The complicated history of surfing - Scott Laderman

1,505,543 views ใƒป 2017-11-16

TED-Ed


ืื ื ืœื—ืฅ ืคืขืžื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ืœืžื˜ื” ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ.

ืชืจื’ื•ื: Ido Dekkers ืขืจื™ื›ื”: hila scherba
"ืžื—ื•ืฅ ืœืžื™ื, ืื ื™ ื›ืœื•ื" - ื“ื™ื•ืง ืงื”ื ืžื•ืงื•
00:06
For some, it's a serious sport.
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ืœื›ืžื”, ื–ื” ืกืคื•ืจื˜ ืจืฆื™ื ื™.
00:08
For others, just a way to let loose.
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ืœืื—ืจื™ื, ืจืง ื“ืจืš ืœื”ืฉืชื—ืจืจ.
00:11
But despite its casual association with fun and sun,
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ืื‘ืœ ืœืžืจื•ืช ื”ืงื™ืฉื•ืจ ื”ื™ื•ื ื™ื•ืžื™ ืฉืœื• ืขื ื›ื™ืฃ ื•ืฉืžืฉ,
00:15
surfing has a richer and deeper history than many realize.
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ืœื’ืœื™ืฉืช ื’ืœื™ื ื™ืฉ ืขื‘ืจ ืขืžื•ืง ื•ืขืฉื™ืจ ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžืฉื”ืจื‘ื” ืžื‘ื™ื ื™ื.
00:20
What we today call surfing originated in
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ืžื” ืฉืื ื—ื ื• ื”ื™ื•ื ืงื•ืจืื™ื ืœื• ื’ืœื™ืฉื”
ืžืงื•ืจื• ื‘ืื™ื™ื ื”ืคื•ืœื™ื ื–ื™ื™ื ืฉืœ ื”ืื•ืงื™ื™ื ื•ืก ื”ืฉืงื˜.
00:23
the Polynesian islands of the Pacific Ocean.
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00:26
We know from various accounts
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ืื ื—ื ื• ื™ื•ื“ืขื™ื ืžืžืงื•ืจื•ืช ืฉื•ื ื™ื
00:28
that wave riding was done throughout the Polynesian Pacific,
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ืฉื’ืœื™ืฉืช ื’ืœื™ื ื”ืชื‘ืฆืขื” ืœื›ืœ ืจื•ื—ื‘ ื”ืื•ืงื™ื™ื ื•ืก ื”ืฉืงื˜ ื”ืคื•ืœื™ื ื–ื™,
00:32
as well as in West Africa and Peru.
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ื›ืžื• ื’ื ื‘ืžืขืจื‘ ืืคืจื™ืงื” ื•ืคืจื•.
00:36
But it was in the Hawaiian archipelago in particular
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ืื‘ืœ ื–ื” ื”ื™ื” ื‘ืืจื›ื™ืคืœื’ ืฉืœ ื”ื•ื•ืื™ ื‘ืžื™ื•ื—ื“
00:39
that surfing advanced the most,
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ืฉื’ืœื™ืฉื” ื”ืชืงื“ืžื” ื”ื›ื™ ื”ืจื‘ื”,
00:42
was best documented,
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ืชื•ืขื“ื” ื”ื›ื™ ื˜ื•ื‘,
00:43
and, unlike elsewhere in Polynesia, persisted.
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ื•ื‘ื ื™ื’ื•ื“ ืœืžืงื•ืžื•ืช ืื—ืจื™ื ื‘ืคื•ืœื™ื ื–ื™ื”, ื”ืžืฉื™ื›ื”.
ื•ืœืื ืฉื™ ื”ื•ื•ืื™,
00:48
And for the people of Hawaii,
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00:49
wave sliding was not just a recreational activity,
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ื’ืœื™ืฉืช ื’ืœื™ื ืœื ื”ื™ืชื” ืจืง ืคืขื™ืœื•ืช ืคื ืื™,
00:52
but one with spiritual and social significance.
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ืืœื ืื—ืช ืขื ืžืฉืžืขื•ืช ืจื•ื—ื ื™ืช ื•ื—ื‘ืจืชื™ืช.
00:57
Like much of Hawaiian society,
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ื›ืžื• ืจื•ื‘ ืื•ื›ืœื•ืกื™ื™ืช ื”ื•ื•ืื™,
00:59
nearly every aspect of surfing was governed by a code of rules and taboos
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ื›ืžืขื˜ ื›ืœ ืคืŸ ืฉืœ ื’ืœื™ืฉื” ื ืฉืœื˜ ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืงื•ื“ ื—ื•ืงื™ื ื•ืื™ืกื•ืจื™ื
ืฉื™ื“ื•ืขื™ื ื›ืงืืคื•.
01:04
known as kapu.
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ืื ืฉื™ ื”ื•ื•ืื™ ื”ืขืœื• ืžื ื—ื•ืช ื›ืฉื‘ื—ืจื• ืขืฅ ืœื’ืœืฃ,
01:07
Hawaiians made offerings when selecting a tree to carve,
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01:10
prayed for waves with the help of a kahuna, or an expert priest,
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ื”ืชืคืœืœื• ืœื’ืœื™ื ื‘ืขื–ืจืช ืงื”ื•ื ื”, ืื• ื›ื”ืŸ ืžืงืฆื•ืขื™,
01:14
and gave thanks after surviving a perilous wipeout.
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ื•ื ืชื ื• ืชื•ื“ื•ืช ืื—ืจื™ ืฉืฉืจื“ื• ื”ืชื”ืคื›ื•ืช ืงืฉื”.
ืฉื‘ื™ืจื•ืช ื’ืœื™ื ืžืกื•ื™ื™ืžื•ืช ื ืฉืžืจื• ืœืืœื™ื˜ื” ื‘ืœื‘ื“.
01:20
Certain surf breaks were strickly reserved for the elite.
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01:24
But it wasn't just a solemn affair.
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ืื‘ืœ ื–ื” ืœื ื”ื™ื” ืจืง ืขื ื™ื™ืŸ ืจืฆื™ื ื™.
01:27
Surfers competed and wagered on who could ride the farthest,
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ื’ื•ืœืฉื™ื ื”ืชื—ืจื• ื•ื”ืชืขืจื‘ื• ืขืœ ืžื™ ื™ื’ืœื•ืฉ ื”ื›ื™ ืจื—ื•ืง,
01:30
the fastest,
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ื”ื›ื™ ืžื”ืจ,
01:31
or catch the biggest wave with superior skill,
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ืื• ื™ืชืคืกื• ืืช ื”ื’ืœื™ื ื”ื’ื“ื•ืœื™ื ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ,
ื›ืืฉืจ ื›ื™ืฉื•ืจื™ื ื˜ื•ื‘ื™ื ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžืขื ื™ืง ื›ื‘ื•ื“,
01:34
granting respect,
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01:36
social status,
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ืžืขืžื“ ื—ื‘ืจืชื™,
01:37
and romantic success.
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ื•ื”ืฆืœื—ื” ืจื•ืžื ื˜ื™ืช.
01:41
Though it was later called the sport of kings,
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ืœืžืจื•ืช ืฉื–ื” ื ืงืจื ืžืื•ื—ืจ ื™ื•ืชืจ ืกืคื•ืจื˜ ืžืœื›ื™ื,
01:43
Hawaiian men and women of all ages and social classes participated,
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ื’ื‘ืจื™ื ื•ื ืฉื™ื ืžื”ื•ื•ืื™ ืžื›ืœ ื”ื’ื™ืœืื™ื ื•ืžืขืžื“ื•ืช ื—ื‘ืจืชื™ื™ื ื”ืฉืชืชืคื•,
ื’ืœืฉื• ืขืœ ื’ืœืฉื ื™ื ืžื™ื•ืฆืจื™ื ืžืงื•ืื”,
01:48
riding surfboards shaped from koa,
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ืคืจื™ ื”ืœื—ื,
01:50
breadfruit,
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01:50
or wiliwili trees.
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ืื• ืขืฆื™ ื•ื•ื™ืœื™ื•ื•ื™ืœื™.
ื”ืจื‘ื” ืื ืฉื™ื ืžื”ื•ื•ืื™ ื’ืœืฉื• ืขืœ ื’ืœืฉื ื™ ืืœืื™ื”,
01:54
Many Hawaiians road alaia boards,
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01:56
which were thin, midsized, and somewhat resemble today's shortboards.
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ืฉื”ื™ื• ื“ืงื™ื, ื‘ื’ื•ื“ืœ ื‘ื™ื ื•ื ื™, ื•ื“ืžื• ืžืขื˜ ืœื’ืœืฉื ื™ื ื”ืงืฆืจื™ื ืฉืœ ื”ื™ื•ื.
02:01
Some mounted paipo boards,
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ื›ืžื” ืจื›ื‘ื• ืขืœ ื’ืœืฉื ื™ ืคื™ื™ืคื•,
02:03
short, round-nosed boards on which riders typically lay on their stomachs.
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ื’ืœืฉื ื™ื ืงืฆืจื™ื, ืขื ืืฃ ืขื’ื•ืœ ืขืœื™ื”ื ื”ื’ื•ืœืฉื™ื ืฉื›ื‘ื• ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ื˜ื™ืคื•ืกื™ ืขืœ ื”ื‘ื˜ืŸ.
02:08
But only chieftains could ride the massive olo boards,
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ืื‘ืœ ืจืง ืžื ื”ื™ื’ื™ื ื™ื›ืœื• ืœื’ืœื•ืฉ ืขืœ ื’ืœืฉื ื™ ื”ืื•ืœื• ื”ืžืกื™ื‘ื™ื™ื,
02:12
twice as long as today's longboards.
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ืืจื•ื›ื™ื ืคื™ ืฉืชื™ื™ื ืžื”ื’ืœืฉื ื™ื ื”ืืจื•ื›ื™ื ืฉืœ ื”ื™ื•ื.
02:15
Unlike most modern surfboards,
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ื‘ื ื™ื’ื•ื“ ืœืจื•ื‘ ื”ื’ืœืฉื ื™ื ื”ืžื•ื“ืจื ื™ื™ื,
02:18
all boards were finless,
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ื›ืœ ื”ื’ืœืฉื ื™ื ื”ื™ื• ื ื˜ื•ืœื™ ืกื ืคื™ืจ,
02:19
requiring surfers to drag their hands or feet to turn.
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ื•ื“ืจืฉื• ืžื”ื’ื•ืœืฉื™ื ืœื’ืจื•ืจ ืืช ื”ื™ื“ื™ื™ื ืื• ื”ืจื’ืœื™ื™ื ื›ื“ื™ ืœืคื ื•ืช.
02:24
We don't know exactly when wave sliding was invented,
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ืื ื—ื ื• ืœื ื™ื•ื“ืขื™ื ื‘ื“ื™ื•ืง ืžืชื™ ื’ืœื™ืฉืช ื’ืœื™ื ื”ื•ืžืฆืื”,
02:27
but we know that it had already been practiced in Polynesia for centuries
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ืื‘ืœ ืื ื—ื ื• ื™ื•ื“ืขื™ื ืฉืคื•ืœื™ื ื–ื™ื ื‘ื™ืฆืขื• ืื•ืชื” ื›ื‘ืจ ืžืื•ืช ืฉื ื™ื
02:31
by the time it was described in 1777 by William Anderson,
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ืขื“ ืฉื”ื™ื ืชื•ืืจื” ื‘-1777 ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื•ื•ื™ืœื™ืื ืื ื“ืจืกื•ืŸ,
02:36
a surgeon on Captain Cook's ship "Resolution."
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ืžื ืชื— ืขืœ ืกืคื™ื ืชื• ืฉืœ ืงืคื˜ืŸ ืงื•ืง "ืจื–ื•ืœื•ืฉืŸ".
02:41
Although Anderson was in awe,
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ืœืžืจื•ืช ืฉืื ื“ืจืกื•ืŸ ื”ื•ืงืกื,
02:43
most of the American Christian missionaries who arrived in Hawaii
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ืจื•ื‘ ื”ื ื•ืฆืจื™ื ื”ืžืกื™ื•ื ืจื™ื ื”ืืžืจื™ืงืื™ื ืฉื”ื’ื™ืขื• ืœื”ื•ื•ืื™
02:47
several decades later
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ืžืกืคืจ ืขืฉื•ืจื™ื ืžืื•ื—ืจ ื™ื•ืชืจ
02:48
regarded surfing as sinful,
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ื”ืชื™ื™ื—ืกื• ืœื’ืœื™ืฉื” ื›ื—ื˜ื,
ื•ื”ื ื’ื ืœื ืขื•ื“ื“ื• ืื•ืชื”, ื™ื—ื“ ืขื ืคื ื™ื ืื—ืจื™ื ืฉืœ ื”ืชืจื‘ื•ืช ื”ืžืงื•ืžื™ืช.
02:51
and they discouraged it, along with other aspects of native culture.
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02:55
The biggest threat to surfing, however, was the threat to the natives themselves.
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ื”ืื™ื•ื ื”ื›ื™ ื’ื“ื•ืœ ืœื’ืœื™ืฉื”, ืขื ื–ืืช, ื”ื™ื” ื”ืื™ื•ื ืœื™ืœื™ื“ื™ื ืขืฆืžื.
03:00
By 1890, new illnesses introduced by Europeans and Americans
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ืขื“ 1890, ืžื—ืœื•ืช ื—ื“ืฉื•ืช ืฉื”ื’ื™ืขื• ืžื”ืืจื•ืคืื™ื ื•ื”ืืžืจื™ืงืื™ื
03:04
had decimated the Hawaiian people, leaving fewer than 40,000
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ื”ืฉืžื™ื“ื• ืืช ืื ืฉื™ ื”ื•ื•ืื™, ืžื” ืฉื”ืฉืื™ืจ ืคื—ื•ืช ืž-40,000 ืื ืฉื™ื
03:08
from a pre-contact population that may have exceeded 800,000.
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ืžืื•ื›ืœื•ืกื™ื™ื” ืœืคื ื™ ื”ืžื’ืข ืฉืืคืฉืจ ืฉื”ื™ืชื” ืžืขืœ 800,000 ืื ืฉื™ื.
03:14
At the same time, foreign influence grew
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ื‘ืื•ืชื• ื–ืžืŸ, ื”ืฉืคืขื” ื—ื™ืฆื•ื ื™ืช ื’ื“ืœื”
03:16
with white settlers overthrowing the native monarchy in 1893,
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ืขื ืžืชื™ื™ืฉื‘ื™ื ืœื‘ื ื™ื ืฉืžืคื™ืœื™ื ืืช ื”ืžื•ื ืจื›ื™ื” ื”ื™ืœื™ื“ื™ืช ื‘-1893,
ื•ืืจืฆื•ืช ื”ื‘ืจื™ืช, ืžืกืคื—ืช ืืช ื”ืื™ ื—ืžืฉ ืฉื ื™ื ืžืื•ื—ืจ ื™ื•ืชืจ.
03:22
and the U.S. annexing the islands five years later.
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03:25
The end of Hawaii's independence coincided with surfing's native-led revival,
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ื”ืกื•ืฃ ืœืขืฆืžืื•ืช ื”ื•ื•ืื™ ื”ืชืจื—ืฉื” ื‘ืžืงื‘ื™ืœ ืœืชื—ื™ื™ื” ืฉืœ ื”ื’ืœื™ืฉื” ื”ื™ืœื™ื“ื™ืช,
03:31
a revival soon exploited by the American colonizers.
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ืชื—ื™ื™ื” ืฉื ื•ืฆืœื” ื‘ืžื”ืจื” ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื”ืžืชื™ื™ืฉื‘ื™ื ื”ืืžืจื™ืงืื™ื.
03:37
But first, some Hawaiians took surfing overseas.
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ืื‘ืœ ืจืืฉื™ืช, ื›ืžื” ื™ืœื™ื“ื™ ื”ื•ื•ืื™ ืœืงื—ื• ืืช ื”ื’ืœื™ืฉื” ืžืขื‘ืจ ืœื™ื.
03:40
In 1907, George Freeth, the so-called Hawaiian Wonder,
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ื‘ 1907, ื’'ื•ืจื’' ืคืจื™ืช', ืฉื ืงืจื ื”ืคืœื ืžื”ื•ื•ืื™,
03:45
traveled to the west coast
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ื™ืฆื ืœื—ื•ืฃ ื”ืžืขืจื‘ื™
03:47
and gave surfing demonstrations in southern California.
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ื•ื”ื“ื’ื™ื ื’ืœื™ืฉื” ื‘ื“ืจื•ื ืงืœื™ืคื•ืจื ื™ื”.
03:51
Then in 1914, Olympic swimmer Duke Kahanamoku
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ืื– ื‘-1914, ื”ืฉื—ื™ื™ืŸ ื”ืื•ืœื™ืžืคื™ ื“ื™ื•ืง ืงื”ื ืžื•ืงื•
03:55
made his way to Australia and New Zealand,
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ืขืฉื” ืืช ื“ืจื›ื• ืœืื•ืกื˜ืจืœื™ื” ื•ื ื™ื• ื–ื™ืœื ื“,
03:58
gliding across the southern Pacific waves
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ื’ืœืฉ ื‘ื’ืœื™ื ืฉืœ ื“ืจื•ื ื”ืคืกื™ืคื™
04:00
and attracting rapt audiences wherever he went.
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ื•ืžืฉืš ืงื”ืœ ื’ื“ื•ืœ ื‘ื›ืœ ืžืงื•ื ืืœื™ื• ื”ืœืš.
04:05
Shortly before Freeth went to California,
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ืžืขื˜ ืœืคื ื™ ืฉืคืจื™ืช' ื ืกืข ืœืงืœื™ืคื•ืจื ื™ื”,
04:07
a South Carolinian named Alexander Hume Ford moved to Hawaii.
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ื“ืจื•ื ืงืœื™ืคื•ืจื ื™ ื‘ืฉื ืืœื›ืกื ื“ืจ ื”ื™ื•ื ืคื•ืจื“ ืขื‘ืจ ืœื”ื•ื•ืื™.
04:12
After learning to surf, he became a champion of the pastime.
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ืื—ืจื™ ืฉืœืžื“ ืœื’ืœื•ืฉ, ื”ื•ื ื”ืคืš ืœืืœื•ืฃ ื”ืชื—ื‘ื™ื‘.
04:18
But Ford may have had unsavory reasons
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ืื‘ืœ ืœืคื•ืจื“ ืื•ืœื™ ื”ื™ื• ืกื™ื‘ื•ืช ื—ืกืจื•ืช ื˜ืขื
04:20
for his enthusiastic efforts to boost the sport.
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ืœืžืืžืฆื™ื ื”ืžืชืœื”ื‘ื™ื ืฉืœื• ืœืงื“ื ืืช ื”ืกืคื•ืจื˜.
ื›ืžื• ื”ืจื‘ื” ืžืชื™ื™ืฉื‘ื™ื, ื”ื•ื ืจืฆื” ืฉื”ื•ื•ืื™ ืชื”ืคื•ืš ืœืžื“ื™ื ื” ื‘ืืจืฆื•ืช ื”ื‘ืจื™ืช
04:25
Like many settlers, he wanted Hawaii to become a U.S. state
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04:28
but was worried about its non-white majority of natives and Asian workers.
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ืื‘ืœ ื”ื™ื” ืžื•ื“ืื’ ื‘ื ื•ื’ืข ืœืจื•ื‘ ื”ืœื ืœื‘ืŸ ืฉืœ ื™ืœื™ื“ื™ื ื•ืขื•ื‘ื“ื™ื ืืกื™ื™ืชื™ื™ื.
04:34
Ford thus promoted surfing to attract white Americans to Hawaii,
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ืคื•ืจื“ ืงื™ื“ื ืœื›ืŸ ืืช ื”ื’ืœื™ืฉื” ื›ื“ื™ ืœืžืฉื•ืš ืืžืจื™ืงืื™ื ืœื‘ื ื™ื ืœื”ื•ื•ืื™,
04:38
first as tourists, then as residents.
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ืจืืฉื™ืช ื›ืชื™ื™ืจื™ื, ื•ืื– ื›ืžืชื™ื™ืฉื‘ื™ื.
04:42
He was helped by numerous writers and filmmakers.
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ื”ื•ื ื ืขื–ืจ ื‘ืื™ืŸ ืกืคื•ืจ ื›ื•ืชื‘ื™ื ื•ื™ื•ืฆืจื™ ืกืจื˜ื™ื.
04:45
Ford's demographic plan would fail miserably.
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ื”ืชื•ื›ื ื™ืช ื”ื“ืžื•ื’ืจืคื™ืช ืฉืœ ืคื•ืจื“ ืชื™ื›ืฉืœ ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ืžื—ืคื™ืจ.
04:49
Hawaii became a state in 1959
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ื”ื•ื•ืื™ ื”ืคื›ื” ืœืžื“ื™ื ื” ื‘ 1959
04:52
and remains the most racially diverse state in the country.
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ื•ื ืฉืืจื” ื”ืžื“ื™ื ื” ื”ื›ื™ ืžื’ื•ื•ื ืช ื’ื–ืขื™ืช ื‘ืืจืฅ.
04:56
But the promotion of surfing was a far greater success.
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ืื‘ืœ ืงื™ื“ื•ื ื”ื’ืœื™ืฉื” ื”ื™ื” ื”ืจื‘ื” ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžื•ืฆืœื—.
05:00
Today, surfing is a multi-billion dollar global industry,
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ื”ื™ื•ื, ื’ืœื™ืฉื” ื”ื™ื ืชืขืฉื™ื™ื” ื’ืœื•ื‘ืœื™ืช ืฉืœ ืžื™ืœื™ืื“ื™ ื“ื•ืœืจื™ื,
05:04
with tens of millions of enthusiasts worldwide.
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ืขื ืขืฉืจื•ืช ืžืœื™ื•ื ื™ ื—ืกื™ื“ื™ื ื‘ืขื•ืœื.
05:08
And though relatively few of these surfers are aware of the once-crucial wave chants
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ื•ืœืžืจื•ืช ืฉื™ื—ืกื™ืช ืžืขื˜ ืžื”ื’ื•ืœืฉื™ื ื”ืืœื” ืžื•ื“ืขื™ื ืœืœื—ืฉื™ ื”ื’ืœื™ื ืฉืคืขื ื”ื™ื• ื—ื™ื•ื ื™ื™ื
05:13
or board carving rituals,
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ืื• ื˜ืงืกื™ ื’ื™ืœื•ืฃ ื”ื’ืœืฉื ื™ื,
05:15
Hawaiians continue to preserve these traditions
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ืื ืฉื™ ื”ื•ื•ืื™ ืžืžืฉื™ื›ื™ื ืœืฉืžืจ ืืช ื”ืžืกื•ืจื•ืช ื”ืืœื•
05:17
nearly washed away by history's waves.
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ืฉื›ืžืขื˜ ื ืฉื˜ืคื• ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื’ืœื™ ื”ื”ืกื˜ื•ืจื™ื”.
ืขืœ ืืชืจ ื–ื”

ืืชืจ ื–ื” ื™ืฆื™ื’ ื‘ืคื ื™ื›ื ืกืจื˜ื•ื ื™ YouTube ื”ืžื•ืขื™ืœื™ื ืœืœื™ืžื•ื“ ืื ื’ืœื™ืช. ืชื•ื›ืœื• ืœืจืื•ืช ืฉื™ืขื•ืจื™ ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืขื‘ืจื™ื ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืžื•ืจื™ื ืžื”ืฉื•ืจื” ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื” ืžืจื—ื‘ื™ ื”ืขื•ืœื. ืœื—ืฅ ืคืขืžื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืฆื’ื•ืช ื‘ื›ืœ ื“ืฃ ื•ื™ื“ืื• ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ ืžืฉื. ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื’ื•ืœืœื•ืช ื‘ืกื ื›ืจื•ืŸ ืขื ื”ืคืขืœืช ื”ื•ื•ื™ื“ืื•. ืื ื™ืฉ ืœืš ื”ืขืจื•ืช ืื• ื‘ืงืฉื•ืช, ืื ื ืฆื•ืจ ืื™ืชื ื• ืงืฉืจ ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ื˜ื•ืคืก ื™ืฆื™ืจืช ืงืฉืจ ื–ื”.

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