Hawking's black hole paradox explained - Fabio Pacucci

3,776,539 views

2019-10-22 ・ TED-Ed


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Hawking's black hole paradox explained - Fabio Pacucci

3,776,539 views ・ 2019-10-22

TED-Ed


μ•„λž˜ μ˜λ¬Έμžλ§‰μ„ λ”λΈ”ν΄λ¦­ν•˜μ‹œλ©΄ μ˜μƒμ΄ μž¬μƒλ©λ‹ˆλ‹€.

λ²ˆμ—­: Jina LEE κ²€ν† : Seoyoon Jung
00:06
Scientists work on the boundaries of the unknown,
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κ³Όν•™μžλ“€μ€ λ―Έμ§€μ˜ 경계λ₯Ό νƒκ΅¬ν•©λ‹ˆλ‹€.
00:10
where every new piece of knowledge forms a path into a void of uncertainty.
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μƒˆλ‘œμš΄ μ§€μ‹μ˜ 쑰각을 μ°Ύμ•„ μ§„λ¦¬λ‘œ ν–₯ν•˜λŠ” 길을 μ—΄μ£ .
00:15
And nothing is more uncertain–
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μ΄λ•Œ λΆˆν™•μ‹€μ„±μ΄ λ†’μœΌλ©΄μ„œλ„ μƒˆλ‘œμš΄ 발견의 κ°€λŠ₯성을 μ£ΌλŠ” 것이
00:17
or potentially enlightening– than a paradox.
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λ°”λ‘œ μ—­μ„€μž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
00:21
Throughout history,
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역사λ₯Ό 톡틀어,
00:22
paradoxes have threatened to undermine everything we know,
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역섀듀은 μš°λ¦¬κ°€ μ•„λŠ” λͺ¨λ“  μ‚¬μ‹€μ˜ κΈ°λ°˜μ„ λ’€ν”λ“€μ—ˆκ³ 
00:26
and just as often, they’ve reshaped our understanding of the world.
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μš°λ¦¬κ°€ μ•Œκ³  μžˆλŠ” 세계λ₯Ό λ°”κΏ” 놓기도 ν–ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
00:30
Today, one of the biggest paradoxes in the universe
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μ˜€λŠ˜λ‚  온 μš°μ£Όμ—μ„œ κ°€μž₯ μœ„λŒ€ν•œ μ—­μ„€ 쀑 ν•˜λ‚˜κ°€
00:34
threatens to unravel the fields of general relativity and quantum mechanics:
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일반 μƒλŒ€μ„±μ΄λ‘ κ³Ό μ–‘μžμ—­ν•™ λΆ„μ•Όμ˜ 비밀을 ν‘ΈλŠ” 데 λ„μ „ν•˜κ³  μžˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
00:39
the black hole information paradox.
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λ°”λ‘œ λΈ”λž™ν™€ μ •λ³΄μ˜ μ—­μ„€μž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
00:43
To understand this paradox,
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이 역섀을 μ΄ν•΄ν•˜κΈ° μœ„ν•΄μ„œλŠ”
00:44
we first need to define what we mean by "information."
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μš°μ„  '정보'λ₯Ό μ •μ˜ν•  ν•„μš”κ°€ μžˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
00:48
Typically, the information we talk about is visible to the naked eye.
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일반적으둜 μš°λ¦¬κ°€ λ§ν•˜λŠ” μ •λ³΄λŠ” 맨 λˆˆμœΌλ‘œλ„ λ³Ό 수 μžˆλŠ” κ²ƒμž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
00:52
For example,
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예λ₯Ό λ“€μžλ©΄
00:53
this kind of information tells us that an apple is red, round, and shiny.
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사과에 λŒ€ν•΄ μ•Œ 수 μžˆλŠ” μ •λ³΄λŠ” λΉ¨κ°›κ³ , λ‘₯κΈ€κ³ , λ§€λˆν•˜λ‹€λŠ” 것이죠.
00:58
But physicists are more concerned with quantum information.
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ν•˜μ§€λ§Œ λ¬Όλ¦¬ν•™μžλ“€μ€ μ–‘μž 정보에 더 큰 관심을 κ°€μ§‘λ‹ˆλ‹€.
01:02
This refers to the quantum properties of all the particles that make up that apple,
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사과λ₯Ό κ΅¬μ„±ν•˜λŠ” λͺ¨λ“  μž…μžλ“€μ˜ μ–‘μžμ  νŠΉμ„±μ„ λ§ν•˜λ©°
01:07
such as their position, velocity and spin.
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μœ„μΉ˜, 속도, νšŒμ „ 같은 μ •λ³΄μž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
01:11
Every object in the universe is composed
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μš°μ£Όμ— μžˆλŠ” λͺ¨λ“  사물은
01:13
of particles with unique quantum properties.
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λ…νŠΉν•œ μ–‘μž νŠΉμ„±μ„ 가진 μž…μžλ“€λ‘œ κ΅¬μ„±λ˜μ–΄ μžˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
01:17
This idea is evoked most significantly in a vital law of physics:
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이 κ°œλ…μ΄ κ°€μž₯ 잘 λ“œλŸ¬λ‚˜λŠ” λ¬Όλ¦¬ν•™μ˜ μ£Όμš” 법칙이 μžˆλŠ”λ°μš”.
01:23
the total amount of quantum information in the Universe must be conserved.
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μš°μ£Όμ—μ„œ μ–‘μž μ •λ³΄μ˜ μ΄λŸ‰μ€ λ°˜λ“œμ‹œ λ³΄μ‘΄λ˜μ–΄μ•Ό ν•œλ‹€λŠ” κ²ƒμž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
01:28
Even if you destroy an object beyond recognition,
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λ§Œμ•½ μ–΄λ–€ μ‚¬λ¬Όμ˜ ν˜•νƒœκ°€ μ•Œμ•„λ³Ό 수 없을 만큼 νŒŒκ΄΄λ˜λ”λΌλ„
01:31
its quantum information is never permanently deleted.
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κ·Έ μ–‘μž 정보가 영ꡬ적으둜 μ‚­μ œλ˜λŠ” 것은 μ•„λ‹™λ‹ˆλ‹€.
01:35
And theoretically, knowledge of that information
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그리고 μ΄λ‘ μƒμœΌλ‘œλŠ”, κ·Έ μ–‘μž 정보λ₯Ό μ•Œκ³  μžˆλ‹€λ©΄
01:38
would allow us to recreate the object from its particle components.
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μž…μž ꡬ성을 톡해 사물을 λ‹€μ‹œ λ§Œλ“€ 수 μžˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
01:42
Conservation of information isn’t just an arbitrary rule,
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μ •λ³΄μ˜ 보쑴은 λ‹¨μˆœν•œ λ¬΄μž‘μœ„μ˜ κ·œμΉ™μ΄ μ•„λ‹ˆλΌ
01:46
but a mathematical necessity, upon which much of modern science is built.
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ν˜„λŒ€ κ³Όν•™ λŒ€λΆ€λΆ„μ˜ 기반이 λ˜λŠ” μˆ˜ν•™μ  ν•„μš”μ„±μž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
01:50
But around black holes, those foundations get shaken.
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ν•˜μ§€λ§Œ λΈ”λž™ν™€μ— κ΄€ν•΄μ„œλŠ” μ΄λŸ¬ν•œ μ§€μ‹μ˜ κΈ°λ°˜λ„ ν”λ“€λ¦½λ‹ˆλ‹€.
01:55
When an apple enters a black hole,
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사과 ν•œ μ•Œμ΄ λΈ”λž™ν™€μ— λ“€μ–΄κ°€κ²Œ 되면
01:57
it seems as though it leaves the universe,
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μ‚¬κ³ΌλŠ” 마치 우주λ₯Ό λ– λ‚˜κ³ 
02:00
and all its quantum information becomes irretrievably lost.
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κ·Έ μ†μ˜ λͺ¨λ“  μ–‘μž μ •λ³΄λŠ” 영영 사라진 κ²ƒμ²˜λŸΌ λ³΄μž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
02:04
However, this doesn’t immediately break the laws of physics.
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κ·ΈλŸ¬λ‚˜ μ΄λŸ¬ν•œ 상황이 물리 법칙을 κΉ¨λœ¨λ¦¬λŠ” 건 μ•„λ‹™λ‹ˆλ‹€.
02:08
The information is out of sight,
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μ‚¬κ³Όμ˜ μ •λ³΄λŠ” 눈 μ•žμ—μ„œ μ‚¬λΌμ§€μ§€λ§Œ
02:10
but it might still exist within the black hole’s mysterious void.
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λΈ”λž™ν™€μ˜ μ•Œ 수 μ—†λŠ” 곡간 μ†μ—μ„œ μ—¬μ „νžˆ μ‘΄μž¬ν•˜κ³  μžˆμ„ 수 μžˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
02:14
Alternatively, some theories suggest
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λ°˜λŒ€λ‘œ λͺ‡λͺ‡ 이둠듀은
02:17
that information doesn’t even make it inside the black hole at all.
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이 정보가 λΈ”λž™ν™€ μ•ˆμœΌλ‘œ λ“€μ–΄κ°ˆ 수쑰차 μ—†λ‹€κ³  μ£Όμž₯ν•©λ‹ˆλ‹€.
02:21
Seen from outside, it’s as if the apple’s quantum information
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λ°”κΉ₯μ—μ„œ 보면 마치 μ‚¬κ³Όμ˜ μ–‘μž 정보가
02:24
is encoded on the surface layer of the black hole, called the event horizon.
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μ‚¬κ±΄μ˜ μ§€ν‰μ„ μ΄λΌλŠ” λΈ”λž™ν™€μ˜ 경계에 μ•”ν˜Έν™”λ˜μ–΄ μžˆλŠ” κ²ƒμ²˜λŸΌ λ³΄μž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
02:30
As the black hole’s mass increases,
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λΈ”λž™ν™€μ˜ μ§ˆλŸ‰μ΄ μ¦κ°€ν• μˆ˜λ‘
02:32
the surface of the event horizon increases as well.
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μ‚¬κ±΄μ˜ 지평선 ν‘œλ©΄ λ˜ν•œ μ¦κ°€ν•©λ‹ˆλ‹€.
02:35
So it’s possible that as a black hole swallows an object,
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κ·ΈλŸ¬λ―€λ‘œ λΈ”λž™ν™€μ€ 물체λ₯Ό 집어삼킬 λ•Œ
02:39
it also grows large enough to conserve the object’s quantum information.
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물체의 μ–‘μž 정보λ₯Ό 보쑴할 수 μžˆμ„ 만큼 컀질 수 μžˆλ‹€λŠ” κ²ƒμž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
02:44
But whether information is conserved inside the black hole or on its surface,
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ν•˜μ§€λ§Œ 정보가 λΈ”λž™ν™€ 내뢀에 λ³΄μ‘΄λ˜λ“  ν‘œλ©΄ μœ„μ— λ³΄μ‘΄λ˜λ“  간에
02:49
the laws of physics remain intact–
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물리 법칙은 λ³€ν•˜μ§€ μ•ŠμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
02:51
until you account for Hawking Radiation.
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ν˜Έν‚Ή 볡사 이둠이 λ‚˜μ˜€κΈ° μ „κΉŒμ§€λŠ” κ·Έλ ‡μ£ .
02:55
Discovered by Stephen Hawking in 1974,
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1974년에 μŠ€ν‹°λΈ ν˜Έν‚Ήμ΄ λ°œκ²¬ν•œ 이 ν˜„μƒμ€
02:58
this phenomenon shows that black holes are gradually evaporating.
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λΈ”λž™ν™€λ“€μ΄ 점차 μ¦λ°œν•˜κ³  μžˆμŒμ„ λ³΄μ—¬μ€λ‹ˆλ‹€.
03:03
Over incredibly long periods of time
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μ—„μ²­λ‚˜κ²Œ κΈ΄ μ‹œκ°„μ— κ±Έμ³μ„œ
03:05
black holes lose mass as they shed particles away from their event horizons.
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λΈ”λž™ν™€λ“€μ€ μ‚¬κ±΄μ˜ μ§€ν‰μ„ μ—μ„œ μž…μžλ₯Ό λ‚΄λΏœμœΌλ©΄μ„œ μ§ˆλŸ‰μ„ μžƒμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
03:10
Critically, it seems as though the evaporating particles
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λΉ„νŒμ μœΌλ‘œ 보면 μ¦λ°œν•˜λŠ” μž…μžλ“€μ€
03:14
are unrelated to the information the black hole encodes–
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λΈ”λž™ν™€μ΄ μ•”ν˜Έν™”ν•˜λŠ” 정보와 λ¬΄κ΄€ν•˜κ³ 
03:17
suggesting that a black hole and all the quantum information it contains
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λΈ”λž™ν™€κ³Ό κ·Έ μ†μ˜ λͺ¨λ“  μ–‘μž 정보가
03:22
could be completely erased.
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μ™„μ „νžˆ μ‚­μ œλ  수 μžˆλŠ” κ²ƒμ²˜λŸΌ λ³΄μž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
03:25
Does that quantum information truly disappear?
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μ–‘μž μ •λ³΄λŠ” μ •λ§λ‘œ 사라진 κ²ƒμΌκΉŒμš”?
03:28
If not, where does it go?
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그게 μ•„λ‹ˆλΌλ©΄, μ–΄λ””λ‘œ κ°„ κ±ΈκΉŒμš”?
03:30
While the evaporation process would take an incredibly long time,
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이 증발 과정은 ꡉμž₯히 였랜 μ‹œκ°„μ΄ κ±Έλ¦¬κΈ΄ν•˜μ§€λ§Œ,
03:34
the questions it raises for physics are far more urgent.
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λ¬Όλ¦¬ν•™μ—μ„œ λ°œμƒν•˜λŠ” μ§ˆλ¬Έλ“€μ΄ 훨씬 더 μ‹œκΈ‰ν•©λ‹ˆλ‹€.
03:38
The destruction of information
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정보가 μ •λ§λ‘œ μ‚¬λΌμ§€λŠ” 것이라면
03:39
would force us to rewrite some of our most fundamental scientific paradigms.
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μš°λ¦¬λŠ” κ°€μž₯ 근본적인 과학적 κΈ°μ€€μ˜ 일뢀λ₯Ό μˆ˜μ •ν•΄μ•Ό ν•  κ²ƒμž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
03:44
But fortunately, in science,
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κ·ΈλŸ¬λ‚˜ λ‹€ν–‰νžˆλ„
κ³Όν•™μ—μ„œμ˜ λͺ¨λ“  역섀은 μƒˆλ‘œμš΄ λ°œκ²¬μ„ μœ„ν•œ κΈ°νšŒμž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
03:46
every paradox is an opportunity for new discoveries.
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03:51
Researchers are investigating a broad range of possible solutions
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μ—°κ΅¬μžλ“€μ€ μ΄λŸ¬ν•œ 정보 역섀에 λŒ€ν•œ 해닡을 μ°ΎκΈ° μœ„ν•΄
03:54
to the Information Paradox.
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λ‹€μ–‘ν•œ 연ꡬλ₯Ό ν•˜κ³  μžˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
03:56
Some have theorized
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λͺ‡λͺ‡ μ΄λ‘ μ—μ„œλŠ”
03:58
that information actually is encoded in the escaping radiation,
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λΈ”λž™ν™€μ—μ„œ λ‚˜μ˜€λŠ” 방사 μ•ˆμ— 정보가 μ•”ν˜Έν™”λ˜μ–΄ μžˆλ‹€κ³  ν•˜μ§€λ§Œ
04:02
in some way we can’t yet understand.
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아직 μ΄ν•΄ν•˜κΈ° νž˜λ“  뢀뢄도 있죠.
04:04
Others have suggested the paradox is just a misunderstanding
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또 λͺ‡λͺ‡μ€ 이 역섀이 일반 μƒλŒ€μ„± 이둠과 μ–‘μžμž₯ 이둠의
04:08
of how general relativity and quantum field theory interact.
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μƒν˜Έμž‘μš©μ„ 잘λͺ» μ΄ν•΄ν•˜κ³  μžˆλ‹€κ³  μ£Όμž₯ν•©λ‹ˆλ‹€.
04:12
Respectively,
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각각의 두 이둠은
04:13
these two theories describe the largest and smallest physical phenomena,
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κ°€μž₯ 크고, κ°€μž₯ μž‘μ€ 물리 ν˜„μƒλ“€μ„ λ¬˜μ‚¬ν•˜κ³  있으며,
04:18
and they’re notoriously difficult to combine.
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μ„œλ‘œ μ—°κ΄€ μ§“κΈ°λŠ” ꡉμž₯히 μ–΄λ ΅μŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
04:20
Some researchers argue that a solution to this and many other paradoxes
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λͺ‡λͺ‡ μ—°κ΅¬μžλ“€μ€ 이 λ¬Έμ œμ™€ λ‹€λ₯Έ λ§Žμ€ 역섀에 λŒ€ν•œ 해결책이
04:25
will come naturally with a β€œunified theory of everything.”
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"만물 톡일 이둠"을 톡해 μžμ—°μŠ€λŸ½κ²Œ λ‚˜μ˜¬ 것이라 μ£Όμž₯ν•©λ‹ˆλ‹€.
04:29
But perhaps the most mind-bending theory to come from exploring this paradox
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κ·ΈλŸ¬λ‚˜ 이 역섀을 νƒκ΅¬ν•˜λ©΄μ„œ λ‚˜μ˜¨ κ°€μž₯ ν˜Όλž€μŠ€λŸ¬μš΄ 이둠은
04:33
is the holographic principle.
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λ°”λ‘œ 'ν™€λ‘œκ·Έλž˜ν”½ 원리'일 κ²ƒμž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
04:36
Expanding on the idea that the 2D surface of an event horizon
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2μ°¨μ›μ˜ μ‚¬κ±΄μ˜ 지평선 ν‘œλ©΄μ— μ–‘μž 정보가 μ €μž₯λœλ‹€λŠ” κ°œλ…μ„ ν™•μž₯ν•˜μ—¬
04:39
can store quantum information,
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04:41
this principle suggests that the very boundary of the observable universe
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이 μ›λ¦¬μ—μ„œλŠ”
κ΄€μΈ‘ κ°€λŠ₯ν•œ 우주의 경계도
04:46
is also a 2D surface encoded with information
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3차원 사물에 λŒ€ν•œ 정보가 μ•”ν˜Έν™”λœ 2μ°¨μ›μ˜ ν‘œλ©΄μ΄λΌκ³  μ£Όμž₯ν•©λ‹ˆλ‹€.
04:50
about real, 3D objects.
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04:53
If this is true, it’s possible that reality as we know it
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λ§Œμ•½ 이것이 사싀이라면, μš°λ¦¬κ°€ μ•Œκ³  μžˆλŠ” ν˜„μ‹€μ€
04:57
is just a holographic projection of that information.
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단지 κ·Έ 정보λ₯Ό ν™€λ‘œκ·Έλž¨μ²˜λŸΌ νˆ¬μ˜ν•œ 것일 κ°€λŠ₯성이 μžˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
05:01
If proven, any of these theories would open up new questions to explore,
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이것이 증λͺ…λœλ‹€λ©΄ μ΄λŸ¬ν•œ 이둠듀은
ν˜„λŒ€μ˜ 우주 λͺ¨λΈ 연ꡬ와 ν•¨κ»˜ μƒˆλ‘­κ²Œ 탐ꡬ될 μ˜μ—­μ΄ 될 κ²λ‹ˆλ‹€.
05:05
while still preserving our current models of the universe.
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05:09
But it’s also possible that those models are wrong!
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λ¬Όλ‘  ν˜„λŒ€μ˜ λͺ¨λΈλ“€λ„ 잘λͺ»λμ„ κ°€λŠ₯성은 μžˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
05:12
Either way, this paradox has already helped us take another step
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ν•˜μ§€λ§Œ 이 역섀은 우리둜 ν•˜μ—¬κΈˆ
λ―Έμ§€μ˜ μ„Έκ³„λ‘œ ν•œ 걸음 더 λ‚˜μ•„κ°€λ„λ‘ 도움을 μ£Όμ—ˆλ‹΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
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into the unknown.
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이 μ›Ήμ‚¬μ΄νŠΈ 정보

이 μ‚¬μ΄νŠΈλŠ” μ˜μ–΄ ν•™μŠ΅μ— μœ μš©ν•œ YouTube λ™μ˜μƒμ„ μ†Œκ°œν•©λ‹ˆλ‹€. μ „ 세계 졜고의 μ„ μƒλ‹˜λ“€μ΄ κ°€λ₯΄μΉ˜λŠ” μ˜μ–΄ μˆ˜μ—…μ„ 보게 될 κ²ƒμž…λ‹ˆλ‹€. 각 λ™μ˜μƒ νŽ˜μ΄μ§€μ— ν‘œμ‹œλ˜λŠ” μ˜μ–΄ μžλ§‰μ„ 더블 ν΄λ¦­ν•˜λ©΄ κ·Έκ³³μ—μ„œ λ™μ˜μƒμ΄ μž¬μƒλ©λ‹ˆλ‹€. λΉ„λ””μ˜€ μž¬μƒμ— 맞좰 μžλ§‰μ΄ μŠ€ν¬λ‘€λ©λ‹ˆλ‹€. μ˜κ²¬μ΄λ‚˜ μš”μ²­μ΄ μžˆλŠ” 경우 이 문의 양식을 μ‚¬μš©ν•˜μ—¬ λ¬Έμ˜ν•˜μ‹­μ‹œμ˜€.

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