Licking bees and pulping trees: The reign of a wasp queen - Kenny Coogan

3,181,393 views ใƒป 2020-01-28

TED-Ed


ืื ื ืœื—ืฅ ืคืขืžื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ืœืžื˜ื” ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ.

ืชืจื’ื•ื: Ido Dekkers ืขืจื™ื›ื”: Alsa Saal
00:06
As the April sun rises on a pile of firewood,
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ื›ืฉืฉืžืฉ ืืคืจื™ืœ ืขื•ืœื” ืขืœ ืขืจืžืช ืขืฅ ืœื”ืกืงื”,
00:10
something royal stirs inside.
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ืžืฉื”ื• ืžืœื›ื•ืชื™ ืจื•ื—ืฉ ื‘ืคื ื™ื.
00:13
This wasp queen is one of thousands who mated in late autumn
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ืžืœื›ืช ื”ืฆืจืขื•ืช ื”ื™ื ืื—ืช ืžืืœืคื™ื ืฉื”ื–ื“ื•ื•ื’ื• ื‘ืกื•ืฃ ื”ืกืชื™ื•
00:17
and hibernated through the winter.
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ื•ื™ืฉื ื• ื›ืœ ื”ื—ื•ืจืฃ.
00:19
Now she emerges into the spring air to begin her reign.
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ืขื›ืฉื™ื• ื”ื™ื ืžื’ื™ื—ื” ืœืื•ื™ืจ ื”ืื‘ื™ื‘ ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืชื—ื™ืœ ืืช ืฉืœื˜ื•ื ื”.
00:24
Most of her sisters werenโ€™t so lucky.
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ืจื•ื‘ ืื—ื™ื•ืชื™ื” ืœื ื”ื™ื• ื›ืœ ื›ืš ื‘ื ื•ืช ืžื–ืœ.
00:26
While hibernating in compost piles and underground burrows,
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ื‘ืขื•ื“ืŸ ื™ืฉื ื•ืช ื‘ืขืจืžื•ืช ืงื•ืžืคื•ืกื˜ ื•ื‘ืžื—ื™ืœื•ืช ืชืช ืงืจืงืขื™ื•ืช,
00:30
many sleeping queens were eaten by spiders.
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ืžืœื›ื•ืช ื™ืฉื ื•ืช ืจื‘ื•ืช ื ืื›ืœื• ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืขื›ื‘ื™ืฉื™ื.
00:34
Warm winters caused by climate change led other queens to emerge early,
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ื—ื•ืจืคื™ื ื—ืžื™ื ืฉื ื’ืจืžื™ื ืžืฉื™ื ื•ื™ ื”ืืงืœื™ื ืžื•ื‘ื™ืœื™ื ืœื”ื’ื—ื” ืžื•ืงื“ืžืช ืฉืœ ืžืœื›ื•ืช ืื—ืจื•ืช,
00:39
only to find there was no available food.
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ืจืง ื›ื“ื™ ืœืžืฆื•ื ืฉืื™ืŸ ืžื–ื•ืŸ ื–ืžื™ืŸ.
00:42
And some queens that survived the winter fell victim to the threats of spring,
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ื•ื›ืžื” ืžืœื›ื•ืช ืฉืฉื•ืจื“ื•ืช ืืช ื”ื—ื•ืจืฃ ื ื•ืคืœื•ืช ืงื•ืจื‘ืŸ ืœืื™ื•ืžื™ื ืฉืœ ื”ืื‘ื™ื‘,
00:47
such as carnivorous plants, birds, and manmade pesticides.
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ื›ืžื• ืฆืžื—ื™ื ื˜ื•ืจืคื™ื, ืฆื™ืคื•ืจื™ื, ื•ื—ื•ืžืจื™ ื”ื“ื‘ืจื” ืžืขืฉื” ืื“ื.
00:52
Our queen is the lone survivor of her old hive, and now,
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ื”ืžืœื›ื” ืฉืœื ื• ื”ื™ื ื”ืฉื•ืจื“ืช ื”ื™ื—ื™ื“ื” ืžื”ื›ื•ื•ืจืช ืฉืœื”, ื•ืขื›ืฉื™ื•,
00:56
she must become the foundress of a new one.
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ื”ื™ื ื—ื™ื™ื‘ืช ืœื”ืคื•ืš ืœืžื™ื™ืกื“ืช ืฉืœ ืื—ืช ื—ื“ืฉื”.
00:59
But first, breakfast.
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ืื‘ืœ ืจืืฉื™ืช, ืืจื•ื—ืช ื‘ื•ืงืจ.
01:01
The queen heads for a citrus grove full of honeybee hives.
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ื”ืžืœื›ื” ื™ื•ืฆืืช ืœืคืจื“ืก ืžืœื ื›ื•ื•ืจื•ืช ื“ื‘ื•ืจื™ื.
01:05
The bees can be dangerous if provoked,
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ื”ื“ื‘ื•ืจื™ื ื™ื›ื•ืœื•ืช ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืžืกื•ื›ื ื•ืช ืื ืžืชื’ืจื™ื ื‘ื”ืŸ,
01:07
but right now theyโ€™re paralyzed by the morning cold.
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ืื‘ืœ ืขื›ืฉื™ื• ื”ืŸ ืžืฉื•ืชืงื•ืช ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืงื•ืจ ื”ื‘ื•ืงืจ.
01:10
Their hairy bodies are dripping with sugar water from an earlier feeding,
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ื”ื’ื•ืฃ ื”ืฉืขื™ืจ ืฉืœื”ืŸ ื ื•ื˜ืฃ ืžื™ ืกื•ื›ืจ ืžื”ื–ื ื” ืžื•ืงื“ืžืช ื™ื•ืชืจ,
01:15
and the resourceful queen licks them for a morning snack.
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ื•ื”ืžืœื›ื” ืจื‘ืช ื”ืชื•ืฉื™ื” ืžืœืงืงืช ืื•ืชืŸ ืœื—ื˜ื™ืฃ ื‘ื•ืงืจ.
01:19
Newly energized, our queen searches for a safe nesting area.
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ืžืœืืช ืื ืจื’ื™ื”, ื”ืžืœื›ื” ืฉืœื ื• ืžื—ืคืฉืช ืžืงื•ื ืงื™ื ื•ืŸ ื‘ื˜ื•ื—.
01:23
This tree hollow, safe from rain, wind, and predators, is ideal.
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ื”ื—ื•ืจ ื”ื–ื” ื‘ืขืฅ, ื‘ื˜ื•ื— ืžื”ื’ืฉื, ืžื”ืจื•ื— ื•ืžื˜ื•ืจืคื™ื, ื”ื•ื ืื™ื“ื™ืืœื™.
01:28
She chews the surrounding wood and plant fibers
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ื”ื™ื ืœื•ืขืกืช ืืช ื”ืขืฅ ื”ืกื•ื‘ื‘ ื•ืฉื•ืชืœืช ืกื™ื‘ื™ื
01:31
to make a paper-like pulp.
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ื›ื“ื™ ืœื™ืฆื•ืจ ืขื™ืกืช ื“ืžื•ื™ื™ืช ื ื™ื™ืจ.
01:33
Then she builds around 50 brood cells that comprise the beginning of her nest.
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ืื– ื”ื™ื ื‘ื•ื ื” ื‘ืขืจืš 50 ืชืื™ ื”ื˜ืœื” ืฉืžื”ื•ื•ื™ื ืืช ืชื—ื™ืœืช ื”ืงืŸ.
01:39
Using sperm stored from last fall,
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ื‘ืฉื™ืžื•ืฉ ื‘ื–ืจืข ืฉื ืื’ืจ ื‘ืกืชื™ื• ื”ืงื•ื“ื,
01:42
the queen lays a fertilized egg into each cell,
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ื”ืžืœื›ื” ืžื˜ื™ืœื” ื‘ื™ืฆื™ื ืžื•ืคืจื•ืช ืœื›ืœ ืชื,
01:45
producing as many as 12 in 20 minutes.
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ืžื™ื™ืฆืจืช ืขื“ 12 ื‘ื™ืฆื™ื ื‘ 20 ื“ืงื•ืช.
01:49
Within a week, these will hatch into female larva.
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ืชื•ืš ืฉื‘ื•ืข, ืืœื” ื™ื‘ืงืขื• ืœื–ื—ืœื™ื ื ืงื‘ื•ืช.
01:52
But until then, the queen must hunt down smaller insects to feed her brood,
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ืื‘ืœ ืขื“ ืื–, ื”ืžืœื›ื” ื—ื™ื™ื‘ืช ืœืฆื•ื“ ื—ืจืงื™ื ืงื˜ื ื™ื ื™ื•ืชืจ ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืื›ื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืžื“ื’ืจื”,
01:57
all while expanding the hive, laying eggs, and defending against intruders.
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ื”ื›ืœ ื‘ืขื•ื“ื” ืžืจื—ื™ื‘ื” ืืช ื”ื›ื•ื•ืจืช, ืžื˜ื™ืœื” ื‘ื™ืฆื™ื, ื•ืžื’ื ื” ื ื’ื“ ืคื•ืœืฉื™ื.
02:03
Fortunately, our queen is well prepared.
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ืœืžืจื‘ื” ื”ืžื–ืœ, ื”ืžืœื›ื” ืฉืœื ื• ืžื•ื›ื ื” ื”ื™ื˜ื‘.
02:06
Unlike bees, wasps can sting as many times as they need to.
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ื‘ื ื™ื’ื•ื“ ืœื“ื‘ื•ืจื™ื, ืฆืจืขื•ืช ื™ื›ื•ืœื•ืช ืœืขืงื•ืฅ ืคืขืžื™ื ืžืจื•ื‘ื•ืช ื›ื›ืœ ืฉื”ืŸ ืฆืจื™ื›ื•ืช.
02:11
With such a busy schedule, the queen barely has time to feed herself.
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ืขื ื›ื–ื” ืœื•ื— ื–ืžื ื™ื ืขืžื•ืก, ืœืžืœื›ื” ื‘ืงื•ืฉื™ ื™ืฉ ื–ืžืŸ ืœืื›ื•ืœ.
02:16
Luckily, she doesnโ€™t have to.
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ืœืžืจื‘ื” ื”ืžื–ืœ, ื”ื™ื ืœื ืฆืจื™ื›ื”.
02:18
When she feeds an insect to her grubs,
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ื›ืฉื”ื™ื ืžื–ื™ื ื” ื—ืจืงื™ื ืœื–ื—ืœื™ื ืฉืœื”,
02:20
they digest the bug into a sugary substance that sustains their mother.
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ื”ื ืžืขื›ืœื™ื ืืช ื”ื—ืจืง ืœื—ื•ืžืจ ืกื•ื›ืจื™ ืฉืžื–ื™ืŸ ืืช ืื™ืžืŸ.
02:26
By the end of July, these first larva have matured into adult workers,
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ืขื“ ืกื•ืฃ ื™ื•ืœื™, ื”ื–ื—ืœื™ื ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื™ื ืžืชื‘ื’ืจื™ื ืœืคื•ืขืœื•ืช ื‘ื•ื’ืจื•ืช,
02:31
ready to take on foraging, building, and defense.
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ืžื•ื›ื ื•ืช ืœืฆืืช ืœืื™ืกื•ืฃ, ืœื‘ื ื™ื” ื•ืœื”ื’ื ื”.
02:35
The queen can now lay eggs full-time,
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ื”ืžืœื›ื” ื™ื›ื•ืœื” ืขื›ืฉื™ื• ืœื”ื˜ื™ืœ ื‘ื™ืฆื™ื ื‘ืžืฉืจื” ืžืœืื”,
02:38
sustaining herself on her workerโ€™s spoils and their unfertilized eggs.
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ื•ืœืงื™ื™ื ืืช ืขืฆืžื” ืžื”ืื•ื›ืœ ืฉืœ ื”ืคื•ืขืœื•ืช ื•ืžื”ื‘ื™ืฆื™ื ื”ืœื ืžื•ืคืจื•ืช ืฉืœื”ืŸ.
02:43
Although each worker only lives for roughly 3 weeks,
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ืœืžืจื•ืช ืฉื›ืœ ืขื•ื‘ื“ืช ื—ื™ื” ืจืง ื›ืฉืœื•ืฉื” ืฉื‘ื•ืขื•ืช,
02:46
the queenโ€™s continuous egg-laying swells their ranks.
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ื”ื”ื˜ืœื” ื”ืงื‘ื•ืขื” ืฉืœ ื”ืžืœื›ื” ืžื ืคื—ืช ืืช ื”ืฉื•ืจื•ืช.
02:50
In just one summer, the nest reaches the size of a basketball,
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ืชื•ืš ืงื™ืฅ ืื—ื“ ื‘ืœื‘ื“, ื”ื›ื•ื•ืจืช ืžื’ื™ืขื” ืœื’ื•ื“ืœ ืฉืœ ื›ื“ื•ืจืกืœ,
02:54
supporting thousands of workers.
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ื•ืชื•ืžื›ืช ื‘ืืœืคื™ ืคื•ืขืœื•ืช.
02:57
Such a large population needs to eat,
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ืื•ื›ืœื•ืกื™ื” ื›ื–ื• ื’ื“ื•ืœื” ืฆืจื™ื›ื” ืœืื›ื•ืœ,
02:59
and the nearby garden provides a veritable buffet.
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ื•ื”ื’ืŸ ื”ืกืžื•ืš ืžืกืคืง ื‘ื•ืคื” ืืžื™ืชื™.
03:03
As the swarm descends, alarmed humans try to swat them.
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ื›ืฉื”ื ื—ื™ืœ ื™ื•ืจื“, ื‘ื ื™ ืื“ื ืžืคื•ื—ื“ื™ื ืžื›ื™ื ื‘ื”ืŸ.
03:07
They even fight back with pesticides that purposefully poison wasps,
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ื”ื ืืคื™ืœื• ื ืœื—ืžื™ื ื‘ืขื–ืจืช ื—ื•ืžืจื™ ื”ื“ื‘ืจื” ืฉืžืจืขื™ืœื™ื ืฆืจืขื•ืช ื‘ื›ื•ื•ื ื”,
03:11
and inadvertently impact a wide-range of local wildlife.
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ื•ื‘ืœื™ ื›ื•ื•ื ื” ืžืฉืคื™ืขื™ื ืขืœ ืžื’ื•ื•ืŸ ืจื—ื‘ ืฉืœ ื—ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืจ ื‘ืื–ื•ืจ.
03:16
But the wasps are actually vital to this ecosystem.
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ืื‘ืœ ื”ืฆืจืขื•ืช ืœืžืขืฉื” ื—ื™ื•ื ื™ื•ืช ืœืกื‘ื™ื‘ืช ื”ืžื—ื™ื”.
03:20
Sitting at the top of the local invertebrate food chain,
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ื”ืŸ ื ืžืฆืื•ืช ื‘ืจืืฉ ืฉืจืฉืจืช ื”ืžื–ื•ืŸ ื”ืžืงื•ืžื™ืช ืฉืœ ื”ื—ืจืงื™ื,
03:23
these insects keep spiders, mites, and centipedes, in check.
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ื”ื—ืจืงื™ื ื”ืืœื” ืฉื•ืžืจื™ื ืขืœ ื’ื•ื“ืœ ืื•ื›ืœื•ืกื™ื™ืช ื”ืขื›ื‘ื™ืฉื™ื, ื”ื›ื ื™ืžื•ืช ื•ืžืจื‘ื™ ื”ืจื’ืœื™ื™ื.
03:28
Wasps consume crop-eating insects,
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ืฆืจืขื•ืช ืื•ื›ืœื•ืช ื—ืจืงื™ื ืฉืื•ื›ืœื™ื ื™ื‘ื•ืœื™ื,
03:31
making them particularly helpful for farms and gardens.
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ืžื” ืฉื”ื•ืคืš ืื•ืชืŸ ืœืžืื•ื“ ืžื•ืขื™ืœื•ืช ืขื‘ื•ืจ ื—ื•ื•ืช ื•ื’ื ื™ื.
03:34
They even pollinate fruits and vegetables,
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ื”ืŸ ืืคื™ืœื• ืžืื‘ื™ืงื•ืช ืคื™ืจื•ืช ื•ื™ืจืงื•ืช,
03:37
and help winemakers by biting into their grapes
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ื•ืขื•ื–ืจื•ืช ืœื™ืฆืจื ื™ื™ ื”ื™ื™ืŸ ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื ื’ื™ืกืช ื”ืขื ื‘ื™ื
03:40
and jump-starting fermentation.
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ื•ื”ืชื—ืœืช ื”ืชืกื™ืกื”.
03:42
This feast continues until autumn, when the foundress changes course.
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ื”ืืจื•ื—ื” ืžืžืฉื™ื›ื” ืขื“ ื”ืกืชื™ื•, ื›ืฉื”ืžื™ื™ืกื“ืช ืžืฉื ื” ื›ื™ื•ื•ืŸ.
03:47
She begins grooming some eggs into a new generation of queens,
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ื”ื™ื ืžืชื—ื™ืœื” ืœื˜ืคื— ื›ืžื” ื‘ื™ืฆื™ื ืœื“ื•ืจ ื—ื“ืฉ ืฉืœ ืžืœื›ื•ืช,
03:51
while also laying unfertilized eggs
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ื‘ืขื•ื“ ืžืžืฉื™ื›ื” ืœื”ื˜ื™ืœ ื‘ื™ืฆื™ื ืœื ืžื•ืคืจื•ืช
03:54
that will mature into reproductive males called drones.
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ืฉื™ืชื‘ื’ืจื• ืœื–ื›ืจื™ื ืคื•ืจื™ื™ื ืฉื ืงืจืื™ื drones.
03:58
This new crop of queens and males requires more food.
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ื”ื™ื‘ื•ืœ ื”ื—ื“ืฉ ื”ื–ื” ืฉืœ ืžืœื›ื•ืช ื•ื–ื›ืจื™ื ื“ื•ืจืฉื™ื ื™ื•ืชืจ ืื•ื›ืœ.
04:02
But with summer over, the usual sources run dry,
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ืื‘ืœ ืขื ื”ืงื™ืฅ ืฉื ื’ืžืจ, ื”ืžืงื•ืจ ื”ืจื’ื™ืœ ื ื’ืžืจ,
04:06
and the foraging wasps start taking more aggressive risks.
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ื•ื”ืฆืจืขื•ืช ื”ืžืœืงื˜ื•ืช ืžืชื—ื™ืœื•ืช ืœืงื—ืช ืกื™ื›ื•ื ื™ื ื ื•ืขื–ื™ื ื™ื•ืชืจ.
04:10
By September, the hiveโ€™s organization deteriorates.
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ืขื“ ืกืคื˜ืžื‘ืจ, ื”ืืจื’ื•ืŸ ื‘ื›ื•ื•ืจืช ืžืชืคื•ืจืจ.
04:14
Hungry workers no longer clean the nest and various scavengers move in.
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ืคื•ืขืœื•ืช ืจืขื‘ื•ืช ื›ื‘ืจ ืœื ืžื ืงื•ืช ืืช ื”ืงืŸ ื•ืื•ื›ืœื™ ื ื‘ืœื•ืช ืฉื•ื ื™ื ื ื›ื ืกื™ื.
04:20
Just when it seems the hive can no longer sustain itself,
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ืžืžืฉ ื›ืฉื ืจืื” ืฉื”ื›ื•ื•ืจืช ืœื ื™ื›ื•ืœื” ืœืงื™ื™ื ืืช ืขืฆืžื” ื™ื•ืชืจ,
04:23
the fertile queens and their drones depart in a massive swarm.
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ื”ืžืœื›ื” ื”ืคื•ืจื™ื” ื•ื”ืคื•ืขืœื•ืช ื™ื•ืฆืื•ืช ื‘ื ื—ื™ืœ ืขื ืง.
04:28
As the days grow colder, the workers starve,
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ื›ืฉื”ื™ืžื™ื ืžืชืงืจืจื™ื, ื”ืคื•ืขืœื•ืช ื’ื•ื•ืขื•ืช,
04:31
and our queen reaches the end of her lifespan.
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ื•ื”ืžืœื›ื” ืฉืœื ื• ืžื’ื™ืขื” ืœืกื•ืฃ ื—ื™ื™ื”.
04:34
But above, a swarm of reproductive wasps has successfully mated.
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ืื‘ืœ ืžืขืœ, ื ื—ื™ืœ ืฉืœ ืฆืจืขื•ืช ืžืชืจื‘ื•ืช ื”ื–ื“ื•ื•ื’ ื‘ื”ืฆืœื—ื”.
04:39
The males die off shortly after,
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ื”ื–ื›ืจื™ื ืžืชื™ื ืžืขื˜ ืื—ืจื™,
04:42
but the newly fertilized queens are ready to find shelter for their long sleep.
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ืื‘ืœ ื”ืžืœื›ื•ืช ื”ืคื•ืจื™ื•ืช ืžื•ื›ื ื•ืช ืœืžืฆื•ื ืžื—ืกื” ืœืฉื ืชืŸ ื”ืืจื•ื›ื”.
04:46
And this woodpile looks like the perfect place to spend the winter.
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ื•ืขืจืžืช ื”ืขืฅ ื”ื–ื• ื ืจืื™ืช ื”ืžืงื•ื ื”ืžื•ืฉืœื ืœื‘ืœื•ืช ืืช ื”ื—ื•ืจืฃ.
ืขืœ ืืชืจ ื–ื”

ืืชืจ ื–ื” ื™ืฆื™ื’ ื‘ืคื ื™ื›ื ืกืจื˜ื•ื ื™ YouTube ื”ืžื•ืขื™ืœื™ื ืœืœื™ืžื•ื“ ืื ื’ืœื™ืช. ืชื•ื›ืœื• ืœืจืื•ืช ืฉื™ืขื•ืจื™ ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืขื‘ืจื™ื ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืžื•ืจื™ื ืžื”ืฉื•ืจื” ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื” ืžืจื—ื‘ื™ ื”ืขื•ืœื. ืœื—ืฅ ืคืขืžื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืฆื’ื•ืช ื‘ื›ืœ ื“ืฃ ื•ื™ื“ืื• ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ ืžืฉื. ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื’ื•ืœืœื•ืช ื‘ืกื ื›ืจื•ืŸ ืขื ื”ืคืขืœืช ื”ื•ื•ื™ื“ืื•. ืื ื™ืฉ ืœืš ื”ืขืจื•ืช ืื• ื‘ืงืฉื•ืช, ืื ื ืฆื•ืจ ืื™ืชื ื• ืงืฉืจ ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ื˜ื•ืคืก ื™ืฆื™ืจืช ืงืฉืจ ื–ื”.

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