Can the ocean run out of oxygen? - Kate Slabosky

768,644 views ใƒป 2020-08-18

TED-Ed


ืื ื ืœื—ืฅ ืคืขืžื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ืœืžื˜ื” ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ.

ืชืจื’ื•ื: Ido Dekkers ืขืจื™ื›ื”: Sigal Tifferet
00:07
For most of the year, the Gulf of Mexico is teeming with marine life,
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ื‘ืžืฉืš ืจื•ื‘ ื”ืฉื ื”, ืžืคืจืฅ ืžืงืกื™ืงื• ืฉื•ืงืง ื—ื™ื™ื ื™ืžื™ื™ื,
00:13
from tiny crustaceans to massive baleen whales.
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ืžืกืจื˜ื ื™ื ื–ืขื™ืจื™ื ืœืœื•ื•ื™ืชื ื™ื ืขืฆื•ืžื™ื.
00:17
But every summer, disaster strikes.
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ืื‘ืœ ื‘ื›ืœ ืงื™ืฅ ืžื›ื” ืืกื•ืŸ.
00:21
Around May, animals begin to flee the area.
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ืกื‘ื™ื‘ ื—ื•ื“ืฉ ืžืื™, ื—ื™ื•ืช ืžืชื—ื™ืœื•ืช ืœื‘ืจื•ื— ืžื”ืื–ื•ืจ.
00:25
And soon, creatures that canโ€™t swim or canโ€™t swim fast enough
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ื•ื‘ืžื”ืจื”, ื™ืฆื•ืจื™ื ืฉืœื ืฉื•ื—ื™ื ืื• ืœื ืฉื•ื—ื™ื ืžืกืคื™ืง ืžื”ืจ
00:29
begin to suffocate and die off in massive numbers.
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ื ื—ื ืงื™ื ื•ืžืชื™ื ื‘ื”ืžื•ื ื™ื”ื.
00:33
From late spring to early autumn,
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ืžืกื•ืฃ ื”ืื‘ื™ื‘ ื•ืขื“ ืชื—ื™ืœืช ื”ืกืชื™ื•,
00:36
thousands of square kilometers along the coast become a marine dead zoneโ€”
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ืืœืคื™ ืงื™ืœื•ืžื˜ืจื™ื ืจื‘ื•ืขื™ื ืœืื•ืจืš ื”ื—ื•ืฃ ื”ื•ืคื›ื™ื ืœืื–ื•ืจ ื™ืžื™ ืžืช --
00:42
unable to support most forms of aquatic life.
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ืฉืื™ื ื• ืžืกื•ื’ืœ ืœืชืžื•ืš ื‘ืจื•ื‘ ืฆื•ืจื•ืช ื”ื—ื™ื™ื ื”ื™ืžื™ื•ืช.
00:47
This strange annual curse isnโ€™t unique;
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ื”ืงืœืœื” ื”ืฉื ืชื™ืช ื”ืžื•ื–ืจื” ื”ื–ื• ืื™ื ื” ื™ื—ื•ื“ื™ืช;
00:50
dead zones like this one have formed all over the world.
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ืื–ื•ืจื™ื ืžืชื™ื ื›ืžื• ื–ื” ื ื•ืฆืจื• ืžืกื‘ื™ื‘ ืœืขื•ืœื.
00:55
But to explore whatโ€™s creating these lethal conditions,
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ืื‘ืœ ื›ื“ื™ ืœื—ืงื•ืจ ืžื” ื™ื•ืฆืจ ืืช ื”ืชื ืื™ื ื”ืงื˜ืœื ื™ื™ื ื”ืืœื”,
00:58
we first need to understand how a healthy marine ecosystem functions.
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ืฆืจื™ืš ืงื•ื“ื ืœื”ื‘ื™ืŸ ืื™ืš ืคื•ืขืœื•ืช ืกื‘ื™ื‘ื•ืช ืžื—ื™ื” ื‘ืจื™ืื•ืช.
01:05
In any body of water that receives sufficient sunlight,
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ื‘ื›ืœ ื’ื•ืฃ ืžื™ื ืฉืžืงื‘ืœ ืžืกืคื™ืง ืื•ืจ ืฉืžืฉ,
01:09
plant-like organisms such as algae and cyanobacteria thrive.
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ืžืฉื’ืฉื’ื™ื ืื•ืจื’ื ื™ื–ืžื™ื ื“ืžื•ื™ื™ ืฆืžื—ื™ื ื›ืžื• ืืฆื•ืช ื•ื›ื—ื•ืœื™ื•ืช.
01:15
Clouds of algae streak the surface of deep waters,
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ืขื ื ื™ ืืฆื•ืช ืžืงืฉื˜ื™ื ืืช ืคื ื™ ื”ืžื™ื ื”ืขืžื•ืงื™ื,
01:19
and in shallower regions, large seaweeds and seagrass cover the ground.
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ื•ื‘ืื–ื•ืจื™ื ืจื“ื•ื“ื™ื ื™ื•ืชืจ, ืืฆื•ืช ื’ื“ื•ืœื•ืช ื•ืขืฉื‘ ื™ื ืžื›ืกื™ื ืืช ื”ืื“ืžื”.
01:25
Not only do these organisms form the foundation of local food chains,
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ื”ืื•ืจื’ื ื™ื–ืžื™ื ื”ืืœื” ืžื”ื•ื•ื™ื ืืช ื”ื‘ืกื™ืก ืœืฉืจืฉืจืื•ืช ื”ืžื–ื•ืŸ ื”ืžืงื•ืžื™ื•ืช,
01:30
their photosynthesis provides the oxygen necessary for aquatic animals to survive.
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ื•ื”ืคื•ื˜ื•ืกื™ื ื˜ื–ื” ืฉืœื”ื ืžืกืคืงืช ืืช ื”ื—ืžืฆืŸ ื”ื“ืจื•ืฉ ืœื”ื™ืฉืจื“ื•ืช ื”ื—ื™ื•ืช ื”ื™ืžื™ื•ืช.
01:38
Besides sunlight and C02,
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ืžืขื‘ืจ ืœืื•ืจ ืฉืžืฉ ื•ืคื—ืžืŸ ื“ื• ื—ืžืฆื ื™,
01:40
algae growth also depends on nutrients like phosphorus and nitrogen.
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ื’ื“ื™ืœืช ืืฆื•ืช ืชืœื•ื™ื” ื’ื ื‘ื—ื•ืžืจื™ื ืžื–ื™ื ื™ื ื›ืžื• ื–ืจื—ืŸ ื•ื—ื ืงืŸ.
01:47
While such resources are typically in short supply,
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ื‘ื“ืจืš ื›ืœืœ, ื”ื ื ืžืฆืื™ื ื‘ื›ืžื•ืช ืงื˜ื ื”,
01:50
sometimes the surrounding watershed can flood coastal waters with these nutrients.
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ืื‘ืœ ืœืคืขืžื™ื ืงื• ืคืจืฉืช ื”ืžื™ื ื‘ืื™ื–ื•ืจ ืžืฆื™ืฃ ืืช ืžื™ืžื™ ื”ื—ื•ืฃ ื‘ื—ื•ืžืจื™ื ื”ืœืœื•.
01:56
For example, a large rainstorm might wash nutrient-rich sediment
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ืœื“ื•ื’ืžื”, ืกืขืจื” ื’ื“ื•ืœื” ื™ื›ื•ืœื” ืœืฉื˜ื•ืฃ ืžืฉืงืขื™ื ืขืฉื™ืจื™ื ื‘ื—ื•ืžืจื™ื ืžื–ื™ื ื™ื
02:01
from a forest into a lake.
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ืžื”ื™ืขืจ ืœืชื•ืš ืื’ื.
02:04
These additional resources lead to a massive increase in algae growth
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ื”ืžืฉืื‘ื™ื ื”ื ื•ืกืคื™ื ื”ืืœื” ืžื•ื‘ื™ืœื™ื ืœืฆืžื™ื—ืช ืืฆื•ืช ืขืฆื•ืžื”
02:09
known as eutrophication.
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ื”ื ืงืจืืช ืึถื˜ึฐืจื•ึนืคื™ืงึทืฆึฐื™ึธื”.
02:12
But rather than providing more food and oxygen,
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ืื‘ืœ ื”ื™ื ืื™ื ื” ืžืกืคืงืช ื™ื•ืชืจ ืื•ื›ืœ ื•ื—ืžืฆืŸ,
02:15
this surge of growth has deadly consequences.
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ืืœื ื’ื•ืจืžืช ืœืชื•ืฆืื•ืช ืงื˜ืœื ื™ื•ืช.
02:19
As more algae grows on the surface, it blocks sunlight to the plants below.
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ื›ืฉื™ื•ืชืจ ืืฆื•ืช ื’ื“ืœื•ืช ืขืœ ืคื ื™ ื”ืฉื˜ื—, ื”ืŸ ื—ื•ืกืžื•ืช ืœืฆืžื—ื™ื ื‘ืงืจืงืขื™ืช ืืช ืื•ืจ ื”ืฉืžืฉ.
02:25
These light-deprived plants die off and decompose
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ื”ืฆืžื—ื™ื ื—ืกื•ื›ื™ ื”ืื•ืจ ืžืชื™ื ื•ื ืจืงื‘ื™ื
02:30
in a process which uses up the waterโ€™s already depleted oxygen supply.
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ื‘ืชื”ืœื™ืš ืฉืžื—ืกืœ ืืช ืžืขื˜ ื”ื—ืžืฆืŸ ื”ืงื™ื™ื.
02:35
Over time, this can reduce the oxygen content
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ื‘ืžืฉืš ื”ื–ืžืŸ, ื–ื” ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื”ื•ืจื™ื“ ืืช ืชื›ื•ืœืช ื”ื—ืžืฆืŸ
02:39
to less than 2 milligrams of oxygen per liter,
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ืœืคื—ื•ืช ืž-2 ืžื™ืœื™ื’ืจื ืฉืœ ื—ืžืฆืŸ ืœืœื™ื˜ืจ,
02:44
creating an uninhabitable dead zone.
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ืžื” ืฉื™ื•ืฆืจ ืื–ื•ืจ ืžืช ืฉืื™ื ื• ืจืื•ื™ ืœืžื—ื™ื”.
02:47
There are rare bodies of water that rely on natural eutrophication.
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ื™ืฉ ื’ื•ืคื™ ืžื™ื ื ื“ื™ืจื™ื ืฉืžืกืชืžื›ื™ื ืขืœ ืึถื˜ึฐืจื•ึนืคื™ืงึทืฆึฐื™ึธื” ื˜ื‘ืขื™ืช.
02:53
Regions like the Bay of Bengal are full of bottom-dwelling marine life
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ืื–ื•ืจื™ื ื›ืžื• ืžืคืจืฅ ื‘ื ื’ืœ ืžืœืื™ื ื‘ืงืจืงืขื™ืช ื‘ื™ืฆื•ืจื™ื ื™ืžื™ื™ื
02:58
that has adapted to low-oxygen conditions.
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ืฉื”ืชืื™ืžื• ืืช ืขืฆืžื ืœืชื ืื™ื ืฉืœ ื—ืžืฆืŸ ื“ืœื™ืœ.
03:02
But human activity has made eutrophication a regular and widespread occurrence.
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ืื‘ืœ ื”ืคืขื™ืœื•ืช ื”ืื ื•ืฉื™ืช ื”ืคื›ื” ืืช ื”ืึถื˜ึฐืจื•ึนืคื™ืงึทืฆึฐื™ึธื” ืœืžืื•ืจืข ืจื’ื™ืœ ื•ื ืคื•ืฅ.
03:09
Nutrient-rich waste from our sewage systems and industrial processes
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ืคืกื•ืœืช ืขืฉื™ืจื” ื‘ื—ื•ืžืจื™ื ืžื–ื™ื ื™ื ืžืžืขืจื›ื•ืช ื”ื‘ื™ื•ื‘ ืฉืœื ื• ื•ืชื”ืœื™ื›ื™ื ืชืขืฉื™ื™ืชื™ื™ื
03:15
often end up in lakes, estuaries and coastal waters.
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ืžื’ื™ืขื” ืœืขื™ืชื™ื ืงืจื•ื‘ื•ืช ืœืื’ืžื™ื, ืฉืคื›ื™ื ื•ื—ื•ืคื™ื.
03:20
And the Gulf of Mexico is one of the largest dumping zones on earth
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ื•ืžืคืจืฅ ืžืงืกื™ืงื• ื”ื•ื ืื—ื“ ืžืื–ื•ืจื™ ื”ืฉืคื™ื›ื” ื”ื’ื“ื•ืœื™ื ื‘ื›ื“ื•ืจ ื”ืืจืฅ
03:25
for one particular pollutant: fertilizer.
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ืœืกื•ื’ ืื—ื“ ืฉืœ ืžื–ื”ื: ื“ืฉืŸ.
03:30
American agriculture relies heavily on
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ื”ื—ืงืœืื•ืช ื”ืืžืจื™ืงืื™ืช ืžืกืชืžื›ืช ืžืื•ื“
03:33
nitrogen and phosphate-based fertilizers.
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ืขืœ ื“ืฉื ื™ ืคื•ืกืคื˜ื™ื ื•ื—ื ืงืŸ.
03:36
31 states, including Americaโ€™s top agricultural producers,
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31 ืžื“ื™ื ื•ืช, ื›ื•ืœืœ ื”ืžื“ื™ื ื•ืช ื”ื—ืงืœืื™ื•ืช ื”ืžื•ื‘ื™ืœื•ืช ื‘ืืจื”"ื‘,
03:41
are connected to the Mississippi River Basin,
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ืžื—ื•ื‘ืจื•ืช ืœืื’ืŸ ื ื”ืจ ื”ืžื™ืกื™ืกื™ืคื™,
03:44
and all of their runoff drains into the Gulf of Mexico.
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ื•ื›ืœ ืžื™ ื”ื ึถื’ึถืจ ืฉืœื”ืŸ ืžืชื ืงื–ื™ื ืœืžืคืจืฅ ืžืงืกื™ืงื•.
03:49
Farmers apply most of this fertilizer during the spring planting season,
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ื—ืงืœืื™ื ืžืฉืชืžืฉื™ื ื‘ืจื•ื‘ ื”ื“ืฉืŸ ื‘ืื‘ื™ื‘, ื‘ืขื•ื ืช ื”ืฉืชื™ืœื”,
03:54
so the nutrient flood occurs shortly after.
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ืื– ื”ืฆืคืช ื”ื—ื•ืžืจื™ื ื”ืžื–ื™ื ื™ื ืžืชืจื—ืฉืช ืžืขื˜ ืœืื—ืจ ืžื›ืŸ.
03:58
In the Gulf,
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ื‘ืžืคืจืฅ,
04:00
decomposing algae sinks into the band of cold saltwater near the seafloor.
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ืืฆื•ืช ื ืจืงื‘ื•ืช ืฉื•ืงืขื•ืช ืœืจืฆื•ืขื” ืฉืœ ืžื™ื ืžืœื•ื—ื™ื ืงืจื™ื ืœื™ื“ ืงืจืงืขื™ืช ื”ื™ื.
04:06
Since these dense lower waters donโ€™t mix with the warmer freshwater above,
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ืžืื—ืจ ื•ื”ืžื™ื ื”ื“ื—ื•ืกื™ื ื”ื ืžื•ื›ื™ื ื”ืืœื” ืœื ืžืชืขืจื‘ื‘ื™ื ืขื ื”ืžื™ื ื”ืžืชื•ืงื™ื ื”ื—ืžื™ืžื™ื ืžืขืœื™ื”ื,
04:12
it can take four months for tropical storms
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ื–ื” ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœืงื—ืช ืืจื‘ืขื” ื—ื•ื“ืฉื™ื ืขื“ ืฉื”ืกืขืจื•ืช ื”ื˜ืจื•ืคื™ื•ืช
04:15
to fully circulate oxygenated water back into the gulf.
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ื™ื—ื–ื™ืจื• ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ืžืœื ืžื™ื ืžื—ื•ืžืฆื ื™ื ืœืžืคืจืฅ.
04:20
This dead zone currently costs U.S. seafood and tourism industries
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ื”ืขืœื•ืช ืฉืœ ื”ืื–ื•ืจื™ื ื”ืžืชื™ื ื”ืืœื” ืœืชืขืฉื™ื•ืช ื”ืžื–ื•ืŸ ื”ื™ืžื™ ื•ืœืชื™ื™ืจื•ืช
04:25
as much as $82 million a year,
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ื™ื›ื•ืœื” ืœื”ื’ื™ืข ืขื“ 82 ืžื™ืœื™ื•ืŸ ื“ื•ืœืจ ื‘ืฉื ื”,
04:29
and that cost will only increase as the dead zone gets bigger.
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ื•ื”ืขืœื•ืช ื”ื–ืืช ืจืง ืชื™ื’ื‘ืจ ื›ืฉื”ืื–ื•ืจื™ื ื”ืžืชื™ื ื™ื’ื“ืœื•.
04:34
On average the gulf dead zone is roughly 15,000 square kilometers,
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ื‘ืžืžื•ืฆืข ื”ืื–ื•ืจ ื”ืžืช ื‘ืžืคืจืฅ ื”ื•ื ื‘ื’ื•ื“ืœ ืฉืœ 15,000 ืงืž"ืจ,
04:40
but in 2019 it grew to over 22,000 square kilometersโ€”
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ืื‘ืœ ื‘-2019 ื”ื•ื ื’ื“ืœ ืœื™ื•ืชืจ ืž-22,000 ืงืž"ืจ --
04:46
approximately the size of New Jersey.
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ื‘ืขืจืš ื‘ื’ื•ื“ืœ ืฉืœ ื ื™ื• ื’'ืจื–ื™.
04:50
Human activity is similarly responsible for growing dead zones around the world.
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ื”ืคืขื™ืœื•ืช ื”ืื ื•ืฉื™ืช ืื—ืจืื™ืช ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ื“ื•ืžื” ืœื’ื“ื™ืœื” ืฉืœ ืื–ื•ืจื™ื ืžืชื™ื ืžืกื‘ื™ื‘ ืœืขื•ืœื.
04:57
So what can be done?
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ืื– ืžื” ืืคืฉืจ ืœืขืฉื•ืช?
04:59
In the short term, countries can set tighter regulations on industrial run-off,
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ื‘ื˜ื•ื•ื— ื”ืงืฆืจ, ืžื“ื™ื ื•ืช ื™ื›ื•ืœื•ืช ืœื”ืฆื™ื‘ ืžื’ื‘ืœื•ืช ืงืฉื•ื—ื•ืช ื™ื•ืชืจ ืขืœ ื ื’ืจ ืชืขืฉื™ื™ืชื™,
05:05
and ban the dumping of untreated sewage into ocean waters.
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ื•ืœืืกื•ืจ ืขืœ ื”ืฉืœื›ืช ื‘ื™ื•ื‘ ืœื ืžื˜ื•ืคืœ ืœืžื™ ื”ืื•ืงื™ื™ื ื•ืก.
05:10
On farms, we can plant buffer zones
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ื‘ื—ื•ื•ืช, ืืคืฉืจ ืœืฉืชื•ืœ ืื–ื•ืจื™ ื—ื™ืฅ
05:13
composed of trees and shrubs to absorb runoff.
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ืฉืžื•ืจื›ื‘ื™ื ืžืขืฆื™ื ื•ืฉื™ื—ื™ื ืฉื™ืกืคื’ื• ืืช ืžื™ ื”ื ึถื’ึถืจ.
05:17
However, long term solutions will require radical changes to the way we grow food.
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ืขื ื–ืืช, ืคืชืจื•ื ื•ืช ืœื˜ื•ื•ื— ืืจื•ืš ื™ื“ืจืฉื• ืฉื™ื ื•ื™ื™ื ืจื“ื™ืงืœื™ื™ื ื‘ื“ืจืš ื‘ื” ืื ื—ื ื• ืžื’ื“ืœื™ื ืžื–ื•ืŸ.
05:24
Farmers are currently incentivized to use techniques
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ื›ื™ื•ื, ื—ื•ื•ืื™ื ืžืงื‘ืœื™ื ืชืžืจื™ืฆื™ื
ืขืœ ืฉื™ืžื•ืฉ ื‘ืฉื™ื˜ื•ืช ืฉืคื•ื’ืขื•ืช ื‘ื‘ืจื™ืื•ืช ื”ืงืจืงืข
05:28
that reduce the health of the soil
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05:30
and rely heavily on nitrogen-rich fertilizers.
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ื•ืžืกืชืžื›ื•ืช ืžืื•ื“ ืขืœ ื“ืฉื ื™ื ืขืฉื™ืจื™ื ื‘ื—ื ืงืŸ.
05:34
But there would be less need for these chemicals
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ืื‘ืœ ื”ืฆื•ืจืš ื‘ื›ื™ืžื™ืงืœื™ื ื”ืืœื” ื™ืงื˜ืŸ
05:37
if we restore the soilโ€™s natural nutrients
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ืื ื ืฉื—ื–ืจ ืืช ื”ื—ื•ืžืจื™ื ื”ืžื–ื™ื ื™ื ื”ื˜ื‘ืขื™ื™ื ืฉืœ ื”ืงืจืงืข
05:40
by planting diverse crops that manage soil erosion and fertility.
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ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืฉืชื™ืœืช ื™ื‘ื•ืœื™ื ืžื’ื•ื•ื ื™ื ืฉืžื˜ืคืœื™ื ื‘ืฉื—ื™ืงืช ื”ืงืจืงืข ื•ื‘ืคืจื™ื•ื ื”.
05:46
Hopefully we can make these fundamental changes soon.
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ื™ืฉ ืœืงื•ื•ืช ืฉื ื•ื›ืœ ืœืขืฉื•ืช ืืช ื”ืฉื™ื ื•ื™ื™ื ื”ื‘ืกื™ืกื™ื™ื ื”ืืœื” ื‘ืžื”ืจื”.
05:51
Because if we donโ€™t,
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ื›ื™ ืื ืœื,
05:53
the future of our marine ecosystems may be dead in the water.
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ืขืชื™ื“ืŸ ืฉืœ ื”ืžืขืจื›ื•ืช ื”ื™ืžื™ื•ืช ืžื•ื˜ืœ ื‘ืกื›ื ื”.
ืขืœ ืืชืจ ื–ื”

ืืชืจ ื–ื” ื™ืฆื™ื’ ื‘ืคื ื™ื›ื ืกืจื˜ื•ื ื™ YouTube ื”ืžื•ืขื™ืœื™ื ืœืœื™ืžื•ื“ ืื ื’ืœื™ืช. ืชื•ื›ืœื• ืœืจืื•ืช ืฉื™ืขื•ืจื™ ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืขื‘ืจื™ื ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืžื•ืจื™ื ืžื”ืฉื•ืจื” ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื” ืžืจื—ื‘ื™ ื”ืขื•ืœื. ืœื—ืฅ ืคืขืžื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืฆื’ื•ืช ื‘ื›ืœ ื“ืฃ ื•ื™ื“ืื• ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ ืžืฉื. ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื’ื•ืœืœื•ืช ื‘ืกื ื›ืจื•ืŸ ืขื ื”ืคืขืœืช ื”ื•ื•ื™ื“ืื•. ืื ื™ืฉ ืœืš ื”ืขืจื•ืช ืื• ื‘ืงืฉื•ืช, ืื ื ืฆื•ืจ ืื™ืชื ื• ืงืฉืจ ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ื˜ื•ืคืก ื™ืฆื™ืจืช ืงืฉืจ ื–ื”.

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