื–ื” ืœื ืžืคืจ ืžื™ื“ ืืช ื—ื•ืงื™ ื”ืคื™ื–ื™ืงื”.
02:08
The information is out of sight,
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ื”ืžื™ื“ืข ืื•ื‘ื“ ืžืŸ ื”ืขื™ืŸ,
02:10
but it might still exist within the black holeโ€™s mysterious void.
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ืื‘ืœ ื™ื™ืชื›ืŸ ืฉื”ื•ื ืขื•ื“ื ื• ืงื™ื™ื ื‘ืจื™ืง ื”ืžืกืชื•ืจื™ ืฉืœ ื”ื—ื•ืจ ื”ืฉื—ื•ืจ.
02:14
Alternatively, some theories suggest
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ืœื—ื™ืœื•ืคื™ืŸ, ื™ืฉ ืชื™ืื•ืจื™ื•ืช ืฉื˜ื•ืขื ื•ืช
02:17
that information doesnโ€™t even make it inside the black hole at all.
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ืฉื”ืžื™ื“ืข ืืคื™ืœื• ืœื ื ื›ื ืก ืืœ ื”ื—ื•ืจ ื”ืฉื—ื•ืจ.
02:21
Seen from outside, itโ€™s as if the appleโ€™s quantum information
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ืžื‘ื—ื•ืฅ ื ืจืื” ื›ืื™ืœื• ื”ืžื™ื“ืข ื”ืงื•ื•ื ื˜ื™ ืฉืœ ื”ืชืคื•ื—
02:24
is encoded on the surface layer of the black hole, called the event horizon.
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ืžืชืงื•ื“ื“ ื‘ืฉื›ื‘ื” ื”ื—ื™ืฆื•ื ื™ืช ืฉืœ ื”ื—ื•ืจ ื”ืฉื—ื•ืจ, "ืื•ืคืง ื”ืื™ืจื•ืขื™ื".
02:30
As the black holeโ€™s mass increases,
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ื›ืฉืžืกืชื• ืฉืœ ื”ื—ื•ืจ ื”ืฉื—ื•ืจ ื’ื“ืœื”,
02:32
the surface of the event horizon increases as well.
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ื’ื“ืœื™ื ื’ื ืคื ื™ ื”ืฉื˜ื— ืฉืœ ืื•ืคืง ื”ืื™ืจื•ืขื™ื.
02:35
So itโ€™s possible that as a black hole swallows an object,
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ืœื›ืŸ, ื™ื™ืชื›ืŸ ืฉื›ืืฉืจ ื—ื•ืจ ืฉื—ื•ืจ ื‘ื•ืœืข ืขืฆื ื›ืœืฉื”ื•,
02:39
it also grows large enough to conserve the objectโ€™s quantum information.
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ื”ื•ื ื’ื ื’ื“ืœ ื‘ืžื™ื“ื” ืฉืžืืคืฉืจืช ืœืฉืžืจ ืืช ื”ืžื™ื“ืข ื”ืงื•ื•ื ื˜ื™ ืฉืœ ืื•ืชื• ืขืฆื.
02:44
But whether information is conserved inside the black hole or on its surface,
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ืื‘ืœ ื‘ื™ืŸ ืื ื”ืžื™ื“ืข ื ืฉืžืจ ื‘ื—ื•ืจ ื”ืฉื—ื•ืจ ืื• ืขืœ ืคื ื™ ื”ืฉื˜ื— ืฉืœื•,
02:49
the laws of physics remain intactโ€“
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ื—ื•ืงื™ ื”ืคื™ื–ื™ืงื” ื ื•ืชืจื™ื ื‘ืขื™ื ื--
02:51
until you account for Hawking Radiation.
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ืขื“ ืฉืžื—ืฉื‘ื™ื ืืช ืงืจื™ื ืช ื”ื•ืงื™ื ื’.
02:55
Discovered by Stephen Hawking in 1974,
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ืœืคื™ ืชื•ืคืขื” ื–ื•, ืฉืกื˜ื™ื‘ืŸ ื”ื•ืงื™ื ื’ ื’ื™ืœื” ื‘-1974,
02:58
this phenomenon shows that black holes are gradually evaporating.
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ื—ื•ืจื™ื ืฉื—ื•ืจื™ื ืžืชื ื“ืคื™ื ื‘ื”ื“ืจื’ื”.
03:03
Over incredibly long periods of time
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ื‘ืžืฉืš ืคืจืงื™ ื–ืžืŸ ืžืžื•ืฉื›ื™ื ืœื”ืคืœื™ื
03:05
black holes lose mass as they shed particles away from their event horizons.
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ื—ื•ืจื™ื ืฉื—ื•ืจื™ื ืžืื‘ื“ื™ื ืžืžืกืชื ื•ืžืฉื™ืจื™ื ื—ืœืงื™ืงื™ื ืžืื•ืคืง ื”ืื™ืจื•ืขื™ื ืฉืœื”ื.
03:10
Critically, it seems as though the evaporating particles
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ื‘ืขื™ืงืจ, ื ืจืื” ื›ืื™ืœื• ื”ื—ืœืงื™ืงื™ื ื”ืžืชื ื“ืคื™ื
03:14
are unrelated to the information the black hole encodesโ€“
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ืื™ื ื ืงืฉื•ืจื™ื ืœืžื™ื“ืข ืฉืงื•ื“ื“ ื”ื—ื•ืจ ื”ืฉื—ื•ืจ--
03:17
suggesting that a black hole and all the quantum information it contains
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ื›ืœื•ืžืจ, ื”ื—ื•ืจ ื”ืฉื—ื•ืจ ื•ื›ืœ ื”ืžื™ื“ืข ื”ืงื•ื•ื ื˜ื™ ืฉื”ื•ื ืžื›ื™ืœ
03:22
could be completely erased.
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ืžืกื•ื’ืœื™ื ืœื”ื™ืžื—ืง ื›ืœื™ืœ.
03:25
Does that quantum information truly disappear?
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ื”ืื ื”ืžื™ื“ืข ื”ืงื•ื•ื ื˜ื™ ืื›ืŸ ื ืขืœื?
03:28
If not, where does it go?
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ื•ืื ืœื, ืœืืŸ ื”ื•ื ื”ื•ืœืš?
03:30
While the evaporation process would take an incredibly long time,
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ื”ื’ื ืฉืชื”ืœื™ืš ื”ื”ืชื ื“ืคื•ืช ืขืฉื•ื™ ืœืืจื•ืš ื–ืžืŸ ืžืžื•ืฉืš ืœื”ืคืœื™ื,
03:34
the questions it raises for physics are far more urgent.
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ื”ืฉืืœื” ืฉื”ื•ื ืžืขื•ืจืจ ืžื‘ื—ื™ื ื” ืคื™ื–ื™ืงืœื™ืช ื“ื—ื•ืคื” ื”ืจื‘ื” ื™ื•ืชืจ.
03:38
The destruction of information
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ื”ืจืก ื”ืžื™ื“ืข
03:39
would force us to rewrite some of our most fundamental scientific paradigms.
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ื™ืืœืฅ ืื•ืชื ื• ืœืฉื›ืชื‘ ื›ืžื” ืคืจื“ื™ื’ืžื•ืช ืžื“ืขื™ื•ืช ื™ืกื•ื“ื™ื•ืช ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ.
03:44
But fortunately, in science,
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ืืš ืœืžืจื‘ื” ื”ืžื–ืœ, ื‘ืžื“ืข,
03:46
every paradox is an opportunity for new discoveries.
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ื‘ื›ืœ ืคืจื“ื•ืงืก ื˜ืžื•ื ื” ื”ื–ื“ืžื ื•ืช ืœืชื’ืœื™ื•ืช ื—ื“ืฉื•ืช.
03:51
Researchers are investigating a broad range of possible solutions
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ื—ื•ืงืจื™ื ื‘ื•ื“ืงื™ื ืงืฉืช ืจื—ื‘ื” ืฉืœ ืคืชืจื•ื ื•ืช ืืคืฉืจื™ื™ื
03:54
to the Information Paradox.
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ืœืคืจื“ื•ืงืก ื”ืžื™ื“ืข.
03:56
Some have theorized
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ืœืคื™ ื›ืžื” ืžื”ืชื™ืื•ืจื™ื•ืช ืฉืœื”ื
03:58
that information actually is encoded in the escaping radiation,
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ื”ืžื™ื“ืข ืžืงื•ื“ื“ ื“ื•ื•ืงื ื‘ืงืจื™ื ื” ื”ื ืคืœื˜ืช
04:02
in some way we canโ€™t yet understand.
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ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ืฉืขื“ื™ื™ืŸ ืื™ื ื ื• ืžื‘ื™ื ื™ื.
04:04
Others have suggested the paradox is just a misunderstanding
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ืœืคื™ ืชื™ืื•ืจื™ื•ืช ืื—ืจื•ืช, ื”ืคืจื“ื•ืงืก ื”ื•ื ืจืง ืื™-ื”ื‘ื ื”
04:08
of how general relativity and quantum field theory interact.
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ืฉืœ ื”ืื™ื ื˜ืจืืงืฆื™ื” ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ื™ื—ืกื•ืช ื”ื›ืœืœื™ืช ืœืชื•ืจืช ื”ืฉื“ื” ื”ืงื•ื•ื ื˜ื™.
04:12
Respectively,
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ืฉืชื™ ื”ืชื™ืื•ืจื™ื•ืช ื”ืœืœื•, ื‘ื”ืชืืžื”,
04:13
these two theories describe the largest and smallest physical phenomena,
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ืžืชืืจื•ืช ืืช ื”ืชื•ืคืขื•ืช ื”ืคื™ื–ื™ืงืœื™ื•ืช ื”ื’ื“ื•ืœื•ืช ื•ื”ืงื˜ื ื•ืช ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ,
04:18
and theyโ€™re notoriously difficult to combine.
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ื•ื”ืฉื™ืœื•ื‘ ื‘ื™ื ื™ื”ืŸ ืงืฉื” ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ื™ื“ื•ืข ืœืฉืžืฆื”.
04:20
Some researchers argue that a solution to this and many other paradoxes
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ื™ืฉ ื—ื•ืงืจื™ื ืฉื˜ื•ืขื ื™ื ืฉืคืชืจื•ืŸ ืœืคืจื“ื•ืงืก ื–ื” ื•ืจื‘ื™ื ืื—ืจื™ื
04:25
will come naturally with a โ€œunified theory of everything.โ€
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ื™ื•ืคื™ืข ืžืขืฆืžื• ื›ืฉืชื ื•ืกื— "ืชื™ืื•ืจื™ื” ืื—ื•ื“ื” ืฉืœ ื”ื›ืœ."
04:29
But perhaps the most mind-bending theory to come from exploring this paradox
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ืื‘ืœ ื”ืชื™ืื•ืจื™ื” ื”ื›ื™ ืžื˜ืจื™ืคื” ืฉืขื•ืœื” ืžื—ืงื™ืจืช ื”ืคืจื“ื•ืงืก ื”ื–ื”
04:33
is the holographic principle.
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ื”ื™ื ื”ืขืงืจื•ืŸ ื”ื”ื•ืœื•ื’ืจืคื™.
04:36
Expanding on the idea that the 2D surface of an event horizon
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ืขืœ ืกืžืš ื”ืจืขื™ื•ืŸ ื”ืื•ืžืจ ืฉืžืฉื˜ื— ื“ื•-ืžื™ืžื“ื™ ืฉืœ ืื•ืคืง ืื™ืจื•ืขื™ื
04:39
can store quantum information,
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ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœืื—ืกืŸ ืžื™ื“ืข ืงื•ื•ื ื˜ื™,
04:41
this principle suggests that the very boundary of the observable universe
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ืงื•ื‘ืข ืขืงืจื•ืŸ ื–ื” ืฉื’ื‘ื•ืœ ื”ื™ืงื•ื ื”ื ืฆืคื” ืขืฆืžื•
04:46
is also a 2D surface encoded with information
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ื’ื ื”ื•ื ืžืฉื˜ื— ื“ื•-ืžื™ืžื“ื™ ืฉืขืœื™ื• ืžืงื•ื“ื“ ืžื™ื“ืข
04:50
about real, 3D objects.
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ืขืœ ืขืฆืžื™ื ืžืžืฉื™ื™ื ื•ืชืœืช-ืžื™ืžื“ื™ื™ื.
04:53
If this is true, itโ€™s possible that reality as we know it
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ืื ื–ื” ื ื›ื•ืŸ, ื™ื™ืชื›ืŸ ืฉื”ืžืฆื™ืื•ืช ื”ืžื•ื›ืจืช ืœื ื•
04:57
is just a holographic projection of that information.
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ื”ื™ื ืจืง ื”ืงืจื ื” ื”ื•ืœื•ื’ืจืคื™ืช ืฉืœ ืžื™ื“ืข ื–ื”.
05:01
If proven, any of these theories would open up new questions to explore,
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ื›ืœ ืื—ืช ืžืชื™ืื•ืจื™ื•ืช ืืœื”, ื‘ืžื™ื“ื” ื•ืชื•ื›ื—, ืžืขืœื” ืฉืืœื•ืช ื—ื“ืฉื•ืช ืฉื™ืฉ ืœื‘ื—ื•ืŸ,
05:05
while still preserving our current models of the universe.
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ืžื‘ืœื™ ืœืคื’ื•ืข ื‘ืžื•ื“ืœื™ื ื”ืงื™ื™ืžื™ื ืฉืœ ื”ื™ืงื•ื.
05:09
But itโ€™s also possible that those models are wrong!
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ืื‘ืœ ื™ื™ืชื›ืŸ ื’ื ืฉื”ืžื•ื“ืœื™ื ื”ืœืœื• ืฉื’ื•ื™ื™ื!
05:12
Either way, this paradox has already helped us take another step
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ื›ืš ืื• ื›ืš, ื”ืคืจื“ื•ืงืก ื”ื–ื” ื›ื‘ืจ ืขื–ืจ ืœื ื• ืœืฆืขื•ื“ ืฆืขื“ ื ื•ืกืฃ
05:16
into the unknown.
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ืœืขื‘ืจ ื”ื‘ืœืชื™-ื ื•ื“ืข.
ืขืœ ืืชืจ ื–ื”

ืืชืจ ื–ื” ื™ืฆื™ื’ ื‘ืคื ื™ื›ื ืกืจื˜ื•ื ื™ YouTube ื”ืžื•ืขื™ืœื™ื ืœืœื™ืžื•ื“ ืื ื’ืœื™ืช. ืชื•ื›ืœื• ืœืจืื•ืช ืฉื™ืขื•ืจื™ ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืขื‘ืจื™ื ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืžื•ืจื™ื ืžื”ืฉื•ืจื” ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื” ืžืจื—ื‘ื™ ื”ืขื•ืœื. ืœื—ืฅ ืคืขืžื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืฆื’ื•ืช ื‘ื›ืœ ื“ืฃ ื•ื™ื“ืื• ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ ืžืฉื. ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื’ื•ืœืœื•ืช ื‘ืกื ื›ืจื•ืŸ ืขื ื”ืคืขืœืช ื”ื•ื•ื™ื“ืื•. ืื ื™ืฉ ืœืš ื”ืขืจื•ืช ืื• ื‘ืงืฉื•ืช, ืื ื ืฆื•ืจ ืื™ืชื ื• ืงืฉืจ ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ื˜ื•ืคืก ื™ืฆื™ืจืช ืงืฉืจ ื–ื”.

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