Learning from smallpox: How to eradicate a disease - Julie Garon and Walter A. Orenstein

478,838 views ใƒป 2015-03-10

TED-Ed


ืื ื ืœื—ืฅ ืคืขืžื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ืœืžื˜ื” ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ.

ืชืจื’ื•ื: Ido Dekkers ืขืจื™ื›ื”: Tal Dekkers
00:06
For most of human history,
0
6669
2374
ื‘ืžืฉืš ืจื•ื‘ ื”ื”ืกื˜ื•ืจื™ื” ื”ืื ื•ืฉื™ืช,
00:09
medical workers sought to treat diseases or cure them.
1
9043
4209
ืขื•ื‘ื“ื™ื ืจืคื•ืื™ื™ื ื—ื™ืคืฉื• ื“ืจืš ืœื˜ืคืœ ื‘ืžื—ืœื•ืช ืื• ืœืจืคื ืื•ืชืŸ.
00:13
The rise of vaccination in the 19th century
2
13252
2894
ื”ืขืœื™ื™ื” ืฉืœ ื—ื™ืกื•ื ื™ื ื‘ืžืื” ื” 19
00:16
enhanced the potential to prevent people
3
16146
2154
ื”ื’ื‘ื™ืจื” ืืช ื”ืคื•ื˜ื ืฆื™ืืœ ืœืžื ื•ืข ืžืื ืฉื™ื
00:18
from contracting illnesses in the first place.
4
18300
3351
ืœื”ื“ื‘ืง ื‘ืžื—ืœื•ืช ืžืจืืฉ.
00:21
But only in recent decades did it become possible
5
21651
2654
ืื‘ืœ ืจืง ื‘ืขืฉื•ืจ ื”ืื—ืจื•ืŸ ื–ื” ื ื”ืคืš ืœืืคืฉืจื™
00:24
to ensure that a particular disease never threatens humanity again.
6
24305
5758
ืœื”ื‘ื˜ื™ื— ืฉืžื—ืœื” ืžืกื•ื™ื™ืžืช ืœืขื•ืœื ืœื ืชืื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ืื ื•ืฉื•ืช ืฉื•ื‘.
00:30
The story of smallpox,
7
30063
1542
ื”ืกื™ืคื•ืจ ืฉืœ ืื‘ืขื‘ื•ืขื•ืช ืฉื—ื•ืจื•ืช,
00:31
the first and, so far, the only disease
8
31605
3082
ื”ืžื—ืœื” ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื”, ื•ืขื“ ืขื›ืฉื™ื•, ื”ื™ื—ื™ื“ื”
00:34
to be permanently eradicated from the world,
9
34687
2797
ืฉื”ื•ื›ื—ื“ื” ืœื’ืžืจื™ ืžื”ืขื•ืœื,
00:37
shows how disease eradication can happen and why it is so difficult to achieve.
10
37484
6139
ืžืจืื” ืื™ืš ื—ื™ืกื•ืœ ืžื—ืœื•ืช ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื”ืชืจื—ืฉ ื•ืœืžื” ื–ื” ื›ืœ ื›ืš ืงืฉื” ืœื”ืฉื’ื”.
00:43
Smallpox emerged in human populations thousands of years ago
11
43623
4202
ืื‘ืขื‘ื•ืขื•ืช ืฉื—ื•ืจื•ืช ืฆืฆื” ื‘ืื•ื›ืœื•ืกื™ื•ืช ืื ื•ืฉื™ื•ืช ืœืคื ื™ ืืœืคื™ ืฉื ื™ื
00:47
as a contagious virus that spread rapidly,
12
47825
3089
ื›ื•ื™ืจื•ืก ืžื“ื‘ืง ืฉืžืชืคืฉื˜ ื‘ืžื”ื™ืจื•ืช,
00:50
primarily through close, face to face contact,
13
50914
3690
ื‘ืขื™ืงืจ ื“ืจืš ืžื’ืข ืงืจื•ื‘, ืคื ื™ื ืืœ ืคื ื™ื,
00:54
causing fever, aches and rashes.
14
54604
2698
ื•ื’ืจื ืœื—ื•ื, ื›ืื‘ื™ื, ืคืจื™ื—ื•ืช.
00:57
It killed up to 30% of its victims
15
57302
2638
ื”ื•ื ื”ืจื’ ืขื“ 30% ืžื”ืงื•ืจื‘ื ื•ืช
00:59
and often left survivors with life-long disfiguring scars.
16
59940
4526
ื•ื”ืจื‘ื” ืคืขืžื™ื ื”ืฉืื™ืจ ืืช ื”ืฉื•ืจื“ื™ื ืขื ืฆืœืงื•ืช ืžืขื•ื•ืชื•ืช ืœื›ืœ ื”ื—ื™ื™ื.
01:04
The devastating impact of smallpox was so great
17
64466
3049
ื”ื”ืฉืคืขื” ื”ื”ืจืกื ื™ืช ืฉืœ ืื‘ืขื‘ื•ืขื•ืช ืฉื—ื•ืจื•ืช ื”ื™ืชื” ื›ืœ ื›ืš ื’ื“ื•ืœื”
01:07
that several cultures had religious deities specifically dedicated to it.
18
67515
5080
ืฉืœืžืกืคืจ ืชืจื‘ื•ื™ื•ืช ื”ื™ื• ืืœื™ื ื“ืชื™ื™ื ืžื™ื•ื—ื“ื™ื ืœื–ื”.
01:12
In the 20th century alone,
19
72595
1629
ื‘ืžืื” ื” 20 ื‘ืœื‘ื“,
01:14
it is estimated to have killed more than 300 million people worldwide.
20
74224
5567
ืžื•ืขืจืš ืฉื”ื™ื ื”ืจื’ื” ื™ื•ืชืจ ืž 300 ืžืœื™ื•ืŸ ืื ืฉื™ื ื‘ืขื•ืœื.
01:19
With the effective deployment of vaccination,
21
79791
2595
ืขื ื”ื”ืคืฆื” ื”ืืคืงื˜ื™ื‘ื™ืช ืฉืœ ื—ื™ืกื•ื ื™ื,
01:22
the number of cases began to decrease.
22
82386
2668
ืžืกืคืจ ื”ืžืงืจื™ื ื”ืชื—ื™ืœ ืœืจื“ืช.
01:25
By seeking out infected individuals,
23
85054
2410
ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื—ื™ืคื•ืฉ ืื ืฉื™ื ื ื’ื•ืขื™ื,
01:27
isolating them,
24
87464
1446
ื‘ื™ื“ื•ื“ื,
01:28
and vaccinating their contacts to prevent further transmission,
25
88910
3346
ื•ื—ื™ืกื•ืŸ ื”ืื ืฉื™ื ืฉื‘ืื• ื‘ืžื’ืข ืื™ืชื ื›ื“ื™ ืœืžื ื•ืข ื”ืขื‘ืจื”,
01:32
scientists realized that the spread of the disease could be haulted.
26
92256
4399
ืžื“ืขื ื™ื ื”ื‘ื™ื ื• ืฉื”ื”ืชืคืฉื˜ื•ืช ืฉืœ ืžื—ืœื•ืช ืชื•ื›ืœ ืœื”ืขืฆืจ.
01:36
In fact, because smallpox could only survive in human hosts,
27
96655
4305
ืœืžืขืฉื”, ื‘ื’ืœืœ ืฉืื‘ืขื‘ื•ืขื•ืช ืฉื—ื•ืจื•ืช ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœืฉืจื•ื“ ืจืง ื‘ืžืืจื— ืื ื•ืฉื™,
01:40
vaccinating all of an infected persons' potential contacts
28
100960
3729
ื—ื™ืกื•ืŸ ื›ืœ ืืœื” ืฉื‘ืื• ื‘ืžื’ืข ืขื ื—ื•ืœื”
01:44
would stop the virus dead in its tracks
29
104689
3051
ื™ืขืฆื•ืจ ืืช ื”ื•ื™ืจื•ืก ื‘ืžืงื•ื
01:47
and eliminate it from that region.
30
107740
2571
ื•ื™ื—ืกืœ ืื•ืชื• ืžื”ืื–ื•ืจ.
01:50
Once this strategy had succeeded
31
110311
1610
ื‘ืจื’ืข ืฉื”ืืกื˜ืจื˜ื’ื™ื” ื”ื–ื• ื”ืฆืœื™ื—ื”
01:51
in ridding most industrialized countries from disease,
32
111921
3431
ื‘ืœืคืชื•ืจ ืืช ืจื•ื‘ ื”ืžื“ื™ื ื•ืช ื”ืžืชื•ืขืฉื•ืช ืžื”ืžื—ืœื”,
01:55
health officials realized that eradicating it worldwide was within reach.
33
115352
4535
ืื—ืจืื™ ื”ื‘ืจื™ืื•ืช ื”ื‘ื™ื ื• ืฉืœื”ื›ื—ื™ื“ ืื•ืชื” ื‘ื›ืœ ื”ืขืœื ื”ื™ื” ื“ื‘ืจ ื‘ืจ ื”ืฉื’ื”.
01:59
But this was not an easy process,
34
119887
1955
ืื‘ืœ ื–ื” ืœื” ื”ื™ื” ืชื”ืœื™ืš ืคืฉื•ื˜,
02:01
proving especially difficult in places suffering from poor infrastructure
35
121842
4595
ื•ื”ื•ื›ืš ื›ืงืฉื” ื‘ืžื™ื•ื—ื“ ื‘ืžืงื•ืžื•ืช ืฉืกื•ื‘ืœื™ื ืžืชืฉืชื™ื•ืช ื’ืจื•ืขื•ืช
02:06
or civil wars.
36
126437
2186
ืื• ืžืœื—ืžื•ืช ืื–ืจื—ื™ื.
02:08
The eradication effort took decades
37
128623
2020
ื”ื”ื›ื—ื“ื” ื”ืกื•ืคื™ืช ืœืงื—ื” ืขืฉื•ืจื™ื
02:10
and involved millions of people working together,
38
130643
3186
ื•ื›ืœืœื” ืžืœื™ื•ื ื™ ืื ืฉื™ื ืฉืขื‘ื“ื• ื™ื—ื“,
02:13
from world leaders and international organizations
39
133829
2994
ืžืžื ื”ื™ื’ื™ื ืขื•ืœืžื™ื™ื ื•ืืจื’ื•ื ื™ื ืชืขืฉื™ื™ืชื™ื™ื
02:16
to rural doctors and community workers.
40
136823
2983
ืœืจื•ืคืื™ื ื›ืคืจื™ื™ื ื•ืขื•ื‘ื“ื™ ืงื”ื™ืœื”.
02:19
In India, one of the last strongholds of the disease,
41
139806
3269
ื‘ื”ื•ื“ื•, ืื—ื“ ื”ืžืขื•ื–ื™ื ื”ืื—ืจื•ื ื™ื ืฉืœ ื”ืžื—ืœื”,
02:23
health workers visited every one of the country's 100 million households
42
143075
5689
ืขื•ื‘ื“ื™ ื‘ืจื™ืื•ืช ื‘ื™ืงืจื• ื‘ื›ืœ ืื—ื“ ืž 100 ืžืœื™ื•ืŸ ื‘ืชื™ ื”ืื‘
02:28
to search for cases.
43
148764
1795
ื›ื“ื™ ืœื—ืคืฉ ืžืงืจื™ื.
02:30
Through this unprecedented worldwide effort,
44
150559
2254
ื“ืจืš ื”ืžืืžืฅ ื”ืขื•ืœืžื™ ื—ืกืจ ื”ืชืงื“ื™ื ื”ื–ื”,
02:32
in which even rival superpowers cooperated,
45
152813
3057
ื‘ื• ืืคื™ืœื• ืžืขืฆืžื•ืช ื™ืจื™ื‘ื•ืช ืฉื™ืชืคื• ืคืขื•ืœื”,
02:35
smallpox was finally declared eradicated in 1980,
46
155870
4237
ื”ืื‘ืขื‘ื•ืขื•ืช ื”ืฉื—ื•ืจื•ืช ื”ื•ื›ืจื–ื” ื›ืžื•ื›ื—ื“ืช ื‘ 1980,
02:40
saving approximately 40 million lives over the following two decades.
47
160107
5300
ื•ื”ืฆื™ืœื” ื‘ืขืจืš 40 ืžืœื™ื•ืŸ ื—ื™ื™ื ื‘ืžื”ืœืš ืฉื ื™ ื”ืขืฉื•ืจื™ื ื”ื‘ืื™ื.
02:45
There were several factors
48
165407
1286
ื”ื™ื• ื›ืžื” ื’ื•ืจืžื™ื
02:46
that made smallpox an ideal candidate for eradication.
49
166693
3696
ืฉื”ืคื›ื• ืืช ื”ืื‘ืขื‘ื•ืขื•ืช ื”ืฉื—ื•ืจื•ืช ืœืžื—ืœื” ืื™ื“ื™ืืœื™ืช ืœื”ื›ื—ื“ื”.
02:50
First, humans are essential to the smallpox lifecycle,
50
170389
4105
ืจืืฉื™ืช, ื‘ื ื™ ืื“ื ื—ื™ื•ื ื™ื™ื ืœืžื—ื–ื•ืจ ื”ื—ื™ื™ื ืฉืœ ืื‘ืขื‘ื•ืขื•ืช ืฉื—ื•ืจื•ืช,
02:54
so breaking the chain of human to human transmission
51
174494
2697
ืื– ืฉื‘ื™ืจืช ื”ืฉืจืฉืจืช ืฉืœ ื”ื“ื‘ืงื” ืžืื“ื ืœืื“ื
02:57
causes the virus to die out.
52
177191
2800
ื’ืจืžื” ืœืžื•ื•ืช ืฉืœ ื”ื•ื™ืจื•ืก.
02:59
In contrast, many other pathogens, like ebola or the bubonic plague,
53
179991
4915
ื•ื‘ื ื™ื’ื•ื“ ืœื–ื”, ื”ืจื‘ื” ืคืชื•ื’ื ื™ื ืื—ืจื™ื, ื›ืžื• ืื‘ื•ืœื” ืื• ื“ื‘ืจ,
03:04
can survive in animal carriers,
54
184906
2382
ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœืฉืจื•ื“ ื‘ื ืฉืื™ื ื—ื™ื™ืชื™ื™ื,
03:07
while the bacteria that cause tetanus can even live in the soil.
55
187288
4110
ื‘ืขื•ื“ ื”ื‘ืงื˜ืจื™ื” ืฉื’ื•ืจืžืช ืœื˜ื˜ื ื•ืก ื™ื›ื•ืœื” ืืคื™ืœื• ืœื—ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื“ืžื”.
03:11
Secondly, individuals infected with smallpox
56
191398
2853
ืฉื ื™ืช, ืื ืฉื™ื ืฉื ื“ื‘ืงื• ื‘ืื‘ืขื‘ื•ืขื•ืช ืฉื—ื•ืจื•ืช
03:14
displayed a characteristic rash, making them easy to identify,
57
194251
4567
ืžืคื’ื™ื ื™ื ืคืจื™ื—ื” ืื•ืคื™ื™ื ื™ืช, ืžื” ืฉื”ื•ืคืš ืื•ืชื ืœืงืœื™ื ืœื–ื™ื”ื•ื™,
03:18
even without a lab test.
58
198818
1858
ืืคื™ืœื• ื‘ืœื™ ืžื‘ื—ืŸ ืžืขื‘ื“ื”.
03:20
The lack of such practical diagnostic tools
59
200676
2223
ื”ืžื—ืกื•ืจ ื‘ื›ืœื™ ืื™ื‘ื—ื•ื ื™ ืคืจืงื˜ื™ ื›ื–ื”
03:22
for diseases with non-specific symptoms, or that have long incubation periods,
60
202899
5142
ืœืžื—ืœื•ืช ืขื ืกื™ืžืคื˜ื•ืžื™ื ืœื ืกืคืฆื™ืคื™ื™ื, ืื• ืฉื™ืฉ ืœื”ืŸ ืชืงื•ืคืช ื“ื’ื™ืจื” ืืจื•ื›ื”,
03:28
such as AIDS, makes their eradication more difficult.
61
208041
4431
ื›ืžื• ืื™ื™ื“ืก, ื”ื•ืคื›ื•ืช ืืช ื”ื”ื›ื—ื“ื” ืฉืœื”ืŸ ืœืงืฉื” ื™ื•ืชืจ.
03:32
Third, the availability of a smallpox vaccine
62
212472
3018
ืฉืœื™ืฉื™ืช, ื”ื–ืžื™ื ื•ืช ืฉืœ ื—ื™ืกื•ืŸ ืœืื‘ืขื‘ื•ืขื•ืช ืฉื—ื•ืจื•ืช
03:35
that provided immunity for five to ten years in a single dose
63
215490
4370
ืฉืกื™ืคืง ืขืžื™ื“ื•ืช ืœื—ืžืฉ ืขื“ ืขืฉืจ ืฉื ื™ื ืœืžื ื”
03:39
meant that there was an effective intervention
64
219860
2058
ืืžืจ ืฉื™ืฉ ืžื ื™ืขื” ืืคืงื˜ื™ื‘ื™ืช
03:41
to stop the virus from spreading.
65
221918
3053
ืœืขืฆื•ืจ ืืช ื”ื•ื™ืจื•ืก ืžืœืžืชืคืฉื˜.
03:44
And finally, the initial success of several countries
66
224971
2848
ื•ืœื‘ืกื•ืฃ, ื”ื”ืฆืœื—ื” ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื™ืช ืฉืœ ื›ืžื” ืžื“ื™ื ื•ืช
03:47
in eliminating the disease within their borders
67
227819
2861
ื‘ืœื—ืกืœ ืืช ื”ืžื—ืœื” ื‘ืชื•ืš ื’ื‘ื•ืœื•ืชื™ื”ืŸ
03:50
served as a proof of principle for its eradication worldwide.
68
230680
4895
ืฉื™ืจืชื” ื›ื”ื•ื›ื—ืช ื”ืชื›ื ื•ืช ืœื—ื™ืกื•ืœ ื›ืœืœ ืขื•ืœืžื™.
03:55
Today, the same criteria are applied to determine
69
235575
2818
ื”ื™ื•ื, ืื•ืชื• ืงืจื™ื˜ืจื™ื•ืŸ ื ืžืฆื ื‘ืฉื™ืžื•ืฉ ื›ื“ื™ ืœืงื‘ื•ืข
03:58
whether other diseases can be similarly eliminated.
70
238393
3690
ืื ืžื—ืœื•ืช ืื—ืจื•ืช ื™ื›ื•ืœื•ืช ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืžื—ื•ืกืœื•ืช ื‘ื“ื•ืžื”.
04:02
And even though smallpox remains the only success story thus far,
71
242083
3797
ื•ืืคื™ืœื• ืฉืื‘ืขื‘ื•ืขื•ืช ืฉื—ื•ืจื•ืช ื ืฉืืจ ืกื™ืคื•ืจ ื”ื”ืฆืœื—ื” ื”ื™ื—ื™ื“ ืขื“ ืขื›ืฉื™ื•,
04:05
several other pathogens may be next in line.
72
245880
3077
ื›ืžื” ืคืชื•ื’ื ื™ื ืื—ืจื™ื ืื•ืœื™ ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ื”ื‘ืื™ื ื‘ืชื•ืจ.
04:08
Great progress has been made towards eradicating guinea worm disease
73
248957
3827
ื”ืชืงื“ืžื•ืช ื’ื“ื•ืœื” ื ืขืฉืชื” ืœื—ื™ืกื•ืœ ืžื—ืœืช ืชื•ืœืขืช ื’ื™ื ืื”
04:12
simply by use of water filters.
74
252784
2858
ืคืฉื•ื˜ ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืžืกื ื ื™ ืžื™ื.
04:15
And vaccination for polio,
75
255642
1518
ื•ื—ื™ืกื•ื ื™ื ืœืคื•ืœื™ื•,
04:17
which previously disabled hundreds of thousands of people each year
76
257160
3816
ืฉื‘ืขื‘ืจ ื’ืจื ืœื ื›ื•ืช ืฉืœ ืžืื•ืช ืืœืคื™ ืื ืฉื™ื ื‘ืฉื ื”
04:20
is estimated to have prevented 13 million cases of paralysis,
77
260976
4235
ืžืฉืขืจื™ื ืฉืžื ืข ื ื›ื•ืช ืž 13 ืžืœื™ื•ืŸ ืื ืฉื™ื,
04:25
and 650,000 deaths since 1988.
78
265211
4985
ื• 650,000 ืžื™ืชื•ืช ืžืื– 1988.
04:30
With a 99% drop in infections since the eradication effort began,
79
270196
4342
ืขื ื™ืจื™ื“ื” ืฉืœ 99% ื‘ื”ื“ื‘ืงื” ืžืื– ืฉืžืืžืฅ ื”ื—ื™ืกื•ืœ ื”ื—ืœ,
04:34
one final push is all that is needed
80
274538
2138
ื“ื—ื™ืคื” ืื—ืจื•ื ื” ื”ื™ื ื›ืœ ืžื” ืฉื“ืจื•ืฉ
04:36
to ensure that polio will never paralyze another child.
81
276676
4570
ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ื‘ื˜ื™ื— ืฉืคื•ืœื™ื• ืœืขื•ืœื ืœื ื™ืฉืชืง ืขื•ื“ ื™ืœื“.
04:41
Disease eradication is one public health effort that benefits all of humanity
82
281246
4558
ื”ื›ื—ื“ืช ืžื—ืœื•ืช ื”ื™ื ืžืืžืฅ ื‘ืจื™ืื•ืช ืฆื™ื‘ื•ืจื™ ืฉืžื•ืขื™ืœ ืœื›ืœ ื”ืื ื•ืฉื•ืช
04:45
and challenges us to work together as a global community.
83
285804
3592
ื•ืžืืชื’ืจ ืื•ืชื ื• ืœืขื‘ื•ื“ ื™ื—ื“ ื›ืงื”ื™ืœื” ื’ืœื•ื‘ืœื™ืช.
04:49
Beyond eliminating specific diseases,
84
289396
2093
ืžืขื‘ืจ ืœื—ื™ืกื•ืœ ืžื—ืœื•ืช ืกืคืฆื™ืคื™ื•ืช,
04:51
eradication programs benefit local populations
85
291489
3626
ืชื•ื›ื ื™ื•ืช ื”ื›ื—ื“ื” ืžื•ืขื™ืœื•ืช ืœืื•ื›ืœื•ืกื™ื•ืช ืžืงื•ืžื™ื•ืช
04:55
by improving health infrastructure.
86
295115
2474
ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืฉื™ืคื•ืจ ืชืฉืชื™ื•ืช ื”ื‘ืจื™ืื•ืช.
04:57
For example, Nigeria recently used facilities and personnel
87
297589
3666
ืœื“ื•ื’ืžื”, ื ื™ื’ืจื™ื” ื”ืฉืชืžืฉื” ืœืื—ืจื•ื ื” ื‘ืžืชืงื ื™ื ื•ื›ื•ื— ืื“ื
05:01
from their polio eradication program to effectively control an ebola outbreak.
88
301255
5586
ืžืชื•ื›ื ื™ืช ื—ื™ืกื•ืœ ื”ืคื•ืœื™ื• ืฉืœื”ื ื›ื“ื™ ืœืฉืœื•ื˜ ื‘ืืคืงื˜ื™ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื‘ื”ืชืคืจืฆื•ืช ื”ืื‘ื•ืœื”.
05:06
Further more, globalization and international travel
89
306841
2864
ื•ืขื•ื“, ื’ืœื•ื‘ืœื™ื–ืฆื™ื” ื•ืžืกืข ื‘ื™ืŸ ืœืื•ืžื™
05:09
means that even a single infection anywhere in the world
90
309705
3498
ืื•ืžืจื™ื ืฉืืคื™ืœื• ื”ื“ื‘ืงื” ื™ื—ื™ื“ื” ื‘ื›ืœ ืžืงื•ื ื‘ืขื•ืœื
05:13
can potentially spread to other regions.
91
313203
3081
ื™ื›ื•ืœื” ืœื”ืชืคืฉื˜ ืคื•ื˜ื ืฆื™ืืœื™ืช ืœืื–ื•ืจื™ื ืื—ืจื™ื.
05:16
By helping to protect others, we help to protect ourselves.
92
316284
3817
ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืขื–ืจื” ื‘ื”ื’ื ื” ืขืœ ืื—ืจื™ื, ืื ื—ื ื• ืขื•ื–ืจื™ื ืœื”ื’ืŸ ืขืœ ืขืฆืžื ื•.
05:20
Disease eradication is the ultimate gift we can give to everyone alive today,
93
320101
5178
ื”ื›ื—ื“ืช ืžื—ืœื•ืช ื”ื™ื ื”ืžืชื ื” ื”ืžื•ืฉืœืžืช ืฉืื ื—ื ื• ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœืชืช ืœื›ืœ ืžื™ ืฉื—ื™ ื”ื™ื•ื,
05:25
as well as all future generations of humanity.
94
325279
3017
ื›ืžื• ื’ื ืœื›ืœ ื”ื“ื•ืจื•ืช ื”ืขืชื™ื“ื™ื™ื ืฉืœ ื”ืื ื•ืฉื•ืช.
ืขืœ ืืชืจ ื–ื”

ืืชืจ ื–ื” ื™ืฆื™ื’ ื‘ืคื ื™ื›ื ืกืจื˜ื•ื ื™ YouTube ื”ืžื•ืขื™ืœื™ื ืœืœื™ืžื•ื“ ืื ื’ืœื™ืช. ืชื•ื›ืœื• ืœืจืื•ืช ืฉื™ืขื•ืจื™ ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืขื‘ืจื™ื ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืžื•ืจื™ื ืžื”ืฉื•ืจื” ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื” ืžืจื—ื‘ื™ ื”ืขื•ืœื. ืœื—ืฅ ืคืขืžื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืฆื’ื•ืช ื‘ื›ืœ ื“ืฃ ื•ื™ื“ืื• ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ ืžืฉื. ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื’ื•ืœืœื•ืช ื‘ืกื ื›ืจื•ืŸ ืขื ื”ืคืขืœืช ื”ื•ื•ื™ื“ืื•. ืื ื™ืฉ ืœืš ื”ืขืจื•ืช ืื• ื‘ืงืฉื•ืช, ืื ื ืฆื•ืจ ืื™ืชื ื• ืงืฉืจ ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ื˜ื•ืคืก ื™ืฆื™ืจืช ืงืฉืจ ื–ื”.

https://forms.gle/WvT1wiN1qDtmnspy7