The colossal consequences of supervolcanoes - Alex Gendler

2,259,920 views ใƒป 2014-06-09

TED-Ed


ืื ื ืœื—ืฅ ืคืขืžื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ืœืžื˜ื” ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ.

ืชืจื’ื•ื: Ido Dekkers ืขืจื™ื›ื”: Tal Dekkers
00:07
The year was 1816.
0
7251
2621
ื”ืฉื ื” ื”ื™ืชื” 1816.
00:09
Europe and North America had just been through
1
9872
2510
ืื™ืจื•ืคื” ื•ืฆืคื•ืŸ ืืžืจื™ืงื” ืขื‘ืจื•
00:12
a devastating series of wars,
2
12382
2894
ืกื“ืจื” ื”ืจืกื ื™ืช ืฉืœ ืžืœื—ืžื•ืช,
00:15
and a slow recovery seemed to be underway,
3
15276
2982
ื•ื”ืชืื•ืฉืฉื•ืช ืื™ื˜ื™ืช ื ืจืืชื” ื‘ื“ืจืš,
00:18
but nature had other plans.
4
18258
2501
ืื‘ืœ ืœื˜ื‘ืข ื”ื™ื• ืชื•ื›ื ื™ื•ืช ืื—ืจื•ืช.
00:20
After two years of poor harvests,
5
20759
2592
ืื—ืจื™ ืฉื ืชื™ื™ื ืฉืœ ื™ื‘ื•ืœื™ื ืขืœื•ื‘ื™ื,
00:23
the spring brought heavy rains and cold,
6
23351
2938
ื”ืื‘ื™ื‘ ื”ื‘ื™ื ื’ืฉืžื™ื ื›ื‘ื“ื™ื ื•ืงื•ืจ,
00:26
flooding the rivers and causing crop failures
7
26289
2985
ื”ืฆื™ืฃ ืืช ื”ื ื”ืจื•ืช ื•ื’ืจื ืœื›ืฉืœ ื‘ื™ื‘ื•ืœื™ื
00:29
from the British Isles to Switzerland.
8
29274
2579
ืžื”ืื™ ื”ื‘ืจื™ื˜ื™ ืขื“ ืฉื•ื•ืฆืจื™ื”.
00:31
While odd-colored snow fell in Italy and Hungary,
9
31853
3789
ื‘ืขื•ื“ ืฉืœื’ ื‘ืฆื‘ืข ืžื•ื–ืจ ื ืคืœ ืขืœ ืื™ื˜ืœื™ื” ื•ื”ื•ื ื’ืจื™ื”,
00:35
famine, food riots and disease epidemics ensued.
10
35642
4844
ืจืขื‘, ืžื”ื•ืžื•ืช ืื•ื›ืœ ื•ืžื—ืœื•ืช ื”ืชืคืฉื˜ื•.
00:40
Meanwhile, New England was blanketed
11
40486
2169
ื‘ื™ื ืชื™ื™ื, ื ื™ื• ืื™ื ื’ืœื ื“ ื›ื•ืกืชื”
00:42
by a strange fog
12
42655
1692
ื‘ืขืจืคืœ ืžื•ื–ืจ
00:44
that would not disperse
13
44347
1229
ืฉืœื ื”ืชืคื–ืจ
00:45
as the ground remained frozen
14
45576
1918
ื›ืฉื”ืื“ืžื” ื ืฉืืจื” ืงืคื•ืื”
00:47
well into June.
15
47494
1916
ืขื“ ืœื™ื•ื ื™.
00:49
In what came to be known as "the Year Without a Summer,"
16
49410
3380
ื‘ืžื” ืฉื”ื™ื” ื™ื“ื•ืข ื›"ืฉื ื” ืœืœื ืงื™ืฅ,"
00:52
some thought the apocalypse had begun.
17
52790
2538
ื›ืžื” ื—ืฉื‘ื• ืฉื”ืืคื•ืงืœื™ืคืกื” ื”ื—ืœื”.
00:55
A mood captured in Lord Byron's poem "Darkness":
18
55328
3260
ื”ืœืš ืจื•ื— ืฉื ืชืคืก ื‘ืฉื™ืจื• ืฉืœ ื‘ื™ื™ืจื•ืŸ "ื—ืฉื›ื”":
00:58
"I had a dream which was not all a dream.
19
58588
3377
"ื”ื™ื” ืœื™ ื—ืœื•ื ืฉืœื ื”ื™ื” ื›ื•ืœื• ื—ืœื•ื.
01:01
The bright sun was extinguish'd,
20
61965
2750
ื”ืฉืžืฉ ื”ื‘ื•ื”ืงืช ื›ื‘ืชื”,
01:04
and the stars did wander darkling in the eternal space,
21
64715
3835
ื•ื”ื›ื•ื›ื‘ื™ื ื ื“ื“ื• ื—ืฉื•ื›ื™ื ื‘ื—ืœืœ ื”ื ืฆื—ื™,
01:08
rayless, and pathless,
22
68550
2122
ื ื˜ื•ืœื™ ืงืจื ื™ื™ื, ื•ื ื˜ื•ืœื™ ื›ื™ื•ื•ืŸ,
01:10
and the icy Earth swung blind and blackening
23
70672
3263
ื•ื›ื“ื•ืจ ื”ืืจืฅ ื”ืงืคื•ื ื”ืชื ื•ื“ื“ ืขื™ื•ื•ืจ ื•ืžืฉื—ื™ืจ
01:13
in the moonless air;
24
73935
1864
ื‘ืื•ื™ืจ ื ื˜ื•ืœ ื”ื™ืจื—;
01:15
morn came and went -- and came, and brought no day."
25
75799
4084
ื‘ื•ืงืจ ื‘ื ื•ื”ืœืš -- ื•ื‘ื, ื•ืœื ื”ื‘ื™ื ื™ื•ื."
01:19
They had no way of knowing
26
79883
977
ืœื ื”ื™ืชื” ืœื”ื ื“ืจืš ืœื“ืขืช
01:20
that the real source of their misfortunes
27
80860
1917
ืฉื”ืžืงื•ืจ ื”ืืžื™ืชื™ ืœื—ื•ืกืจ ื”ืžื–ืœ ืฉืœื”ื
01:22
had occurred a year ago thousands of miles away.
28
82777
4223
ื”ืชืจื—ืฉ ืฉื ื” ืœืคื ื™ ื›ืŸ ืืœืคื™ ืงื™ืœื•ืžื˜ืจื™ื ืžืฉื.
01:27
The 1815 eruption of Mount Tambora
29
87000
3619
ื”ื”ืชืคืจืฆื•ืช ืฉืœ ื”ืจ ื˜ืžื‘ื•ืจื” ื‘ 1815
01:30
on the Indonesian island of Sumbawa
30
90619
2712
ื‘ืื™ ื”ืื™ื ื“ื•ื ื–ื™ ืกื•ืžื‘ื•ื•ื”
01:33
was what is known as a supervolcano,
31
93331
2626
ื”ื™ืชื” ืžื” ืฉื™ื“ื•ืข ื›ืกื•ืคืจ ื”ืจ ื’ืขืฉ,
01:35
characterized by a volume of erupted material,
32
95957
3003
ืฉืžืื•ืคื™ืŸ ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื ืคื— ื”ื—ื•ืžืจ ืฉื ืคืœื˜,
01:38
many times greater than that of ordinary volcanoes.
33
98960
3602
ืฉื’ื“ื•ืœ ืคื™ ื›ืžื” ืžื–ื” ืฉืœ ื”ืจื™ ื’ืขืฉ ืจื’ื™ืœื™ื.
01:42
And while the popular image of volcanic destruction
34
102562
2684
ื•ื‘ืขื•ื“ ื”ืชืžื•ื ื” ื”ืคื•ืคื•ืœืจื™ืช ืฉืœ ื”ืจืก ื•ื•ืœืงื ื™
01:45
is molten rock engulfing the surrounding land,
35
105246
2720
ื”ื™ื ืกืœืข ืžื•ืชืš ืฉืžื›ืœื” ืืช ื”ืื“ืžื” ื”ืžืงื™ืคื”,
01:47
far greater devastation is caused
36
107966
2548
ื”ืจืก ื’ื“ื•ืœ ื‘ื”ืจื‘ื” ื ื’ืจื
01:50
by what remains in the air.
37
110514
2335
ืžืžื” ืฉื ืฉืืจ ื‘ืื•ื™ืจ.
01:52
Volcanic ash, dispersed by wind,
38
112849
2351
ืืคืจ ื•ื•ืœืงื ื™, ืฉื”ื•ืคืฅ ืขื ื”ืจื•ื—,
01:55
can blanket the sky for days,
39
115200
2098
ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื›ืกื•ืช ืืช ื”ืฉืžื™ื™ื ืœื™ืžื™ื,
01:57
while toxic gases, such as sulfur dioxide,
40
117298
2917
ื‘ืขื•ื“ ื’ื–ื™ื ืจืขื™ืœื™ื, ื›ืžื• ื—ื•ืžืฆื” ื’ื•ืคืจื™ืชื™ืช,
02:00
react in the stratosphere,
41
120215
1626
ืžื’ื™ื‘ื™ื ืขื ื”ืกื˜ืจื˜ื•ืกืคื™ืจื”,
02:01
blocking out solar radiation
42
121841
1678
ื—ื•ืกืžื™ื ืืช ื”ืงืจื™ื ื” ื”ืกื•ืœืจื™ืช
02:03
and drastically cooling the atmosphere below.
43
123519
2990
ื•ืžืงืจืจื™ื ืžืื•ื“ ืืช ื”ืื˜ืžื•ืกืคื™ืจื” ืžืชื—ืช.
02:06
The resulting volcanic winter,
44
126509
2185
ื”ื—ื•ืจืฃ ื”ื•ื•ืœืงื ื™ ืฉืžื’ื™ืข ื›ืชื•ืฆืื”,
02:08
along with other effects such as acid rain,
45
128694
2633
ื™ื—ื“ ืขื ืืคืงื˜ื™ื ืื—ืจื™ื ื›ืžื• ื’ืฉื ื—ื•ืžืฆื™,
02:11
can effect multiple continents,
46
131327
1625
ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื”ืฉืคื™ืข ืขืœ ื™ื‘ืฉื•ืช ืจื‘ื•ืช,
02:12
disrupting natural cycles
47
132952
1543
ืœื”ืคืจื™ืข ืœืžื—ื–ื•ืจื™ื ื”ื˜ื‘ืขื™ื™ื
02:14
and annihilating the plant life on which other organisms,
48
134495
2970
ื•ืœื”ื›ื—ื™ื“ ืืช ื”ืฆืžื—ื™ื ืขืœื™ื”ื ืื•ืจื’ื ื™ื–ืžื™ื ืื—ืจื™ื,
02:17
including humans, depend.
49
137465
3038
ื›ื•ืœืœ ื‘ื ื™ ื”ืื“ื, ื ืกืžื›ื™ื.
02:20
Releasing nearly 160 cubic kilometers
50
140503
3012
ืžืฉื—ืจืจืช ื›ืžืขื˜ 160 ืงื™ืœื•ืžื˜ืจื™ื ืžืขื•ืงื‘ื™ื
02:23
of rock, ash and gas,
51
143515
1994
ืฉืœ ืกืœืขื™ื, ืืคืจ ื•ื’ื–,
02:25
the Mount Tambora eruption
52
145509
1795
ื”ื”ืชืคืจืฆื•ืช ืฉืœ ื”ืจ ื˜ืžื‘ื•ืจื”
02:27
was the largest in recorded history,
53
147304
2458
ื”ื™ืชื” ื”ื’ื“ื•ืœื” ื‘ื”ืกื˜ื•ืจื™ื” ื”ืžืชื•ืขื“ืช,
02:29
causing as many as 90,000 deaths.
54
149762
2918
ืฉื’ืจืžื• ืœื‘ืขืจืš 50,000 ืžื™ืชื•ืช.
02:32
But previous eruptions have been even more deadly.
55
152680
2717
ืื‘ืœ ื”ืชืคืจืฆื•ื™ื•ืช ืงื•ื“ืžื•ืช ื”ื™ื• ืืคื™ืœื• ื™ื•ืชืจ ืงื˜ืœื ื™ื•ืช.
02:35
The 1600 eruption of Peru's Huaynaputina
56
155397
3486
ื”ื”ืชืคืจืฆื•ืช ื‘ 1600 ืฉืœ ื”ื•ืื ืคื•ื˜ื™ื ื” ื‘ืคืจื•
02:38
is likely to have triggered the Russian famine,
57
158883
2336
ื›ื ืจืื” ื’ืจืžื” ืœืจืขื‘ ื”ืจื•ืกื™,
02:41
that killed nearly two million,
58
161219
2098
ืฉื”ืจื’ ื›ืžืขื˜ ืฉื ื™ ืžืœื™ื•ืŸ,
02:43
while more ancient eruptions have been blamed for major world events,
59
163317
3422
ื‘ืขื•ื“ ื”ืชืคืจืฆื•ื™ื•ืช ืขืชื™ืงื•ืช ื”ื•ืืฉืžื• ื‘ืืจื•ืขื™ื ืขื•ืœืžื™ื™ื ื“ื’ื•ืœื™ื,
02:46
such as the fall of the Chinese Xia Dynasty,
60
166739
2556
ื›ืžื• ื ืคื™ืœืช ืฉื•ืฉืœืช ืฉื™ื” ื”ืกื™ื ื™ืช,
02:49
the disappearance of the Minoan civilization,
61
169295
3003
ื”ื”ืขืœืžื•ืช ืฉืœ ื”ืชืจื‘ื•ืช ื”ืžื™ื ื•ืื™ืช,
02:52
and even a genetic bottleneck in human evolution
62
172298
2930
ื•ืืคื™ืœื• ืฆื•ื•ืืจ ื”ื‘ืงื‘ื•ืง ื”ื’ื ื˜ื™ ื‘ืื‘ื•ืœื•ืฆื™ื” ื”ืื ื•ืฉื™ืช
02:55
that may have resulted from all but a few thousand human beings
63
175228
3237
ืฉืื•ืœื™ ื”ื™ืชื” ื”ืชื•ืฆืื” ืฉืœ ื”ืขืœืžื•ืช ื”ืื ื•ืฉื•ืช ืคืจื˜ ืœื›ืžื” ืืœืคื™ื ื‘ื•ื“ื“ื™ื ืฉืœ ืื ืฉื™ื
02:58
being wiped out 70,000 years ago.
64
178465
3079
ืœืคื ื™ 70,000 ืฉื ื”.
03:01
One of the most dangerous types of supervolcano
65
181544
2792
ืื—ื“ ืžื”ืกื•ื’ื™ื ื”ื›ื™ ืžืกื•ื›ื ื™ื ืฉืœ ืกื•ืคืจ ื”ืจื™ ื’ืขืฉ
03:04
is an explosive caldera,
66
184336
2220
ื”ื•ื ื”ืงืœื“ืจื” ื”ืžืชืคื•ืฆืฆืช,
03:06
formed when a volcanic mountain collapses
67
186556
2370
ืฉื ื•ืฆืจ ื›ืฉื”ืจ ื’ืขืฉ ืงื•ืจืก
03:08
after an eruption so large
68
188926
1919
ืื—ืจื™ ื”ืชืคืจืฆื•ืช ื›ืœ ื›ืš ื’ื“ื•ืœื”
03:10
that the now-empty magma chamber
69
190845
2001
ืฉืชื ื”ืžืื’ืžื” ื”ืจื™ืง ืขื›ืฉื™ื•
03:12
can no longer support its weight.
70
192846
2120
ืœื ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœืชืžื•ืš ื‘ืžืฉืงืœ ื™ื•ืชืจ.
03:14
But though the above-ground volcano is gone,
71
194966
2883
ืื‘ืœ ืืคื™ืœื• ืฉื”ืจ ื”ื’ืขืฉ ืžืขืœ ื”ืื“ืžื” ื ืขืœื,
03:17
the underground volcanic activity continues.
72
197849
3088
ื”ืคืขื™ืœื•ืช ื”ื’ืขืฉื™ืช ืžืชื—ืช ืœืื“ืžื” ืžืžืฉื™ื›ื”.
03:20
With no method of release,
73
200937
1778
ืœืœื ืฉื™ื˜ื” ืœืฉื—ืจื•ืจ,
03:22
magma and volcanic gases continue
74
202715
2226
ืžื’ืžื” ื•ื’ื–ื™ื ื•ื•ืœืงื ื™ื ืžืžืฉื™ื›ื™ื
03:24
to accumulate and expand underground,
75
204941
2940
ืœื”ืฆื˜ื‘ืจ ื•ืœื”ืชืจื—ื‘ ืžืชื—ืช ืœืื“ืžื”,
03:27
building up pressure until a massive and violent explosion
76
207881
3418
ื‘ื•ื ื™ื ืืช ื”ืœื—ืฅ ืขื“ ืฉื”ืชืคื•ืฆืฆื•ืช ืžืืกื™ื‘ื™ืช ื•ืืœื™ืžื”
03:31
becomes inevitable.
77
211299
2166
ื”ื•ืคื›ืช ืœื‘ืœืชื™ ื ืžื ืขืช.
03:33
And one of the largest active volcanic calderas
78
213465
3451
ื•ืื—ืช ืžืงืœื“ืจื•ืช ื”ืจื™ ื”ื’ืขืฉ ื”ื›ื™ ืคืขื™ืœื•ืช
03:36
lies right under Yellowstone National Park.
79
216916
2715
ื ืžืฆืืช ืžืชื—ืช ืœืคืืจืง ื”ืœืื•ืžื™ ื™ืœื•ืกื˜ื•ืŸ.
03:39
The last time it erupted, 650,000 years ago,
80
219631
3554
ื”ืคืขื ื”ืื—ืจื•ื ื” ืฉื”ืชืคืจืฆื”, ืœืคื ื™ 650,000 ืฉื ื”,
03:43
it covered much of North America
81
223185
1938
ื”ื™ื ื›ื™ืกืชื” ืืช ืจื•ื‘ ืฆืคื•ืŸ ืืžืจื™ืงื”
03:45
in nearly two meters of ash and rock.
82
225123
2842
ื‘ื›ืžืขื˜ ืฉื ื™ ืžื˜ืจ ืฉืœ ืืคืจ ื•ืกืœืขื™ื.
03:47
Scientists are currently monitoring
83
227965
2318
ืžื“ืขื ื™ื ืžื ื˜ืจื™ื ื›ืจื’ืข
03:50
the world's active volcanoes,
84
230283
1644
ืืช ื”ืจื™ ื”ื’ืขืฉ ื”ืคืขื™ืœื™ื ื‘ืขื•ืœื,
03:51
and procedures for predicting eruptions,
85
231927
1967
ื•ืคืจื•ืฆื“ื•ืจื•ืช ืœืฆืคื™ื™ืช ื”ืชืคืจืฆื•ื™ื•ืช,
03:53
conducting evacuations and diverting lava flows
86
233894
3415
ืœืขืจื™ื›ืช ืคื™ื ื•ื™ื™ื ื•ื”ืกื˜ืช ื–ืจืžื™ ืœื‘ื”
03:57
have improved over the years.
87
237309
2156
ื”ืฉืชืคืจื• ืขื ื”ืฉื ื™ื.
03:59
But the massive scale and global reach
88
239465
2084
ืื‘ืœ ืงื ื” ื”ืžื™ื“ื” ื”ืžืืกื™ื‘ื™ ื•ื”ื”ื™ืงืฃ ื”ื’ืœื•ื‘ืœื™
04:01
of a supervolcano
89
241549
1415
ืฉืœ ืกื•ืคืจ ื”ืจ ื’ืขืฉ
04:02
means that for many people there would be nowhere to run.
90
242964
3294
ืื•ืžืจ ืฉืœื”ืจื‘ื” ืื ืฉื™ื ืœื ื™ื”ื™ื” ืœืืŸ ืœื‘ืจื•ื—.
04:06
Fortunately, the current data shows no evidence
91
246258
2458
ืœืžืจื‘ื” ื”ืžื–ืœ, ื”ืžื™ื“ืข ื”ืขื“ื›ื ื™ ืœื ืžืจืื” ืขื“ื•ืช
04:08
of such an eruption occurring in the next few thousand years.
92
248716
3230
ืฉื”ืชืคืจืฆื•ืช ื›ื–ื• ืชืงืจื” ื‘ืืœืคื™ ืฉื ื™ื ื”ืงืจื•ื‘ื•ืช.
04:11
But the idea of a sudden and unavoidable
93
251946
2546
ืื‘ืœ ื”ืจืขื™ื•ืŸ ืฉืœ ืืคื•ืงืœื™ืคืกื” ืคืชืื•ืžื™ืช
04:14
civilization-destroying apocalypse
94
254492
2417
ื•ื‘ืœืชื™ ื ื™ืชื ืช ืœืžื ื™ืขื” ืฉืชืฉืžื™ื“ ืืช ื”ืื ื•ืฉื•ืช
04:16
caused by events half a globe away
95
256909
2461
ืฉืžืชืจื—ืฉืช ื‘ื’ืœืœ ืืจื•ืขื™ื ื‘ืžืจื—ืง ื—ืฆื™ ืขื•ืœื
04:19
will remain a powerful and terrifying vision.
96
259370
2587
ื™ืฉืืจ ื—ื–ื•ืŸ ื—ื–ืง ื•ืžืคื—ื™ื“.
04:21
Less fictional than we would like to believe.
97
261957
2419
ืคื—ื•ืช ื‘ื“ื™ื•ื ื™ ืžืžื” ืฉื”ื™ื™ื ื• ืจื•ืฆื™ื ืœื—ืฉื•ื‘.
04:24
"The winds were withered in the stagnant air,
98
264376
3379
"ื”ืจื•ื—ื•ืช ื”ื™ื• ื—ืœื•ืฉื•ืช ื‘ืื•ื™ืจ ื”ืขื•ืžื“,
04:27
and the clouds perish'd;
99
267755
1875
ื•ื”ืขื ื ื™ื ืงืžืœื•;
04:29
darkness had no need of aid from them --
100
269630
2725
ืœืืคืœื” ืœื ื”ื™ื” ืฆื•ืจืš ื‘ืขื–ืจื” ืžื”ื --
04:32
she was the universe." - Lord Byron
101
272355
2528
ื”ื™ื ื”ื™ืชื” ื”ื™ืงื•ื." - ืœื•ืจื“ ื‘ื™ื™ืจื•ืŸ
ืขืœ ืืชืจ ื–ื”

ืืชืจ ื–ื” ื™ืฆื™ื’ ื‘ืคื ื™ื›ื ืกืจื˜ื•ื ื™ YouTube ื”ืžื•ืขื™ืœื™ื ืœืœื™ืžื•ื“ ืื ื’ืœื™ืช. ืชื•ื›ืœื• ืœืจืื•ืช ืฉื™ืขื•ืจื™ ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืขื‘ืจื™ื ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืžื•ืจื™ื ืžื”ืฉื•ืจื” ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื” ืžืจื—ื‘ื™ ื”ืขื•ืœื. ืœื—ืฅ ืคืขืžื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืฆื’ื•ืช ื‘ื›ืœ ื“ืฃ ื•ื™ื“ืื• ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ ืžืฉื. ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื’ื•ืœืœื•ืช ื‘ืกื ื›ืจื•ืŸ ืขื ื”ืคืขืœืช ื”ื•ื•ื™ื“ืื•. ืื ื™ืฉ ืœืš ื”ืขืจื•ืช ืื• ื‘ืงืฉื•ืช, ืื ื ืฆื•ืจ ืื™ืชื ื• ืงืฉืจ ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ื˜ื•ืคืก ื™ืฆื™ืจืช ืงืฉืจ ื–ื”.

https://forms.gle/WvT1wiN1qDtmnspy7