Mysteries of vernacular: Window - Jessica Oreck and Rachael Teel

39,731 views ใƒป 2013-06-13

TED-Ed


ืื ื ืœื—ืฅ ืคืขืžื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ืœืžื˜ื” ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ.

00:00
Transcriber: Andrea McDonough Reviewer: Jessica Ruby
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ืชืจื’ื•ื: Ido Dekkers ืขืจื™ื›ื”: Zeeva Livshitz
00:13
Mysteries of vernacular:
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ืžืกืชืจื™ ืฉืคืช ื”ืžืงื•ื:
00:15
Window,
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ื•ื•ื™ื ื“ื• (ื—ืœื•ืŸ),
00:17
an opening constructed in a wall to emit light or air.
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ืคืชื— ืฉื ื‘ื ื” ื‘ืงื™ืจ ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืขื‘ื™ืจ ืื•ืจ ืื• ืื•ื•ื™ืจ.
00:21
When the Scandinavian settlers invaded England
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ื›ืฉื”ืžืชื™ื™ืฉื‘ื™ื ื”ืกืงื ื“ื™ื ื•ื•ื™ื™ื ืคืœืฉื• ืœืื ื’ืœื™ื”
00:24
in the Middle Ages,
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ื‘ื™ืžื™ ื”ื‘ื™ื ื™ื™ื,
00:25
they brought with them a whole slew of words
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ื”ื ื”ื‘ื™ืื• ืื™ืชื ื”ืจื‘ื” ืžื™ืœื™ื
00:27
whose modern descendants have become part
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ืฉื”ืฆืืฆืื™ื ื”ืžื•ื“ืจื ื™ื™ื ืฉืœื”ืŸ ื”ืคื›ื• ืœื—ืœืง
00:30
of our everyday vernacular.
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ืžืฉืคืช ื”ืžืงื•ื ื”ื™ื•ื ื™ื•ืžื™ืช ืฉืœื ื•.
00:32
Their word for window was related to the Old Norse word
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ื”ืžื™ืœื” ืฉืœื”ื ืœื—ืœื•ืŸ ื”ื™ืชื” ืงืฉื•ืจื” ืœืžื™ืœื” ื”ื ื•ืจื“ื™ืช ื”ืขืชื™ืงื”
00:35
for the same architectural feature,
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ืœืื•ืชื• ืคืจื™ื˜ ืืจื›ื™ื˜ืงื˜ื•ื ื™,
00:38
vindauga.
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ื•ื™ื ื“ืื•ื’ื”.
00:40
Vindauga was a compound,
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ื•ื™ื ื“ืื•ื’ื” ื”ื™ืชื” ืžื•ืจื›ื‘ืช,
00:42
composed of two separate words:
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ืžืฉืชื™ ืžื™ืœื™ื ื ืคืจื“ื•ืช:
00:44
vindr, meaning wind
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ื•ื™ื ื“ืจ, ืฉืžืฉืžืขื” ืจื•ื—
00:47
and auga, meaning eye.
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ื•ืื•ื•ื’ื”, ืฉืžืฉืžืขื” ืขื™ืŸ.
00:50
The word vindauga was probably quite old,
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ื”ืžื™ืœื” ื•ื™ื ื“ืื•ื’ื” ื”ื™ืชื” ื›ื ืจืื” ื“ื™ ืขืชื™ืงื”,
00:53
having come into being long before
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ื›ืฉื”ืชื”ื•ื•ืชื” ื”ืจื‘ื” ืœืคื ื™
00:55
windows were made of glass.
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ืฉื—ืœื•ื ื•ืช ื”ื™ื• ืขืฉื•ื™ื™ื ืžื–ื›ื•ื›ื™ืช.
00:57
This type of metaphoric compound,
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ื”ืกื•ื’ ื”ื–ื” ืฉืœ ื—ื™ื‘ื•ืจ ืžื˜ืืคื•ืจื™,
01:00
called a kenning,
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ืฉื ืงืจื ืงื ื™ื ื’ (ืœื“ืขืช),
01:01
was very popular in both Norse and Old English.
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ื”ื™ื” ืžืื•ื“ ืคื•ืคื•ืœืจื™ ื’ื ื‘ื ื•ืจื“ื™ืช ื•ื’ื ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ืขืชื™ืงื”.
01:05
The beautiful literary trope was used
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ื”ืžืœื™ืฆื” ื”ืขืชื™ืงื” ื•ื”ื™ืคื” ืฉื™ืžืฉื”
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in the Norse word for ship,
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ื‘ืžื™ืœื” ื”ื ื•ืจื“ื™ืช ืฉื™ืค (ืื•ื ื™ื™ื”),
01:10
literally "wave stead."
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ืฉืžืฉืžืขื” ื”ืžื™ืœื•ืœื™ ื”ื™ื” "ืžืงื•ื ื‘ื’ืœื™ื."
01:13
And, in the epic poem, "Beowulf,"
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ื•ื‘ืคื•ืืžื” ื”ืืคื™ืช, "ื‘ื™ื•ื•ืœืฃ,"
01:15
where the sea is described as a whale road
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ื‘ื” ื”ื™ื ืžืชื•ืืจ ื›ื“ืจืš ืœื•ื•ื™ืชื ื™ื
01:19
and blood is described as battle sweat
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ื•ื“ื ืžืชื•ืืจ ื›ื–ื™ืขืช ืงืจื‘
01:22
and slaughter dew.
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ื•ื˜ืœ ื˜ื‘ื•ื—.
01:24
From its literal yet lyrical beginning,
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ืžื”ื”ืชื—ืœื” ื”ืžื™ืœื•ืœื™ืช ืฉืœื• ื•ืขื ื–ืืช ืœื™ืจื™ืช,
01:26
the word window has expanded
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ื”ืžื™ืœื” ื•ื•ื™ื ื“ื• ื”ืชืจื—ื‘ื”
01:28
beyond its concrete definition
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ืžืขื‘ืจ ืœื”ื’ื“ืจื” ื”ืžื•ืฆืงื” ืฉืœื”
01:30
as a construction or design element
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ื›ืžื‘ื ื” ืื• ืคืจื™ื˜ ืขื™ืฆื•ื‘ื™
01:33
to be used figuratively
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ืฉืžืฉืชืžืฉื™ื ื‘ื• ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ืฆื™ื•ืจื™
01:35
in phrases like the poetic
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ื‘ืžืฉืคื˜ื™ื ื›ืžื• ื”ืžืฉืคื˜ ื”ืคื•ืื˜ื™
01:37
"window of opportunity."
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"ื—ืœื•ืŸ ื”ื–ื“ืžื ื•ื™ื•ืช."
ืขืœ ืืชืจ ื–ื”

ืืชืจ ื–ื” ื™ืฆื™ื’ ื‘ืคื ื™ื›ื ืกืจื˜ื•ื ื™ YouTube ื”ืžื•ืขื™ืœื™ื ืœืœื™ืžื•ื“ ืื ื’ืœื™ืช. ืชื•ื›ืœื• ืœืจืื•ืช ืฉื™ืขื•ืจื™ ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืขื‘ืจื™ื ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืžื•ืจื™ื ืžื”ืฉื•ืจื” ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื” ืžืจื—ื‘ื™ ื”ืขื•ืœื. ืœื—ืฅ ืคืขืžื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืฆื’ื•ืช ื‘ื›ืœ ื“ืฃ ื•ื™ื“ืื• ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ ืžืฉื. ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื’ื•ืœืœื•ืช ื‘ืกื ื›ืจื•ืŸ ืขื ื”ืคืขืœืช ื”ื•ื•ื™ื“ืื•. ืื ื™ืฉ ืœืš ื”ืขืจื•ืช ืื• ื‘ืงืฉื•ืช, ืื ื ืฆื•ืจ ืื™ืชื ื• ืงืฉืจ ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ื˜ื•ืคืก ื™ืฆื™ืจืช ืงืฉืจ ื–ื”.

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