How smart are orangutans? - Lu Gao

3,692,671 views ใƒป 2016-08-30

TED-Ed


ืื ื ืœื—ืฅ ืคืขืžื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ืœืžื˜ื” ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ.

ืชืจื’ื•ื: Ido Dekkers ืขืจื™ื›ื”: Sigal Tifferet
00:06
Fu Manchu was one of the most notorious escape artists
0
6987
3830
ืคื• ืžื ืฆ'ื• ื”ื™ื” ืื—ื“ ืžืืžื ื™ ื”ื‘ืจื™ื—ื” ื”ื›ื™ ืžืคื•ืจืกืžื™ื
00:10
at the Omaha Zoo in the 1960s.
1
10817
2960
ื‘ื’ืŸ ื”ื—ื™ื•ืช ืฉืœ ืื•ืžื”ื” ื‘ืฉื ื•ืช ื”60.
00:13
But he wasn't a performer,
2
13777
1721
ืื‘ืœ ื”ื•ื ืœื ื”ื™ื” ืืžืŸ ืžื‘ืฆืข,
00:15
he was an orangutan.
3
15498
1722
ื”ื•ื ื”ื™ื” ืื•ืจื ื’ืื•ื˜ืŸ.
00:17
The keepers who locked his enclosure every night
4
17220
2307
ื”ืžื˜ืคืœื™ื ืฉื ืขืœื• ืืช ื”ืžื›ืœืื” ืฉืœื• ื›ืœ ืœื™ืœื”
00:19
were baffled to find him outside the next day
5
19527
2101
ื”ื•ืคืชืขื• ืœืžืฆื•ื ืื•ืชื• ื‘ื—ื•ืฅ ื‘ื™ื•ื ื”ื‘ื
00:21
hanging out with friends in a tree,
6
21628
1689
ืชืœื•ื™ ืขื ื—ื‘ืจื™ื ืขืœ ืขืฅ,
00:23
or sunning on the roof.
7
23317
1730
ืื• ืžืฉืชื–ืฃ ืขืœ ื”ื’ื’.
00:25
Only after installing cameras did they realize
8
25047
2241
ืจืง ืื—ืจื™ ืฉื”ืชืงื™ื ื• ืžืฆืœืžื•ืช ื”ื ื”ื‘ื™ื ื•
00:27
Fu Manchu had been picking the lock
9
27288
2380
ืฉืคื• ืžื ืฆ'ื• ืคืจืฅ ืืช ื”ืžื ืขื•ืœ
00:29
with a metal wire that he kept hidden under his cheek pouch.
10
29668
4129
ืขื ื—ื•ื˜ ื‘ืจื–ืœ ืฉื”ื•ื ื”ื—ื‘ื™ื ืชื—ืช ื›ื™ืก ื”ืœื—ื™ ืฉืœื•.
00:33
The keepers shouldn't have been surprised at Fu Manchu's cunningness.
11
33797
3612
ื”ืžื˜ืคืœื™ื ืœื ื”ื™ื• ืฆืจื™ื›ื™ื ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืžื•ืคืชืขื™ื ืžื”ืชื™ื—ื›ื•ื ืฉืœ ืคื• ืžืืฆ'ื•.
00:37
Along with our other great ape cousins,
12
37409
2389
ื™ื—ื“ ืขื ื‘ื ื™ ื“ื•ื“ื ื• ื”ืื—ืจื™ื, ืงื•ืคื™ ื”ืื“ื,
00:39
the gorillas,
13
39798
731
ื”ื’ื•ืจื™ืœื•ืช,
00:40
chimps,
14
40529
721
ื”ืฉื™ืžืคื ื–ื™ื,
00:41
and bonobos,
15
41250
1049
ื•ื”ื‘ื•ื ื•ื‘ื•,
00:42
they belong to our Hominidae family tree,
16
42299
2629
ื”ื ืžืฉืชื™ื™ื›ื™ื ืœืขืฅ ืžืฉืคื—ืช ื”ื”ื•ืžื ื™ื“ื™ื™ื,
00:44
which stretches back 14 million years.
17
44928
3601
ืฉืžืชื—ื™ืœ ืœืคื ื™ 14 ืžืœื™ื•ืŸ ืฉื ื”.
00:48
But it's not just their striking red hair
18
48529
2129
ืื‘ืœ ืœื ืจืง ื”ืฉื™ืขืจ ื”ืื“ื•ื ื”ื‘ื•ืœื˜ ืฉืœื”ื
00:50
that makes orangutans unique among our cousins.
19
50658
3041
ืขื•ืฉื” ืืช ื”ืื•ืจื ื’ืื•ื˜ื ื™ื ืœื™ื—ื•ื“ื™ื™ื ื‘ื™ืŸ ื‘ื ื™ ื”ื“ื•ื“ื™ื ืฉืœื ื•.
00:53
As the only great apes from Asia,
20
53699
2151
ื›ืงื•ืฃ ื”ืื“ื ื”ื™ื—ื™ื“ ืžืืกื™ื”,
00:55
orangutans have adapted to a life high in the rain forest canopies.
21
55850
4658
ืื•ืจื ื’ืื•ื˜ื ื™ื ื”ื•ืชืืžื• ืœื—ื™ื™ื ื‘ื›ื™ืคื•ืช ื™ืขืจื•ืช ื’ืฉื ื’ื‘ื•ื”ื•ืช.
01:00
Many of the skills they learn are transmitted through the special bond
22
60508
3312
ื”ืจื‘ื” ืžื”ื›ื™ืฉื•ืจื™ื ืฉื”ื ืœื•ืžื“ื™ื ืžื•ืขื‘ืจื™ื ื“ืจืš ืงืฉืจ ืžื™ื•ื—ื“
01:03
they have with their mothers,
23
63820
1598
ืฉื™ืฉ ืœื”ื ืขื ืื™ืžื,
01:05
the most extended in the animal kingdom next to humans.
24
65418
3550
ื”ื›ื™ ื ืจื—ื‘ ื‘ืžืžืœื›ืช ื”ื—ื™ื•ืช ื—ื•ืฅ ืžื‘ื ื™ ื”ืื“ื.
01:08
Orangutan mothers usually give birth to one baby at a time,
25
68968
3040
ืื ื”ืื•ืจื ื’ืื•ื˜ืŸ ื‘ื“ืจืš ื›ืœืœ ื™ื•ืœื“ืช ืชื™ื ื•ืง ืื—ื“ ื›ืœ ืคืขื,
01:12
waiting up to eight years before having another.
26
72008
3063
ื•ืžื—ื›ื” ืขื“ ืฉืžื•ื ื” ืฉื ื™ื ืขื“ ืฉื”ื™ื ืžื‘ื™ืื” ืื—ืจ.
01:15
This gives the young,
27
75071
1278
ื–ื” ื ื•ืชืŸ ืœืฆืขื™ืจื™ื,
01:16
who begin as fully dependent infants,
28
76349
2460
ืฉืžืชื—ื™ืœื™ื ื›ืชื™ื ื•ืงื•ืช ืชืœื•ื™ื™ื ืœื—ืœื•ื˜ื™ืŸ,
01:18
plenty of time to learn how to climb
29
78809
2190
ื”ืจื‘ื” ื–ืžืŸ ืœืœืžื•ื“ ืื™ืš ืœื˜ืคืก
01:20
and distinguish the hundreds of plants and fruits that make up their diet.
30
80999
4111
ื•ืœื”ื‘ื“ื™ืœ ื‘ื™ืŸ ืžืื•ืช ื”ืฆืžื—ื™ื ื•ื”ืคื™ืจื•ืช ืฉืžื”ื•ื•ื™ื ืืช ื”ื“ื™ืื˜ื” ืฉืœื”ื.
01:25
Female orangutans even stay with their mothers into their teen years
31
85110
3720
ืื•ืจื ื’ืื•ื˜ืŸ ื ืงื‘ื•ืช ืืคื™ืœื• ื ืฉืืจื•ืช ืขื ืื™ืžืŸ ืขื“ ืฉื ื•ืช ื”ืขืฉืจื” ืฉืœื”ื
01:28
to learn child-rearing.
32
88830
1130
ื›ื“ื™ ืœืœืžื•ื“ ื’ื™ื“ื•ืœ ื™ืœื“ื™ื.
01:29
As they grow up, orangutans also develop a complex set of cooperative social skills
33
89960
5939
ื›ืฉื”ื ื’ื“ืœื™ื, ืื•ืจื ื’ืื•ื ื˜ื ื™ื ื’ื ืžืคืชื—ื™ื ืกื˜ ืžื•ืจื›ื‘ ืฉืœ ื›ื™ืฉื•ืจื™ื ื—ื‘ืจืชื™ื™ื ืฉื™ืชื•ืคื™ื™ื
01:35
by interacting with their peers and siblings.
34
95899
2810
ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืชืงืฉื•ืจ ืขื ื—ื‘ืจื™ื™ื”ื ื•ืื—ื™ื”ื.
01:38
Much like ourselves,
35
98709
1231
ืžืžืฉ ื‘ื“ื•ืžื” ืœื ื•,
01:39
young orangutans involuntarily mimic the facial expressions
36
99940
3432
ืื•ืจื ื’ืื•ื˜ื ื™ื ืฆืขื™ืจื™ื ืžื—ืงื™ื ืœืœื ื›ื•ื•ื ื” ืืช ื”ื‘ืขื•ืช ื”ืคื ื™ื
01:43
and emotions of their playmates,
37
103372
2167
ื•ื”ืจื’ืฉื•ืช ืฉืœ ื—ื‘ืจื™ื™ื”ื ืœืžืฉื—ืง,
01:45
with behaviors that closely parallel human smiling and laughter.
38
105539
4130
ืขื ื”ืชื ื”ื’ื•ื™ื•ืช ืฉืžืงื‘ื™ืœื•ืช ืœื—ื™ื•ืš ื•ืฆื—ื•ืง ืื ื•ืฉื™ื™ื.
01:49
Once they finally venture out on their own,
39
109669
2091
ื‘ืจื’ืข ืฉื”ื ืขื•ื–ื‘ื™ื ื‘ืกื•ืฃ ืœื‘ื“ื,
01:51
orangutans continue to develop their resourcefulness,
40
111760
3140
ืื•ืจื ื’ืื•ื˜ื ื™ื ืžืžืฉื™ื›ื™ื ืœืคืชื— ืืช ื”ื™ื›ื•ืœื•ืช ืฉืœื”ื,
01:54
putting the skills they've learned into practice.
41
114900
2686
ื•ืžืฉืชืžืฉื™ื ื‘ื›ื™ืฉื•ืจื™ื ืฉื”ื ืœืžื“ื•.
01:57
Adults build a new nest each night by carefully weaving twigs together,
42
117586
3927
ื‘ื•ื’ืจื™ื ื‘ื•ื ื™ื ืงืŸ ื—ื“ืฉ ื›ืœ ืœื™ืœื” ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืฉื–ื™ืจืช ืขื ืคื™ื ื™ื—ื“ ื‘ื–ื”ื™ืจื•ืช,
02:01
topping them with soft leaves, pillows, and blankets.
43
121513
3837
ื•ืขืœื™ื”ื ืฉืžื™ื ืขืœื™ื ืจื›ื™ื, ื›ืจื™ื•ืช, ื•ืฉืžื™ื›ื•ืช.
02:05
This process requires dexterity, coordination, and an eye for design.
44
125350
6271
ื”ืชื”ืœื™ืš ื”ื–ื” ื“ื•ืจืฉ ืžื™ื•ืžื ื•ืช, ืงื•ืื•ืจื“ื™ื ืฆื™ื”, ื•ื—ื•ืฉ ืขื™ืฆื•ื‘.
02:11
Orangutans also use a variety of tools to make their lives in the jungle easier.
45
131621
4528
ืื•ืจื ื’ืื•ื˜ื ื™ื ืžืฉืชืžืฉื™ื ื’ื ื‘ืžื’ื•ื•ืŸ ื›ืœื™ื ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืงืœ ืขืœ ื—ื™ื™ื”ื ื‘ื’'ื•ื ื’ืœ.
02:16
They turn branches into fly swatters and back scratchers,
46
136149
3321
ื”ื ื”ื•ืคื›ื™ื ืžืงืœื•ืช ืœื—ื•ื‘ื˜ื™ ื–ื‘ื•ื‘ื™ื ื•ืžื’ืจื“ื™ ื’ื‘,
02:19
construct umbrellas when it rains,
47
139470
2390
ื‘ื•ื ื™ื ืžื˜ืจื™ื•ืช ื›ืฉื™ื•ืจื“ ื’ืฉื,
02:21
make gloves from leafy pads,
48
141860
2073
ื™ื•ืฆืจื™ื ื›ืคืคื•ืช ืžืจืคื™ื“ื•ืช ืขืœื”,
02:23
and even use leaves as bandages to dress their wounds.
49
143933
3788
ื•ืืคื™ืœื• ืžืฉืชืžืฉื™ื ื‘ืขืœื™ื ื›ืชื—ื‘ื•ืฉื•ืช ื›ื“ื™ ืœื—ื‘ื•ืฉ ืคืฆืขื™ื.
02:27
But orangutan intelligence goes far beyond jungle survival.
50
147721
3689
ืื‘ืœ ื”ืื™ื ื˜ืœื™ื’ื ืฆื™ื” ืฉืœ ืื•ืจื’ื ืื•ื ื˜ื ื™ื ื”ื™ื ืžืขื‘ืจ ืœื”ื™ืฉืจื“ื•ืช ื‘ื’'ื•ื ื’ืœ.
02:31
Research in controlled environments has shown that orangutans are self-aware,
51
151410
4501
ื—ื•ืงืจื™ื ื‘ืกื‘ื™ื‘ื•ืช ืžื‘ื•ืงืจื•ืช ื”ืจืื• ืฉืื•ืจื ื’ืื•ื˜ื ื™ื ืžื•ื“ืขื™ื ืœืขืฆืžื,
02:35
being one of the few species to recognize their own reflections.
52
155911
3825
ื•ื”ื ืื—ื“ ื”ืžื™ื ื™ื ื”ืžืขื˜ื™ื ืฉืžื–ื”ื™ื ืืช ื”ื”ืฉืชืงืคื•ืช ืฉืœ ืขืฆืžื ื‘ืžืจืื”.
02:39
They also display remarkable foresight, planning, and cognition.
53
159736
3984
ื”ื ื’ื ืžืจืื™ื ืชื•ื‘ื ื” ื™ื•ืฆืืช ื“ื•ืคืŸ, ืชื›ื ื•ืŸ, ื•ื”ื›ืจื”.
02:43
In one experiment, researchers taught an orangutan to use a straw
54
163720
4152
ื‘ื ื™ืกื•ื™ ืื—ื“, ื—ื•ืงืจื™ื ืœื™ืžื“ื• ืื•ืจื ื’ืื•ื˜ืŸ ืœื”ืฉืชืžืฉ ื‘ืงืฉ
02:47
to extract his favorite fruit soup from a box.
55
167872
3314
ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ื•ืฆื™ื ืืช ืžืจืง ื”ืคื™ืจื•ืช ื”ืื”ื•ื‘ ืขืœื™ื• ืžืงื•ืคืกื”.
02:51
That orangutan was later given the choice between the straw
56
171186
3420
ืœืื•ืจื ื’ืื•ื˜ืŸ ื”ื–ื” ื ื™ืชื ื” ื‘ื—ื™ืจื” ืžืื•ื—ืจ ื™ื•ืชืจ ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ืงืฉ
02:54
or a grape that could be eaten right away,
57
174606
2836
ืื• ืขื ื‘ ืฉื”ื•ื ื”ื™ื” ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœืื›ื•ืœ ืžื™ื“,
02:57
and he chose the straw just in case he was given another box of soup.
58
177442
4721
ื”ื•ื ื‘ื—ืจ ื‘ืงืฉ ืจืง ืœืžืงืจื” ืฉื™ืชื ื• ืœื• ืงื•ืคืกืช ืžืจืง.
03:02
In another experiment, orangutans figured out how to reach peanuts
59
182163
3550
ื‘ื ื™ืกื•ื™ ืื—ืจ, ืื•ืจื ื’ืื•ื˜ืŸ ื”ื‘ื™ืŸ ืื™ืš ืœื”ื’ื™ืข ืœื‘ื•ื˜ื ื™ื
03:05
at the bottom of long tubes by spitting water into them.
60
185713
3569
ื‘ืชื—ืชื™ืช ืฆื™ื ื•ืจื•ืช ืืจื•ื›ื™ื ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื™ืจื™ืงืช ืžื™ื ืœืชื•ื›ื.
03:09
While orangutans are able to pass cognitive tests with flying colors,
61
189282
4573
ื‘ืขื•ื“ ืื•ืจื ื’ืื•ื˜ื ื™ื ืžืกื•ื’ืœื™ื ืœืขื‘ื•ืจ ืžื‘ื—ื ื™ื ืงื•ื’ื ื™ื˜ื™ื‘ื™ื ื‘ืงืœื•ืช,
03:13
there are certain problems that they need our help to solve.
62
193855
3138
ื™ืฉ ื‘ื”ื—ืœื˜ ื‘ืขื™ื•ืช ืฉื”ื ืฆืจื™ื›ื™ื ืืช ืขื–ืจืชื ื• ื›ื“ื™ ืœืคืชื•ืจ.
03:16
Indonesia has the world's highest rate of deforestation,
63
196993
3069
ื‘ืื™ื ื“ื•ื ื–ื™ื” ื™ืฉ ืืช ื”ืงืฆื‘ ื”ื’ื‘ื•ื” ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ืฉืœ ื‘ื™ืจื•ื ื™ืขืจื•ืช,
03:20
and millions of acres of rain forest are burned annually
64
200062
3090
ื•ืžืœื™ื•ื ื™ ื“ื•ื ืžื™ื ืฉืœ ื™ืขืจื•ืช ื’ืฉื ื ืฉืจืคื™ื ื›ืœ ืฉื ื”
03:23
to support the logging and palm oil industries.
65
203152
3041
ื›ื“ื™ ืœืชืžื•ืš ื‘ืชืขืฉื™ื™ื•ืช ื”ืขืฅ ื•ื”ื“ืงืœื™ื.
03:26
Deforestation exposes the 30,000 orangutans remaining in the wild
66
206193
4000
ื‘ื™ืจื•ื ื™ืขืจื•ืช ื—ื•ืฉืฃ ืืช 30,000 ื”ืื•ืจื ื’ืื•ื˜ื ื™ื ืฉื ืฉืืจื• ื‘ื˜ื‘ืข
03:30
to poachers.
67
210193
1327
ืœืฆื™ื™ื“ื™ื.
03:31
They kill mothers so that baby orangutans can be sold as exotic pets.
68
211520
5022
ื”ื ื”ื•ืจื’ื™ื ืื™ืžื”ื•ืช ื›ื“ื™ ืœืžื›ื•ืจ ืชื™ื ื•ืงื•ืช ืื•ืจื ื’ืื•ื˜ื ื™ื ื›ื—ื™ื•ืช ืืงื–ื•ื˜ื™ื•ืช.
03:36
But fortunately, the story often doesn't end here.
69
216542
3521
ืื‘ืœ ืœืžืจื‘ื” ื”ืžื–ืœ, ื”ืกื™ืคื•ืจ ื‘ื“ืจืš-ื›ืœืœ ืœื ื ื’ืžืจ ืคื”.
03:40
Orphans can be confiscated and given a second chance.
70
220063
3130
ื™ืชื•ืžื™ื ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืžื•ื—ืจืžื™ื ื•ืœืงื‘ืœ ื”ื–ื“ืžื ื•ืช ืฉื ื™ื”.
03:43
At special forest schools, they recover from emotional trauma
71
223193
3819
ื‘ื™ืขืจื•ืช ืœื™ืžื•ื“, ื”ื ืžืฉืชืงืžื™ื ืžื˜ืจืื•ืžื” ื ืคืฉื™ืช
03:47
and continue to develop essential life skills.
72
227012
3250
ื•ืžืžืฉื™ื›ื™ื ืœืคืชื— ื›ื™ืฉื•ืจื™ ื—ื™ื™ื ื—ื™ื•ื ื™ื™ื.
03:50
Against all odds, these orphans demonstrate incredible resilience
73
230262
3792
ื ื’ื“ ื›ืœ ื”ืกื™ื›ื•ื™ื™ื, ื”ื™ืชื•ืžื™ื ื”ืืœื” ืžื“ื’ื™ืžื™ื ื’ืžื™ืฉื•ืช ืžื“ื”ื™ืžื”
03:54
and readiness to learn.
74
234054
2189
ื•ืžื•ื›ื ื•ืช ืœืœืžื•ื“.
03:56
In Malay, the word orangutan translates literally to "the person of the forest,"
75
236243
5821
ื‘ืžืœืื™, ื”ืžื™ืœื” ืื•ืจื ื’ืื•ื˜ืŸ ืžืชื•ืจื’ืžืช ืžื™ืœื•ืœื™ืช ืœ "ืื“ื ืฉืœ ื”ื™ืขืจ."
04:02
a reminder of our common lineage.
76
242064
2961
ืชื–ื›ื•ืจืช ืœืฉื•ืฉืœืช ื”ืžืฉื•ืชืคืช ืฉืœื ื•.
04:05
And despite orangutans being some of the smartest animals on Earth,
77
245025
3159
ื•ืœืžืจื•ืช ืฉืื•ืจื ื’ืื•ื˜ื ื™ื ื”ื ืžื”ื—ื™ื•ืช ื”ื—ื›ืžื•ืช ื‘ื›ื“ื•ืจ ื”ืืจืฅ,
04:08
outsmarting their extinction requires the creativity, empathy, and foresight
78
248184
6230
ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืชื’ื‘ืจ ืขืœ ื”ื”ื›ื—ื“ื” ืฉืœื”ื ื ื“ืจืฉืช ื”ื™ืฆื™ืจืชื™ื•ืช, ื”ืืžืคืชื™ื” ื•ื”ืจืื™ื” ืœืžืจื—ืง
04:14
that our species share.
79
254414
2250
ืฉื”ืžื™ื ื™ื ืฉืœื ื• ื—ื•ืœืงื™ื.
ืขืœ ืืชืจ ื–ื”

ืืชืจ ื–ื” ื™ืฆื™ื’ ื‘ืคื ื™ื›ื ืกืจื˜ื•ื ื™ YouTube ื”ืžื•ืขื™ืœื™ื ืœืœื™ืžื•ื“ ืื ื’ืœื™ืช. ืชื•ื›ืœื• ืœืจืื•ืช ืฉื™ืขื•ืจื™ ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืขื‘ืจื™ื ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืžื•ืจื™ื ืžื”ืฉื•ืจื” ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื” ืžืจื—ื‘ื™ ื”ืขื•ืœื. ืœื—ืฅ ืคืขืžื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืฆื’ื•ืช ื‘ื›ืœ ื“ืฃ ื•ื™ื“ืื• ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ ืžืฉื. ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื’ื•ืœืœื•ืช ื‘ืกื ื›ืจื•ืŸ ืขื ื”ืคืขืœืช ื”ื•ื•ื™ื“ืื•. ืื ื™ืฉ ืœืš ื”ืขืจื•ืช ืื• ื‘ืงืฉื•ืช, ืื ื ืฆื•ืจ ืื™ืชื ื• ืงืฉืจ ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ื˜ื•ืคืก ื™ืฆื™ืจืช ืงืฉืจ ื–ื”.

https://forms.gle/WvT1wiN1qDtmnspy7