Why don't oil and water mix? - John Pollard

1,238,058 views ใƒป 2013-10-10

TED-Ed


ืื ื ืœื—ืฅ ืคืขืžื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ืœืžื˜ื” ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ.

ืชืจื’ื•ื: Ido Dekkers ืขืจื™ื›ื”: Zeeva Livshitz
00:06
Why does salt dissolve in water but oil doesn't?
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ืœืžื” ืžืœื— ื ืžืก ื‘ืžื™ื ื•ืฉืžืŸ ืœื?
00:10
Well, in a word, chemistry,
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ื•ื‘ื›ืŸ, ื‘ืžื™ืœื” ืื—ืช, ื›ื™ืžื™ื”,
00:12
but that's not very satisfying, is it?
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ืื‘ืœ ื–ื” ืœื ืžืžืฉ ืžืกืคืง, ื ื›ื•ืŸ?
00:14
Well, the reason salt dissolves and oil does not
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ื•ื›ื‘ืŸ, ื”ืกื™ื‘ื” ืฉืžืœื— ื ืžืก ื‘ืžื™ื ื•ืฉืžืŸ ืœื
00:17
comes down to the two big reasons
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ืžื’ื™ืขื” ืžืฉืชื™ ืกื™ื‘ื•ืช ื’ื“ื•ืœื•ืช
00:19
why anything happens at all:
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ืœืžื” ืฉื›ืœ ื“ื‘ืจ ืงื•ืจื” ื‘ื›ืœืœ:
00:21
energetics
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ืื ืจื’ื˜ื™ืงื”
00:22
and entropy.
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ื•ืื ื˜ืจื•ืคื™ื”.
00:23
Energetics deals primarily
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ืื ืจื’ื˜ื™ืงื” ื ื•ื’ืขืช ื‘ืขื™ืงืจ
00:25
with the attractive forces between things.
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ืœื›ื•ื—ื•ืช ื”ืžืฉื™ื›ื” ื‘ื™ืŸ ื“ื‘ืจื™ื.
00:28
When we look at oil or salt in water,
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ื›ืฉืื ื—ื ื• ืžื‘ื™ื˜ื™ื ื‘ืฉืžืŸ ืื• ืžืœื— ื‘ืžื™ื,
00:31
we focus on the forces between particles
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ืื ื—ื ื• ืžืชืžืงื“ื™ื ื‘ื›ื•ื—ื•ืช ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ื—ืœืงื™ืงื™ื
00:34
on a very, very, very small scale,
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ื‘ืงื ื” ืžื™ื“ื” ืžืžืฉ, ืžืžืฉ ืงื˜ืŸ,
00:36
the molecular level.
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ื‘ืจืžื” ื”ืžื•ืœืงื•ืœืจื™ืช.
00:38
To give you a sense of this scale,
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ื›ื“ื™ ืœืชืช ืœื›ื ืชื—ื•ืฉื” ืฉืœ ืงื ื” ื”ืžื™ื“ื” ื”ื–ื”,
00:39
in one glass of water,
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ื‘ื›ื•ืก ืื—ืช ืฉืœ ืžื™ื,
00:41
there are more molecules
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ื™ืฉ ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžื•ืœืงื•ืœื•ืช
00:43
than known stars in the universe.
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ืžืืฉืจ ื›ื•ื›ื‘ื™ื ื™ื“ื•ืขื™ื ื‘ื™ืงื•ื.
00:45
Now, all of these molecules are in constant motion,
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ืขื›ืฉื™ื•, ื›ืœ ื”ืžื•ืœืงื•ืœื•ืช ื”ืืœื” ื‘ืชื ื•ืขื” ืžืชืžื“ืช,
00:49
moving, vibrating, and rotating.
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ื ืขื•ืช, ืจื•ื˜ื˜ื•ืช, ื•ืžืกืชื•ื‘ื‘ื•ืช.
00:52
What prevents almost all of those molecules
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ืžื” ืฉืžื•ื ืข ื›ืžืขื˜ ืžื›ืœ ื”ืžื•ืœืงื•ืœื•ืช ื”ืืœื”
00:54
from just flying out of the glass
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ืžืœืขื•ืฃ ืคืฉื•ื˜ ืžื”ื›ื•ืก
00:56
are the attractive interactions between molecules.
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ื”ืŸ ื”ื›ื•ื—ื•ืช ื”ืžื•ืฉื›ื™ื ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ืžื•ืœืงื•ืœื•ืช.
01:00
The strength of the interactions
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ื”ื›ื•ื— ืฉืœ ื”ืžืฉื™ื›ื”
01:01
between water, itself, and other substances
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ื‘ื™ืŸ ืžื™ื, ื‘ืขืฆืžื, ื•ื—ื•ืžืจื™ื ืื—ืจื™ื
01:04
is what we mean when we say energetics.
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ืœื–ื” ืื ื—ื ื• ืงื•ืจืื™ื ืื ืจื’ื˜ื™ืงื”.
01:07
You can think of the water molecules engaging
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ืืชื ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœื—ืฉื•ื‘ ืขืœ ืžื•ืœืงื•ืœื•ืช ืฉืœ ืžื™ื ืฉื ืขื•ืช
01:09
in a constant dance,
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ื‘ืจื™ืงื•ื“ ืชืžื™ื“ื™,
01:11
sort of like a square dance
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ืกื•ื’ ืฉืœ ืจื™ืงื•ื“ ืจื™ื‘ื•ืข
01:13
where they constantly and randomly exchange partners.
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ื‘ื• ื”ืŸ ื›ืœ ื”ื–ืžืŸ ืžื—ืœื™ืคื•ืช ืฉื•ืชืคื™ื ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ืืงืจืื™.
01:16
Put simply, the ability for substances
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ื‘ืžื™ืœื™ื ืคืฉื•ื˜ื•ืช, ื”ื™ื›ื•ืœืช ืฉืœ ื—ื•ืžืจื™ื
01:19
to interact with water,
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ืœืงื™ื™ื ืื™ื ื˜ืจืืงืฆื™ื” ืขื ืžื™ื,
01:20
balanced with how they disrupt
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ืžืื•ื–ื ืช ืขื ื”ืื•ืคืŸ ื‘ื• ื”ื ืžืชื ืคืฆื™ื
01:22
how water interacts with itself,
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ืื™ืš ืžื™ื ื‘ืื™ื ื‘ืื™ื ื˜ืจืงืฆื™ื” ืขื ืขืฆืžื,
01:24
plays an important role in explaining
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ืžืฉื—ืงืช ืชืคืงื™ื“ ื—ืฉื•ื‘ ื‘ื”ืกื‘ืจ
01:27
why certain things mix well into water
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ืœื›ืš ืฉื“ื‘ืจื™ื ืžืกื•ื™ื™ืžื™ื ืžืชืขืจื‘ื‘ื™ื ื”ื™ื˜ื‘ ื‘ืžื™ื
01:29
and others don't.
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ื•ืื—ืจื™ื ืœื.
01:32
Entropy basically describes
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ืื ื˜ืจื•ืคื™ื” ื‘ืขื™ืงืจื•ืŸ ืžืชืืจืช
01:33
the way things and energy can be arranged
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ืืช ื”ื“ืจืš ื‘ื” ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ื•ืื ืจื’ื™ื” ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืžืื•ืจื’ื ื™ื
01:36
based on random motion.
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ืขืœ ื‘ืกื™ืก ืชื ื•ืขื” ืืงืจืื™ืช.
01:38
For example, think of the air in a room.
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ืœื“ื•ื’ืžื”, ื—ืฉื‘ื• ืขืœ ืื•ื™ืจ ื‘ื—ื“ืจ.
01:41
Imagine all the different possible arrangements
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ื“ืžื™ื™ื ื• ืืช ื›ืœ ื”ืกื™ื“ื•ืจื™ื ื”ืฉื•ื ื™ื ื”ืืคืฉืจื™ื™ื
01:44
in space for the trillions of particles
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ื‘ื—ืœืœ ืœื˜ืจื™ืœื™ื•ื ื™ ื”ื—ืœืงื™ืงื™ื
01:46
that make up the air.
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ืฉื™ื•ืฆืจื™ื ืืช ื”ืื•ื™ืจ.
01:48
Some of those arrangments
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ื—ืœืง ืžืื•ืชื ืกื™ื“ื•ืจื™ื
01:49
might have all the oxygen molecules over here
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ืื•ืœื™ ื™ื›ื™ืœื• ืืช ื›ืœ ืžื•ืœืงื•ืœื•ืช ื”ื—ืžืฆืŸ ืฉื
01:52
and all the nitrogen molecules over there,
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ื•ื›ืœ ืžื•ืœืงื•ืœื•ืช ื”ื—ื ืงืŸ ืฉื,
01:54
separated.
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ืžื•ืคืจื“ื•ืช.
01:55
But far more of the possible arrangements
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ืื‘ืœ ื‘ื”ืจื‘ื” ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžื”ืืคืฉืจื•ื™ื•ืช ืœืกื™ื“ื•ืจ
01:58
have those molecules mixed up with one another.
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ื”ืžื•ืœืงื•ืœื•ืช ื”ืืœื• ืžืขื•ืจื‘ื‘ื•ืช ืื—ืช ืขื ื”ืฉื ื™ื”.
02:01
So, entropy favors mixing.
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ืื–, ืื ื˜ืจื•ืคื™ื” ืžืขื“ื™ืคื” ืขืจื‘ื•ื‘.
02:03
Energetics deals with attractive forces.
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ืื ืจื’ื˜ื™ืงื” ืžื˜ืคืœืช ื‘ื›ื•ื—ื•ืช ืžืฉื™ื›ื”.
02:06
And so, if attractive forces are present,
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ื•ื›ืš, ืื ื›ื•ื—ื•ืช ืžืฉื™ื›ื” ื ืžืฆืื™ื,
02:08
the probability of some arrangements
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ื”ื”ืกืชื‘ืจื•ืช ืฉืœ ื›ืžื” ืกื™ื“ื•ืจื™ื
02:10
can be enhanced,
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ื™ื›ื•ืœื” ืœื’ื“ื•ืœ,
02:11
the ones where things are attracted to each other.
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ืืœื” ื‘ื”ื ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ื ืžืฉื›ื™ื ืื—ื“ ืœืฉื ื™.
02:13
So, it is always the balance of these two things
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ืื–, ื–ื” ืชืžื™ื“ ื”ืื™ื–ื•ืŸ ื‘ื™ืŸ ืฉื ื™ ื”ื“ื‘ืจื™ื
02:16
that determines what happens.
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ืฉืงื•ื‘ืข ืžื” ื™ืงืจื”.
02:18
On the molecular level,
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ื‘ืจืžื” ื”ืžื•ืœืงื•ืœืจื™ืช,
02:20
water is comprised of water molecules,
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ืžื™ื ืžื•ืจื›ื‘ื™ื ืžืžื•ืœืงื•ืœื•ืช ืžื™ื,
02:22
made up of two hydrogen atoms and an oxygen atom.
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ืฉืขืฉื•ื™ื•ืช ืžืฉื ื™ ืื˜ื•ืžื™ ืžื™ืžืŸ ื•ืื˜ื•ื ื—ืžืฆืŸ.
02:25
As liquid water, these molecules are engaged
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ื›ืžื™ื ื ื•ื–ืœื™ื™ื, ื”ืžื•ืœืงื•ืœื•ืช ื”ืืœื” ื ืžืฆืื•ืช
02:28
in a constant and random square dance
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ื‘ืจื™ืงื•ื“ ืจื™ื‘ื•ืข ืงื‘ื•ืข ื•ืืงืจืื™
02:30
that is called the hydrogen bonding network.
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ืฉื ืงืจื ืจื™ืงื•ื“ ืจืฉืช ืงื™ืฉืจื™ ืžื™ืžืŸ.
02:34
Entropy favors keeping
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ืื ื˜ืจื•ืคื™ื” ืžืขื“ื™ืคื” ืœืฉืžื•ืจ
02:35
the square dance going at all times.
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ืฉืจื™ืงื•ื“ ื”ืจื™ื‘ื•ืข ื™ืžืฉื™ืš ื›ืœ ื”ื–ืžืŸ.
02:38
There are always more ways
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ืชืžื™ื“ ื™ืฉ ื™ื•ืชืจ ื“ืจื›ื™ื
02:39
that all the water molecules can arrange
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ืฉื›ืœ ืžื•ืœืงื•ืœื•ืช ื”ืžื™ื ื™ื›ื•ืœื•ืช ืœื”ืชืืจื’ืŸ
02:41
in a square dance,
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ื‘ืจื™ืงื•ื“ ืจื™ื‘ื•ืข,
02:42
as compared to if the water molecules
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ื™ื—ืกื™ืช ืœืืคืฉืจื•ืช ืฉื‘ื” ืžื•ืœืงื•ืœื•ืช ื”ืžื™ื
02:44
did a line dance.
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ื”ื™ื• ืขื•ืฉื•ืช ืจื™ืงื•ื“ ืฉื•ืจื•ืช.
02:45
So, the square dance constantly goes on.
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ืื–, ืจื™ืงื•ื“ ื”ืจื™ื‘ื•ืข ืžืžืฉื™ืš ื›ืœ ื”ื–ืžืŸ.
02:47
So, what happens when you put salt in the water?
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ืื–, ืžื” ืงื•ืจื” ื›ืฉืืชื ืžื•ืกื™ืคื™ื ืžืœื— ืœืžื™ื?
02:50
Well, on the molecular level,
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ื•ื‘ื›ืŸ, ื‘ืจืžื” ื”ืžื•ืœืงื•ืœืจื™ืช,
02:52
salt is actually made up of two different ions,
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ืžืœื— ืขืฉื•ื™ ืœืžืขืฉื” ืžืฉื ื™ ื™ื•ื ื™ื ืฉื•ื ื™ื,
02:55
chlorine and sodium,
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ื›ืœื•ืจ ื•ื ืชืจืŸ,
02:57
that are organized like a brick wall.
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ืฉืžืื•ืจื’ื ื™ื ื›ืžื• ืงื™ืจ ืœื‘ื ื™ื.
03:00
They show up to the dance
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ื”ื ืžื•ืคื™ืขื™ื ืœืจื™ืงื•ื“
03:01
as a big group in formation
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ื›ืงื‘ื•ืฆื” ื’ื“ื•ืœื” ื‘ืžืขืจืš
03:03
and sit on the side at first,
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ื•ื™ื•ืฉื‘ื™ื ื‘ืฆื“ ืงื•ื“ื ืœื›ืŸ,
03:05
shy and a bit reluctant to break apart
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ืžื‘ื•ื™ื™ืฉื™ื ื•ืžืขื˜ ืžืžืื ื™ื ืœื”ืคืจื“
03:07
into individual ions to join the dance.
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ืœื™ื•ื ื™ื ื‘ื•ื“ื“ื™ื ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืฆื˜ืจืฃ ืœืจื™ืงื•ื“.
03:10
But secretly, those shy dancers
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ืื‘ืœ ื‘ืกืชืจ, ื”ืจืงื“ื ื™ื ื”ื‘ื™ื™ืฉื ื™ื ื”ืืœื”
03:12
just want someone to ask them to join.
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ืจืง ืจื•ืฆื™ื ืฉืžื™ืฉื”ื• ื™ื‘ืงืฉ ืžื”ื ืœื”ืฆื˜ืจืฃ.
03:15
So, when a water randomly bumps into one of them
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ืื–, ื›ืฉืžื™ื ื ืชืงืœื™ื ื‘ื”ื ื‘ืžืงืจื”
03:18
and pulls them into the dance away from their group,
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ื•ืžื›ื ื™ืกื™ื ืื•ืชื ืœืจื™ืงื•ื“ ื”ืจื—ืง ืžื”ืงื‘ื•ืฆื”,
03:20
they go.
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ื”ื ื”ื•ืœื›ื™ื.
03:21
And once they go into the dance,
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ื•ื‘ืจื’ืข ืฉื”ื ื ื›ื ืกื™ื ืœืจื™ืงื•ื“,
03:23
they don't come back out.
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ื”ื ืœื ื™ื•ืฆืื™ื.
03:24
And in fact, the addition of the salt ions
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ืœืžืขืฉื”, ื”ื”ื•ืกืคื” ืฉืœ ื™ื•ื ื™ ื”ืžืœื—
03:27
adds more possible dance positions
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ืžื•ืกื™ืคื” ื™ื•ืชืจ ืืคืฉืจื•ื™ื•ืช ืกื™ื“ื•ืจ
03:29
in the square dance,
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ื‘ืจื™ืงื•ื“ ื”ืจื™ื‘ื•ืข,
03:30
so it is favored for them to stay dancing with water.
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ืื– ื–ื” ืขื“ื™ืฃ ืœื”ื ืœื”ืฉืืจ ืœืจื™ืงื•ื“ ืขื ื”ืžื™ื.
03:35
Now, let's take oil.
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ืขื›ืฉื™ื•, ื‘ื•ืื• ื ื™ืงื— ืฉืžืŸ.
03:37
With oil, the molecules are sort of interested
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ืขื ืฉืžืŸ, ื”ืžื•ืœื•ืงื•ืœื•ืช ืกื•ื’ ืฉืœ ืžืขื•ื ื™ื™ื ื•ืช
03:39
in dancing with water,
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ื‘ืจื™ืงื•ื“ ืขื ื”ืžื™ื,
03:40
so entropy favors them joining the dance.
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ืื– ื”ืื ื˜ืจื•ืคื™ื” ืžืขื“ื™ืคื” ืฉื”ื ื™ืฆื˜ืจืคื• ืœืจื™ืงื•ื“.
03:43
The problem is that oil molecules
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ื”ื‘ืขื™ื” ื”ื™ื ืฉืžื•ืœืงื•ืœื•ืช ืฉืžืŸ
03:45
are wearing gigantic ballgowns,
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ืœื•ื‘ืฉื•ืช ืฉืžืœื•ืช ื ืฉืฃ ืขืฆื•ืžื•ืช,
03:47
and they're way bigger than water molecules.
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ื•ื”ืŸ ื”ืจื‘ื” ื™ื•ืชืจ ื’ื“ื•ืœื•ืช ืžืžื•ืœืงื•ืœื•ืช ืžื™ื.
03:50
So, when an oil molecule gets pulled in,
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ืื–, ื›ืฉืžื•ืœืงื•ืœื•ืช ืฉืžืŸ ื ืžืฉื›ื•ืช ืคื ื™ืžื”,
03:52
their size is really disruptive to the dance
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ื”ื’ื•ื“ืœ ืฉืœื”ืŸ ืžืžืฉ ืžืคืจื™ืข ืœืจื™ืงื•ื“
03:55
and the random exchange of partners
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ื•ื”ื—ื™ืœื•ืฃ ื”ืืงืจืื™ ืฉืœ ืฉื•ืชืคื™ื
03:56
that the waters engage in,
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ืฉื”ืžื™ื ืขืกื•ืงื™ื ื‘ื•,
03:58
a very important part of the dance.
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ื—ืœืง ืžืื•ื“ ื—ืฉื•ื‘ ืฉืœ ื”ืจื™ืงื•ื“.
04:00
In addition, they are not great dancers.
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ื‘ื ื•ืกืฃ, ื”ืŸ ืœื ืจืงื“ื ื™ื•ืช ื’ื“ื•ืœื•ืช.
04:02
The water molecules try to engage
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ืžื•ืœืงื•ืœื•ืช ื”ืžื™ื ืžื ืกื•ืช ืœืขืจื‘
04:04
the oil molecules in the dance,
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ืืช ืžื•ืœืงื•ืœื•ืช ื”ืฉืžืŸ ื‘ืจื™ืงื•ื“,
04:06
but they just keep bumping into their dresses
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ืื‘ืœ ื”ืŸ ืคืฉื•ื˜ ืžืžืฉื™ื›ื•ืช ืœื”ืชื ื’ืฉ ื‘ืฉืžืœื•ืช ืฉืœื”ืŸ
04:08
and taking up all the room on the dance floor.
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ื•ืœื•ืงื—ื•ืช ืืช ื›ืœ ื”ืžืงื•ื ืขืœ ืจื™ืฆืคืช ื”ืจื™ืงื•ื“ื™ื.
04:11
There are way more ways the waters can dance
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ื™ืฉ ื”ืจื‘ื” ื™ื•ืชืจ ื“ืจื›ื™ื ืฉืžื™ื ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœืจืงื•ื“
04:13
when the oil gets off the floor,
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ื›ืฉื”ืฉืžืŸ ื™ื•ืจื“ ืžื”ืจื—ื‘ื”,
04:15
so the waters squeeze out the oil,
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ืื– ื”ืžื™ื ื“ื•ื—ืงื™ื ืืช ื”ืฉืžืŸ ื”ื—ื•ืฆื”,
04:18
pushing it back to the bench with the others.
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ื•ืžื–ื–ื™ืŸ ืื•ืชื ื—ื–ืจื” ืœืกืคืกืœ ืขื ื”ืื—ืจื™ื.
04:20
Pretty soon, when a large number of oils
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ืžืื•ื“ ืžื”ืจ, ื›ืฉืžืกืคืจ ื’ื“ื•ืœ ืฉืœ ืžื•ืœืงื•ืœื•ืช ืฉืžืŸ
04:22
have been squeezed over to the side,
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ื ื“ื—ืงื• ืœืฆื“,
04:24
they band together to commiserate
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ื”ืŸ ืžืชื’ื•ื“ื“ื•ืช ื™ื—ื“ ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืชืœื•ื ืŸ
04:27
about how unfair the waters are being
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ื›ืžื” ืœื ืคื™ื™ืจ ื”ืžื™ื ื”ื™ื•
04:29
and stick together as a group.
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ื•ื ืฉืืจื•ืช ื™ื—ื“ ื‘ืงื‘ื•ืฆื”.
04:31
So, it is this combination
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ืื–, ื–ื” ื”ืฉื™ืœื•ื‘ ื”ื–ื”
04:32
of the interactions between molecules
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ืฉืœ ืคืขื•ืœื•ืช ื‘ื™ืŸ ืžื•ืœืงื•ืœื•ืช
04:35
and the configurations available to them
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ื•ื”ืกื™ื“ื•ืจื™ื ื”ืืคืฉืจื™ื™ื ืœื”ืŸ
04:37
when they're moving randomly
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ื›ืฉื”ืŸ ื ืขื•ืช ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ืืงืจืื™
04:38
that dictates whether they mix.
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ืฉืžื›ืชื™ื‘ ืื ื”ืŸ ืžืชืขืจื‘ื‘ื•ืช.
04:41
In other words, water and oil don't mix
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ื‘ืžื™ืœื™ื ืื—ืจื•ืช, ืฉืžืŸ ื•ืžื™ื ืœื ืžืชืขืจื‘ื‘ื™ื
04:43
because they just don't make great dance partners.
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ืžืคื ื™ ืฉื”ื ืคืฉื•ื˜ ืœื ืคืจื˜ื ืจื™ื ื˜ื•ื‘ื™ื ืœืจื™ืงื•ื“.
ืขืœ ืืชืจ ื–ื”

ืืชืจ ื–ื” ื™ืฆื™ื’ ื‘ืคื ื™ื›ื ืกืจื˜ื•ื ื™ YouTube ื”ืžื•ืขื™ืœื™ื ืœืœื™ืžื•ื“ ืื ื’ืœื™ืช. ืชื•ื›ืœื• ืœืจืื•ืช ืฉื™ืขื•ืจื™ ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืขื‘ืจื™ื ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืžื•ืจื™ื ืžื”ืฉื•ืจื” ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื” ืžืจื—ื‘ื™ ื”ืขื•ืœื. ืœื—ืฅ ืคืขืžื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืฆื’ื•ืช ื‘ื›ืœ ื“ืฃ ื•ื™ื“ืื• ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ ืžืฉื. ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื’ื•ืœืœื•ืช ื‘ืกื ื›ืจื•ืŸ ืขื ื”ืคืขืœืช ื”ื•ื•ื™ื“ืื•. ืื ื™ืฉ ืœืš ื”ืขืจื•ืช ืื• ื‘ืงืฉื•ืช, ืื ื ืฆื•ืจ ืื™ืชื ื• ืงืฉืจ ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ื˜ื•ืคืก ื™ืฆื™ืจืช ืงืฉืจ ื–ื”.

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