The infamous and ingenious Ho Chi Minh Trail - Cameron Paterson

982,715 views ใƒป 2013-03-14

TED-Ed


ืื ื ืœื—ืฅ ืคืขืžื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ืœืžื˜ื” ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ.

00:00
Translator: Andrea McDonough Reviewer: Bedirhan Cinar
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ืชืจื’ื•ื: Ido Dekkers ืขืจื™ื›ื”: Zeeva Livshitz
00:15
Deep in the jungles of Vietnam,
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ืขืžื•ืง ื‘ื’'ื•ื ื’ืœ ืฉืœ ื•ื™ืื˜ื ืื,
00:16
soldiers from both sides
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ื—ื™ื™ืœื™ื ืžืฉื ื™ ื”ืฆื“ื“ื™ื
00:18
battled heat exhaustion and each other
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ื ืœื—ืžื• ื‘ืชืฉื™ืฉื•ืช ืžื—ื•ื ื•ืื—ื“ ืžื”ืฉื ื™
00:20
for nearly 20 long years.
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ื‘ืžืฉืš ื›ืžืขื˜ 20 ืฉื ื”.
00:22
But the key to Communist victory
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ืื‘ืœ ื”ืžืคืชื— ืœื ื™ืฆื—ื•ืŸ ื”ืงื•ืžื•ื ื™ืกื˜ื™
00:23
wasn't weapons or stamina,
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ืœื ื”ื™ื” ื ืฉืงื™ื ืื• ืขืžื™ื“ื•ืช,
00:25
it was a dirt road.
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ื–ื• ื”ื™ืชื” ื“ืจืš ืขืคืจ.
00:26
The Ho Chi Minh Trail,
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ื ืชื™ื‘ ื”ื• ืฆ'ื™ ืžื™ืŸ,
00:28
winding through Vietnam, Laos, and Cambodia,
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ื”ืžืชืคืชืœ ื“ืจืš ื•ื™ืื˜ื ื, ืœืื•ืก ื•ืงืžื‘ื•ื“ื™ื”,
00:30
started as a simple network of dirt roads
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ื”ื—ืœ ื›ืจืฉืช ืคืฉื•ื˜ื” ืฉืœ ื“ืจื›ื™ ืขืคืจ
00:33
and blossomed into the centerpiece
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ื•ืคืจื—ื” ืœืžืจื›ื–
00:35
of the winning North Vietnamese strategy
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ื”ืืกื˜ืจื˜ื’ื™ื” ื”ืžื ืฆื—ืช ืฉืœ ืฆืคื•ืŸ ื•ื™ืื˜ื ื
00:37
during the Vietnam War,
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ื‘ืžื”ืœืš ืžืœื—ืžืช ื•ื™ืื˜ื ื,
00:38
supplying weapons,
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ืกื™ืคืงื” ื ืฉืง,
00:39
troops,
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ื›ื•ื—ื•ืช,
00:40
and psychological support to the South.
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ื•ืชืžื™ื›ื” ืคืกื™ื›ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ืช ืœื“ืจื•ื.
00:42
The trail was a network of tracks,
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ื”ื ืชื™ื‘ ื”ื™ื” ืจืฉืช ืฉืœ ืฉื‘ื™ืœื™ื,
00:43
dirt roads,
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ื“ืจื›ื™ ืขืคืจ,
00:44
and river crossings
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ื•ืžืขื‘ืจื™ ื ื”ืจื•ืช
00:45
that threaded west out of North Vietnam
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ืฉื ืžืชื—ื• ืžืขืจื‘ื” ืžืฆืคื•ืŸ ื•ื™ืื˜ื ื
00:47
and south along the Truong Son Mountain Range
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ื•ื“ืจื•ืžื” ืœื™ื“ ืจื›ืก ื”ื”ืจื™ื ื˜ืจื•ื ื’ ืกื•ืŸ
00:50
between Vietnam and Laos.
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ื‘ื™ืŸ ื•ื™ืื˜ื ื ืœืœืื•ืก.
00:51
The journey to the South originally took six months.
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ื”ืžืกืข ืœื“ืจื•ื ืœืงื— ื‘ืžืงื•ืจ ืฉื™ืฉื” ื—ื•ื“ืฉื™ื.
00:54
But, with engineering and ingenuity,
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ืื‘ืœ, ืขื ื”ื ื“ืกื” ื•ื”ืžืฆืื”,
00:56
the Vietnamese expanded and improved the trail.
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ื”ื•ื™ืื˜ื ืžื™ื ื”ืจื—ื™ื‘ื• ื•ืฉื™ืคืจื• ืืช ื”ื ืชื™ื‘.
00:59
Towards the end of war,
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ืœืงืจืืช ืกื•ืฃ ื”ืžืœื—ืžื”,
01:00
as the main roads detoured through Laos,
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ื›ืฉื”ื“ืจื›ื™ื ื”ืจืืฉื™ื•ืช ืขืงืคื• ื“ืจืš ืœืื•ืก,
01:02
it only took one week.
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ื–ื” ืœืงื— ืจืง ืฉื‘ื•ืข ืื—ื“.
01:03
Here is how it happened.
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ื›ืš ื–ื” ืงืจื”.
01:05
In 1959, as relations deteriorated
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ื‘ 1959, ื›ืฉื”ื™ื—ืกื™ื ื”ืชื“ืจื“ืจื•
01:08
between the North and the South,
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ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ืฆืคื•ืŸ ื•ื”ื“ืจื•ื,
01:10
a system of trails was constructed in order to infiltrate
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ืžืขืจื›ืช ืฉืœ ื ืชื™ื‘ื™ื ื ื‘ื ืชื” ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ื—ื“ื™ืจ
01:13
soldiers, weapons, and supplies into South Vietnam.
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ื—ื™ื™ืœื™ื, ื ืฉืง, ื•ืืกืคืงื” ืœืชื•ืš ื“ืจื•ื ื•ื™ืื˜ื ื.
01:17
The first troops moved in single-file
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ื”ื›ื•ื—ื•ืช ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื™ื ื ืขื• ื‘ื˜ื•ืจ ืขื•ืจืคื™
01:19
along routes used by local ethnic groups,
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ืœืื•ืจืš ื”ืฉื‘ื™ืœื™ื ื‘ื”ื ื”ืฉืชืžืฉื• ืงื‘ื•ืฆื•ืช ืืชื ื™ื•ืช ืžืงื•ืžื™ื•ืช,
01:21
and broken tree branches at dusty crossroads
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ื•ืขื ืคื™ื ืฉื‘ื•ืจื™ื ื‘ืฆืžืชื™ื ืžืื•ื‘ืงื•ืช
01:24
were often all that indicated the direction.
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ื”ื™ื• ืœืขื™ืชื™ื ืงืจื•ื‘ื•ืช ื”ื“ื‘ืจ ื”ื™ื—ื™ื“ ืฉื”ืจืื” ืืช ื”ื›ื™ื•ื•ืŸ.
01:26
Initially, most of the Communist cadres
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ื‘ื”ืชื—ืœื”, ืจื•ื‘ ื”ืฉื™ื™ืจื•ืช ื”ืงื•ืžื•ื ื™ืกื˜ื™ื•ืช
01:29
who came down the trail
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ืฉื™ืจื“ื• ื‘ื“ืจืš
01:30
were Southerners by birth who had trained in North Vietnam.
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ื”ื™ื• ื“ืจื•ืžื™ื™ื ื‘ืžืงื•ืจ ืฉื”ืชืืžื ื• ื‘ืฆืคื•ืŸ ื•ื™ืื˜ื ื.
01:33
They dressed like civilian peasants
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ื”ื ื”ืชืœื‘ืฉื• ื›ืžื• ืื™ื›ืจื™ื ืื–ืจื—ื™ื™ื
01:34
in black, silk pajamas with a checkered scarf.
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ื‘ืฉื—ื•ืจ, ืคื™ื’'ืžื•ืช ืžืžืฉื™ ืขื ืฆืขื™ืฃ ืžืฉื•ื‘ืฅ.
01:37
They wore Ho Chi Minh sandals on their feet,
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ื”ื ื ืขืœื• ืืช ืกื ื“ืœื™ ื”ื• ืฆ'ื™ ืžื™ืŸ ืขืœ ืจื’ืœื™ื”ื,
01:39
cut from truck tires,
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ื—ืชื•ื›ื™ื ืžืฆืžื™ื’ื™ื ืฉืœ ืžืฉืื™ื•ืช,
01:40
and carried their ration of cooked rice
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ื•ื ืฉืื• ืืช ืžื ืช ื”ืื•ืจื– ื”ืžื‘ื•ืฉืœ ืฉืœื”ื
01:42
in elephants' intestines,
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ื‘ืžืขื™ ืคื™ืœื™ื,
01:44
a linen tube hung around the body.
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ืฆื™ื ื•ืจ ื‘ื“ ื”ื™ื” ืชืœื•ื™ ืกื‘ื™ื‘ ื’ื•ืคื.
01:46
The conditions were harsh
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ื”ืชื ืื™ื ื”ื™ื• ืงืฉื™ื
01:47
and many deaths were caused by exposure,
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ื•ืžื™ืชื•ืช ืจื‘ื•ืช ื ื’ืจืžื• ื‘ื’ืœืœ ื—ืฉื™ืคื”,
01:49
malaria,
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ืžืœืจื™ื”,
01:50
and amoebic dysentery.
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ื•ื“ื™ื–ื ื˜ืจื™ื” ืืžื‘ื™ืช.
01:51
Getting lost,
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ืื™ื‘ื•ื“ ื”ื“ืจืš,
01:52
starving to death,
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ืจืขื‘ ืœืžื•ื•ืช,
01:53
and the possibility of attacks by wild tigers or bears
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ื•ื”ืืคืฉืจื•ืช ืœืชืงื™ืคื” ืฉืœ ื˜ื™ื’ืจื™ืกื™ื ื•ื“ื•ื‘ื™ื ืคืจืื™ื™ื
01:56
were constant threats.
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ื”ื™ื• ืื™ื•ืžื™ื ืชืžื™ื“ื™ื™ื.
01:58
Meals were invariably just rice and salt,
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ื”ืืจื•ื—ื•ืช ื”ื™ื• ืื•ืจื– ื•ืžืœื— ื—ืกืจื™ ื’ื™ื•ื•ืŸ,
02:00
and it was easy to run out.
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ื•ื”ื™ื” ืงืœ ืœื‘ืจื•ื—.
02:01
Fear, boredom, and homesickness
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ืคื—ื“, ืฉื™ืขืžื•ื, ื•ื’ืขื’ื•ืขื™ื ื”ื‘ื™ืชื”
02:04
were the dominant emotions.
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ื”ื™ื• ื”ืจื’ืฉื•ืช ื”ืฉื•ืœื˜ื™ื.
02:05
And soldiers occupied their spare time
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ื•ื—ื™ื™ืœื™ื ืžืœืื• ืืช ื–ืžื ื ื”ืคื ื•ื™
02:07
by writing letters,
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ื‘ื›ืชื™ื‘ืช ืžื›ืชื‘ื™ื,
02:08
drawing sketches,
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ืฆื™ื•ืจ,
02:09
and drinking and smoking with local villagers.
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ื•ืฉืชื™ื” ื•ืขื™ืฉื•ืŸ ืขื ื›ืคืจื™ื™ื ืžืงื•ืžื™ื™ื.
02:11
The first troops down the trail
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ื”ื›ื•ื—ื•ืช ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื™ื ื‘ืžื•ืจื“ ื”ื“ืจืš
02:13
did not engage in much fighting.
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ืœื ื ืœื—ืžื• ื”ืจื‘ื”.
02:14
And after an exhausting six month trip,
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ื•ืื—ืจื™ ืžืกืข ืžืขื™ื™ืฃ ืฉืœ ืฉื™ืฉื” ื—ื•ื“ืฉื™ื,
02:17
arriving in the South was a real highlight,
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ื”ื’ืขื” ืœื“ืจื•ื ื”ื™ืชื” ืืจื•ืข ื’ื“ื•ืœ,
02:19
often celebrated by bursting into song.
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ืฉื ื—ื’ื’ ืœืจื•ื‘ ื‘ืคืจื™ืฆื” ื‘ืฉื™ืจ.
02:21
By 1965, the trip down the trail could be made by truck.
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ืขื“ 1965, ื”ืžืกืข ื‘ืžื•ืจื“ ื”ื“ืจืš ื”ื™ื” ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืžื‘ื•ืฆืข ื‘ืžืฉืื™ืช.
02:25
Thousands of trucks supplied by China and Russia
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ืืœืคื™ ืžืฉืื™ื•ืช ืฉืกื•ืคืงื• ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื”ืจื•ืกื™ื ื•ื”ืกื™ื ื™ื
02:27
took up the task amidst ferocious B-52 bombing
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ืœืงื—ื• ืืช ื”ืžืฉื™ืžื” ื‘ืžื”ืœืš ื”ืคืฆืฆื•ืช ื” B-52 ื”ืื›ื–ืจื™ื•ืช
02:31
and truck drivers became known as pilots of the ground.
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ื•ื ื”ื’ื™ ืžืฉืื™ื•ืช ื”ื™ื• ื™ื“ื•ืขื™ื ื›ื˜ื™ื™ืกื™ ืงืจืงืข.
02:34
As traffic down the trail increased,
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ื›ืฉื”ืชื ื•ืขื” ื‘ืžื•ืจื“ ื”ื ืชื™ื‘ ื”ืชื’ื‘ืจื”,
02:36
so did the U.S. bombing.
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ื›ืš ื’ื‘ืจื• ื’ื ื”ืคืฆืฆื•ืช ืืจืฆื•ืช ื”ื‘ืจื™ืช.
02:37
They drove at night or in the early morning
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ื”ื ื ื”ื’ื• ื‘ืœื™ืœื” ื•ืžื•ืงื“ื ื‘ื‘ื•ืงืจ
02:39
to avoid air strikes,
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ื›ื“ื™ ืœื—ืžื•ืง ืžื”ืžืชืงืคื•ืช,
02:41
and watchmen were ready
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ื•ืฆื•ืคื™ื ื”ื™ื• ืžื•ื›ื ื™ื
02:42
to warn drivers of enemy aircraft.
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ืœื”ื–ื”ื™ืจ ื ื”ื’ื™ื ืžืคื ื™ ืžื˜ื•ืกื™ ืื•ื™ื™ื‘.
02:44
Villages along the trail organized teams
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ื›ืคืจื™ื™ื ืœืื•ืจืš ื”ื“ืจืš ืื™ืจื’ื ื• ืฆื•ื•ืชื™ื
02:46
to guarantee traffic flow
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ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ื‘ื˜ื™ื— ื–ืจื™ืžื” ืฉืœ ืชื ื•ืขื”
02:48
and to help drivers repair damage caused by air attacks.
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ื•ืœืขื–ื•ืจ ืœื ื”ื’ื™ื ืœืชืงืŸ ื ื–ืงื™ื ืฉื ื’ืจืžื• ืžื”ืชืงืคื•ืช ืื•ื•ื™ืจื™ื•ืช.
02:51
Their catch cries were,
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ื”ืงืจื™ืื•ืช ืฉืœื”ื ื”ื™ื•,
02:52
"Everything for our Southern brothers!"
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"ื”ื›ืœ ืœืžืขืŸ ืื—ื™ื ื• ื”ื“ืจื•ืžื™ื™ื!"
02:54
and, "We will not worry about our houses
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ื• "ืื ื—ื ื• ืœื ื ื“ืื’ ืœื‘ืชื™ื ืฉืœื ื•
02:56
if the vehicles have not yet gotten through."
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ืื ื”ืจื›ื‘ื™ื ืœื ืขื‘ืจื• ืขื“ื™ื™ืŸ."
02:58
Some families donated their doors
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ื›ืžื” ืžืฉืคื—ื•ืช ืชืจืžื• ืืช ื“ืœืชื•ืชื™ื”ื
03:00
and wooden beds to repair roads.
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ื•ืžื™ื˜ื•ืช ื”ืขืฅ ืฉืœื”ื ื›ื“ื™ ืœืชืงืŸ ื›ื‘ื™ืฉื™ื.
03:02
Vietnamese forces even used deception
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ื”ื›ื•ื—ื•ืช ื”ื•ื™ืื˜ื ืžื™ื™ื ื”ืฉืชืžืฉื• ื‘ื”ื˜ืขื™ื™ื”
03:05
to get the U.S. aircraft to bomb mountainsides
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ื›ื“ื™ ืœื’ืจื•ื ืœืžื˜ื•ืกื™ื ืืžืจื™ืงืื™ื ืœื”ืคืฆื™ืฅ ืžื•ืจื“ื•ืช ื”ืจื™ื
03:07
in order to make gravel for use
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ื›ื“ื™ ืœื™ืฆื•ืจ ื—ืฆืฅ ืœืฉื™ืžื•ืฉ
03:09
in building and maintaining roads.
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ื‘ื‘ื ื™ื™ืช ื•ืื—ื–ืจืช ื›ื‘ื™ืฉื™ื.
03:11
The all-pervading red dust seeped into every nook and cranny.
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ื”ืื‘ืง ื”ืื“ื•ื ืฉื ืžืฆื ื‘ื›ืœ ืžืงื•ื ื—ื“ืจ ืœื›ืœ ื—ืจื™ืฅ.
03:14
The Ho Chi Minh Trail had a profound impact
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ืœื ืชื™ื‘ ื”ื• ืฆ'ื™ ืžื™ืŸ ื”ื™ื” ื”ืฉืคืขื” ืžื›ืจืขืช
03:16
on the Vietnam War
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ืขืœ ืžืœื—ืžืช ื•ื™ืื˜ื ื
03:17
and it was the key to Hanoi's success.
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ื•ื”ื•ื ื”ื™ื” ื”ืžืคืชื— ืœื”ืฆืœื—ื” ืฉืœ ื”ืื ื•ื™.
03:19
North Vietnamese victory was not determined by the battlefields,
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ื”ื ื™ืฆื—ื•ืŸ ื”ืฆืคื•ืŸ ื•ื™ืื˜ื ืžื™ ืœื ื ืงื‘ืข ื‘ืฉื“ื” ื”ืงืจื‘,
03:22
but by the trail,
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ืืœื ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื”ื ืชื™ื‘,
03:24
which was the political,
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ืฉื”ื™ื” ื”ื’ื•ืจื ื”ืžื›ืจื™ืข ื”ืคื•ืœื™ื˜ื™,
03:25
strategic,
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03:25
and economic lynchpin.
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ื”ืืกื˜ืจื˜ื’ื™
ื•ื”ืืงื•ื ื•ืžื™.
03:27
Americans recognized its achievement,
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ื”ืืžืจื™ืงืื™ื ื”ื›ื™ืจื• ื‘ื”ืฉื’ื™ื ืฉืœื•,
03:28
calling the trail,
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ื•ืงืจืื• ืœื ืชื™ื‘,
03:29
"One of the great achievements
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"ืื—ื“ ื”ื”ืฉื’ื™ื ื”ื’ื“ื•ืœื™ื
03:31
in military engineering of the 20th century."
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ื‘ื”ื ื“ืกื” ืฆื‘ืื™ืช ื‘ืžืื” ื” 20."
03:33
The trail is a testimony to the strength of will
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ื”ื ืชื™ื‘ ื”ื™ื ืขื“ื•ืช ืœื›ื•ื— ื”ืจืฆื•ืŸ
03:35
of the Vietnamese people,
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ืฉืœ ื”ืขื ื”ื•ื™ืื˜ื ืžื™,
03:36
and the men and women who used the trail
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ื•ื”ืื ืฉื™ื ื•ื”ื ืฉื™ื ืฉื”ืฉืชืžืฉื• ื‘ื ืชื™ื‘
03:37
have become folk heros.
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ื”ืคื›ื• ืœื’ื™ื‘ื•ืจื™ ืขื.
ืขืœ ืืชืจ ื–ื”

ืืชืจ ื–ื” ื™ืฆื™ื’ ื‘ืคื ื™ื›ื ืกืจื˜ื•ื ื™ YouTube ื”ืžื•ืขื™ืœื™ื ืœืœื™ืžื•ื“ ืื ื’ืœื™ืช. ืชื•ื›ืœื• ืœืจืื•ืช ืฉื™ืขื•ืจื™ ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืขื‘ืจื™ื ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืžื•ืจื™ื ืžื”ืฉื•ืจื” ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื” ืžืจื—ื‘ื™ ื”ืขื•ืœื. ืœื—ืฅ ืคืขืžื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืฆื’ื•ืช ื‘ื›ืœ ื“ืฃ ื•ื™ื“ืื• ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ ืžืฉื. ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื’ื•ืœืœื•ืช ื‘ืกื ื›ืจื•ืŸ ืขื ื”ืคืขืœืช ื”ื•ื•ื™ื“ืื•. ืื ื™ืฉ ืœืš ื”ืขืจื•ืช ืื• ื‘ืงืฉื•ืช, ืื ื ืฆื•ืจ ืื™ืชื ื• ืงืฉืจ ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ื˜ื•ืคืก ื™ืฆื™ืจืช ืงืฉืจ ื–ื”.

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