How one journalist risked her life to hold murderers accountable - Christina Greer

1,175,440 views ใƒป 2019-02-04

TED-Ed


ืื ื ืœื—ืฅ ืคืขืžื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ืœืžื˜ื” ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ.

ืชืจื’ื•ื: Ido Dekkers ืขืจื™ื›ื”: Allon Sasson
00:06
In March of 1892,
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ื‘ืžืจืฅ 1892,
00:08
three Black grocery store owners in Memphis, Tennessee,
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ืฉืœื•ืฉื” ื‘ืขืœื™ ื—ื ื•ืช ืžื›ื•ืœืช ืฉื—ื•ืจื™ื ื‘ืžืžืคื™ืก ื˜ื ืกื™,
00:11
were murdered by a mob of white men.
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ื ืจืฆื—ื• ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื”ืžื•ืŸ ื’ื‘ืจื™ื ืœื‘ื ื™ื.
00:14
Lynchings like these were happening all over the American South,
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ืœื™ื ืฆ'ื™ื ื›ืžื• ื–ื” ื”ืชืจื—ืฉื• ื‘ื›ืœ ืจื—ื‘ื™ ื“ืจื•ื ืืจืฆื•ืช ื”ื‘ืจื™ืช,
00:17
often without any subsequent legal investigation
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ื”ืจื‘ื” ืคืขืžื™ื ื‘ืœื™ ื—ืงื™ืจื•ืช ืžืฉืคื˜ื™ื•ืช ื›ืชื•ืฆืื”
00:20
or consequences for the murderers.
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ืื• ื”ืฉืœื›ื•ืช ื‘ืขืงื‘ื•ืช ื”ืจืฆื™ื—ื•ืช.
00:22
But this time,
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ืื‘ืœ ื”ืคืขื,
00:23
a young journalist and friend of the victims
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ืขื™ืชื•ื ืื™ืช ืฆืขื™ืจื” ื•ื—ื‘ืจื™ื ืฉืœ ื”ืงื•ืจื‘ื ื•ืช
00:25
set out to expose the truth about these killings.
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ื™ืฆืื• ืœื—ืฉื•ืฃ ืืช ื”ืืžืช ื‘ื ื•ื’ืข ืœืจืฆื™ื—ื•ืช ื”ืืœื•.
00:28
Her reports would shock the nation
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ื”ื“ื™ื•ื•ื—ื™ื ืฉืœื” ื–ื™ืขื–ืขื• ืืช ื”ืื•ืžื”
00:30
and launch her career as an investigative journalist,
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ื•ื”ืงืคื™ืฆื• ืืช ื”ืงืจื™ื™ืจื” ืฉืœื” ื›ืขื™ืชื•ื ืื™ืช ื—ื•ืงืจืช,
00:33
civic leader, and civil rights advocate.
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ืžื•ื‘ื™ืœื” ื—ื‘ืจืชื™ืช, ื•ื˜ื•ืขื ืช ืœื–ื›ื•ื™ื•ืช ืื–ืจื—.
00:35
Her name was Ida B. Wells.
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ืฉืžื” ื”ื™ื” ืื™ื“ื” ื‘. ื•ื•ืœืก.
00:38
Ida Bell Wells was born into slavery in Holly Springs, Mississippi
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ืื™ื“ื” ื‘ืœ ื•ื•ืœืก ื ื•ืœื“ื” ืœืขื‘ื“ื•ืช ื‘ื”ื•ืœื™ ืกืคืจื™ื ื’ืก ืžื™ืกื™ืกื™ืคื™
00:42
on July 16, 1862, several months before the Emancipation Proclamation
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ื‘ 16 ื‘ื™ื•ืœื™ 1862, ืžืกืคืจ ื—ื•ื“ืฉื™ื ืœืคื ื™ ืฉื”ืฆื”ืจืช ื”ืืžื ืกื™ืคืฆื™ื”
00:47
released her and her family.
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ืฉื™ื—ืจืจื” ืื•ืชื” ื•ืืช ืžืฉืคื—ืชื”.
00:49
After losing both parents and a brother to yellow fever at the age of 16,
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ืื—ืจื™ ืฉืื™ื‘ื“ื” ืืช ืฉื ื™ ื”ื•ืจื™ื” ื•ืื—ื™ื” ืœืงื“ื—ืช ื”ืฆื”ื•ื‘ื” ื‘ื’ื™ืœ 16,
00:53
she supported her five remaining siblings
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ื”ื™ื ืชืžื›ื” ื‘ื—ืžืฉืช ืื—ื™ื” ื”ื ื•ืชืจื™ื
00:55
by working as a schoolteacher in Memphis, Tennessee.
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ื‘ืขื‘ื•ื“ื” ื›ืžื•ืจื” ื‘ืžืžืคื™ืก ื˜ื ืกื™.
00:59
During this time,
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ื‘ืžื”ืœืš ื”ื–ืžืŸ ื”ื–ื”,
01:00
she began working as a journalist.
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ื”ื™ื ื”ื—ืœื” ืœืขื‘ื•ื“ ื›ืขื™ืชื•ื ืื™ืช.
01:02
Writing under the pen name โ€œIola,โ€
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ื•ื›ืชื‘ื” ืชื—ืช ืฉื ื”ืขื˜ "ืื™ื•ืœื”,"
01:04
by the early 1890s she gained a reputation
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ืขื“ ืชื—ื™ืœืช 1890 ื”ื™ื ืฆื‘ืจื” ืžื•ื ื™ื˜ื™ืŸ
01:06
as a clear voice against racial injustice
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ื›ืงื•ืœ ื‘ืจื•ืจ ื ื’ื“ ื—ื•ืกืจ ืฆื“ืง ื’ื–ืขื ื™
01:09
and become co-owner and editor
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ื•ื”ืคื›ื” ืœื‘ืขืœื™ื-ืžืฉื•ืชืคืช ื•ืขื•ืจื›ืช
01:11
of the Memphis Free Speech and Headlight newspaper.
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ืฉืœ ืขื™ืชื•ืŸ ื”ื“ื™ื‘ื•ืจ ื”ื—ื•ืคืฉื™ ื•ื”ื–ืจืงื•ืจ ื‘ืžืžืคื™ืก.
01:14
She had no shortage of material:
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ืœื ื”ื™ื” ืœื” ืžื—ืกื•ืจ ื‘ื—ื•ืžืจ:
01:16
in the decades following the Civil War,
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ื‘ืขืฉื•ืจื™ื ืฉืื—ืจื™ ืžืœื—ืžืช ื”ืื–ืจื—ื™ื,
01:18
Southern whites attempted to reassert their power
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ืœื‘ื ื™ื ื“ืจื•ืžื™ื™ื ื ื™ืกื• ืœื”ืฉืœื™ื˜ ืžื—ื“ืฉ ืืช ื›ื•ื—ื
01:20
by committing crimes against Black people
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ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื‘ื™ืฆื•ืข ืคืฉืขื™ื ื ื’ื“ ืื ืฉื™ื ืฉื—ื•ืจื™ื
01:22
including suppressing their votes,
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ื›ื•ืœืœ ื“ื™ื›ื•ื™ ืงื•ืœื•ืชื™ื”ื ื‘ื‘ื—ื™ืจื•ืช,
01:24
vandalizing their businesses, and even murdering them.
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ืžืขืฉื™ื ื•ื ื“ืœื™ื™ื ื‘ืขืกืงื™ื”ื, ื•ืืคื™ืœื• ืจืฆื™ื—ืชื.
01:28
After the murder of her friends,
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ืื—ืจื™ ืจืฆื— ื—ื‘ืจื”,
01:29
Wells launched an investigation into lynching.
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ื•ื•ืœืก ืคืฆื—ื” ื‘ื—ืงื™ืจืช ื”ืœื™ื ืฅ'.
01:32
She analyzed specific cases through newspaper reports and police records,
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ื”ื™ื ื‘ื—ื ื” ืืช ื”ืžืงืจื™ื ื”ืกืคืฆื™ืคื™ื ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ื“ื™ื•ื•ื—ื™ื ืขื™ืชื•ื ืื™ื™ื ื•ืจื™ืฉื•ืžื™ ืžืฉื˜ืจื”,
01:36
and interviewed people who had lost friends and family to lynch mobs.
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ื•ืจืื™ื™ื ื” ืื ืฉื™ื ืฉืื™ื‘ื“ื• ืืช ื—ื‘ืจื™ื”ื ื•ืžืฉืคื—ืชื ืœื›ื ื•ืคื™ื•ืช ืฉื‘ื™ืฆืขื• ืœื™ื ืฅ'.
01:40
She risked her life to get this information.
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ื”ื™ื ืกื™ื›ื ื” ืืช ื—ื™ื™ื” ื›ื“ื™ ืœืงื‘ืœ ืžื™ื“ืข.
01:43
As a Black person investigating racially motivated murders,
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ื›ืื“ื ืฉื—ื•ืจ ืฉื—ื•ืงืจ ืจืฆื™ื—ื•ืช ืžื•ื ืขื•ืช ื’ื–ืขื ื•ืช,
01:46
she enraged many of the same southern white men involved in lynchings.
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ื”ื™ื ื”ืจื’ื™ื–ื” ื”ืจื‘ื” ืžืื•ืชื ืื ืฉื™ื ื“ืจื•ืžื™ื™ื ืœื‘ื ื™ื ืฉื”ื™ื• ืžืขื•ืจื‘ื™ื ื‘ืจืฆื™ื—ื•ืช.
01:50
Her bravery paid off.
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ื”ืื•ืžืฅ ืฉืœื” ื”ืฉืชืœื.
01:52
Most whites had claimed and subsequently reported
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ืจื•ื‘ ื”ืœื‘ื ื™ื ื˜ืขื ื• ื•ื‘ืฉืœ ื›ืš ื“ื™ื•ื•ื—ื•
01:54
that lynchings were responses to criminal acts by Black people.
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ืฉืœื™ื ืฆ'ื™ื ื”ื™ื• ืชื’ื•ื‘ื” ืœืคืขื•ืœื•ืช ืคืœื™ืœื™ื•ืช ืฉืœ ืฉื—ื•ืจื™ื.
01:57
But that was not usually the case.
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ืื‘ืœ ื–ื” ืœืจื•ื‘ ืœื ื”ื™ื” ื”ืžืงืจื”.
02:00
Through her research,
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ื‘ืขื–ืจืช ื”ืžื—ืงืจ ืฉืœื”,
02:01
Wells showed that these murders were actually a deliberate,
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ื•ื•ืœืก ื”ืจืืชื” ืฉื”ืจืฆื™ื—ื•ืช ื”ืืœื• ื”ื™ื• ืœืžืขืฉื”,
02:04
brutal tactic to control or punish black people who competed with whites.
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ื˜ืงื˜ื™ืงื•ืช ืžื›ื•ื•ื ื•ืช ื‘ืจื•ื˜ืœื™ื•ืช ื›ื“ื™ ืœืฉืœื•ื˜ ืื• ืœื”ืขื ื™ืฉ ืื ืฉื™ื ืฉื—ื•ืจื™ื ืฉื”ืชื—ืจื• ื‘ืœื‘ื ื™ื.
02:09
Her friends, for example,
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ื—ื‘ืจื™ื” ืœื“ื•ื’ืžื”,
02:10
had been lynched when their grocery store
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ื ืจืฆื—ื• ื›ืฉื—ื ื•ืช ื”ืžื›ื•ืœืช ืฉืœื”ื
02:12
became popular enough to divert business from a white competitor.
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ื”ืคื›ื” ืœืคื•ืคื•ืœืจื™ืช ืžืกืคื™ืง ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ื˜ื•ืช ืขืกืงื™ื ืžืžืชื—ืจื™ื ืœื‘ื ื™ื.
02:17
Wells published her findings in 1892.
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ื•ื•ืœืก ืคืจืกืžื” ืืช ื”ืžืžืฆืื™ื ืฉืœื” ื‘ 1892.
02:19
In response, a white mob destroyed her newspaper presses.
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ื‘ืชื’ื•ื‘ื”, ื”ืžื•ืŸ ืœื‘ืŸ ื”ื—ืจื™ื‘ ืืช ืžื›ื‘ืฉื™ ื”ืขื™ืชื•ืŸ ืฉืœื”.
02:23
She was out of town when they struck,
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ื”ื™ื ื”ื™ืชื” ืžื—ื•ืฅ ืœืขื™ืจ ื›ืฉื”ื ืคื’ืขื•,
02:25
but they threatened to kill her if she ever returned to Memphis.
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ืื‘ืœ ื”ื ืื™ื™ืžื• ืœื”ืจื•ื’ ืื•ืชื” ืื ื”ื™ื ืชื—ื–ื•ืจ ืœืžืžืคื™ืก.
02:28
So she traveled to New York,
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ืื– ื”ื™ื ื ืกืขื” ืœื ื™ื• ื™ื•ืจืง,
02:30
where that same year she re-published her research in a pamphlet titled
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ืฉื ื‘ืื•ืชื” ืฉื ื” ื”ื™ื ืคืจืกืžื” ืžื—ื“ืฉ ืืช ื”ืžื—ืงืจ ืฉืœื” ื‘ื—ื•ื‘ืจืช ื‘ืฉื
02:34
Southern Horrors: Lynch Law in All Its Phases.
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"ืื™ืžื” ื“ืจื•ืžื™ืช: ื—ื•ืง ื”ืœื™ื ืฅ' ื‘ื›ืœ ื”ืฉืœื‘ื™ื ืฉืœื•."
02:38
In 1895, after settling in Chicago,
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ื‘ 1895, ืื—ืจื™ ืฉื”ืฉืชืงืขื” ื‘ืฉื™ืงื’ื•,
02:41
she built on Southern Horrors in a longer piece called The Red Record.
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ื”ื™ื ื”ืžืฉื™ื›ื” ืืช "ืื™ืžื” ื“ืจื•ืžื™ืช" ื‘ื™ืฆื™ืจื” ืืจื•ื›ื” ื™ื•ืชืจ ื‘ืฉื "ื”ืชื™ืขื•ื“ ื”ืื“ื•ื."
02:46
Her careful documentation of the horrors of lynching
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ื”ืชื™ืขื•ื“ ื”ื–ื”ื™ืจ ืฉืœื” ืฉืœ ื”ื–ื•ื•ืขื•ืช ืฉืœ ื”ืœื™ื ืฆ'ื™ื
02:48
and impassioned public speeches drew international attention.
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ื•ื”ื ืื•ืžื™ื ืžืœืื™ ื”ื”ืฉืจืื” ืœืฆื™ื‘ื•ืจ ืžืฉื›ื• ืชืฉื•ืžืช ืœื‘ ื‘ื™ืŸ ืœืื•ืžื™ืช.
02:52
Wells used her newfound fame to amplify her message.
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ื•ื•ืœืก ื”ืฉืชืžืฉื” ื‘ืชื”ื™ืœื” ื”ื—ื“ืฉื” ืฉืœื” ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืขืฆื™ื ืืช ื”ืžืกืจ.
02:55
She traveled to Europe,
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ื”ื™ื ื ืกืขื” ืœืื™ืจื•ืคื”,
02:57
where she rallied European outrage against racial violence in the American South
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ืฉื ื”ื™ื ืขื•ืจืจื” ื–ืขื ืืจื•ืคืื™ ื ื’ื“ ื”ืืœื™ืžื•ืช ื”ื’ื–ืขื ื™ืช ื‘ื“ืจื•ื ื”ืืžืจื™ืงืื™
03:01
in hopes that the US government and public would follow their example.
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ื‘ืชืงื•ื•ื” ืฉืžืžืฉืœืช ืืจืฆื•ืช ื”ื‘ืจื™ืช ื•ื”ืฆื™ื‘ื•ืจ ื™ืœื›ื• ื‘ืขืงื‘ื•ืช ื”ื“ื•ื’ืžื” ื”ื–ื•.
03:05
Back in the US,
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ื—ื–ืจื” ื‘ืืจืฆื•ืช ื”ื‘ืจื™ืช,
03:06
she didnโ€™t hesitate to confront powerful organizations,
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ื”ื™ื ืœื ื”ื™ืกืกื” ืœื”ืชืขืžืช ืขื ืืจื’ื•ื ื™ื ื—ื–ืงื™ื,
03:09
fighting the segregationist policies of the YMCA
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ื ืœื—ืžื” ื‘ืžื“ื™ื ื™ื•ืช ื”ื”ืคืจื“ื” ืฉืœ ื” YMCA
03:11
and leading a delegation to the White House
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ื•ื”ื•ื‘ื™ืœื” ืžืฉืœื—ืช ืœื‘ื™ืช ื”ืœื‘ืŸ
03:14
to protest discriminatory workplace practices.
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ื›ื“ื™ ืœืžื—ื•ืช ืขืœ ืžื ื”ื’ื™ ืืคืœื™ื” ื‘ืžืงื•ื ื”ืขื‘ื•ื“ื”.
03:17
She did all this while disenfranchised herself.
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ื”ื™ื ืขืฉืชื” ื›ืœ ื–ืืช ื‘ืขื•ื“ื” ืฉืœื•ืœืช ื–ื›ื•ืช ื”ืฆื‘ืขื” ื‘ืขืฆืžื”.
03:20
Women didnโ€™t win the right to vote until Wells was in her late 50s.
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ื ืฉื™ื ืœื ื–ื›ื• ื‘ื–ื›ื•ืช ื”ื”ืฆื‘ืขื” ืขื“ ืฉื•ื•ืœืก ื”ื™ืชื” ื‘ืกื•ืฃ ืฉื ื•ืช ื” 50 ืฉืœื”.
03:23
And even then, the vote was primarily extended to white women only.
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ื•ืืคื™ืœื• ืื–, ื”ื‘ื—ื™ืจื” ื”ื™ืชื” ื‘ืขื™ืงืจ ืขื‘ื•ืจ ื ืฉื™ื ืœื‘ื ื•ืช ื‘ืœื‘ื“.
03:27
Wells was a key player in the battle for voting inclusion,
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ื•ื•ืœืก ื”ื™ืชื” ืฉื—ืงื ื™ืช ืžืคืชื— ื‘ืงืจื‘ ืœื”ื›ืœืœื” ื‘ื‘ื—ื™ืจื”,
03:30
starting a Black womenโ€™s suffrage organization in Chicago.
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ื•ื”ืชื—ื™ืœื” ืืช ืชื ื•ืขืช ื”ื ืฉื™ื ื”ืฉื—ื•ืจื•ืช ื”ืกื•ืคืจื’'ื˜ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืฉื™ืงื’ื•.
03:33
But in spite of her deep commitment to womenโ€™s rights,
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ืื‘ืœ ืœืžืจื•ืช ื”ืžื—ื•ื™ื‘ื•ืช ื”ืขืžื•ืงื” ืฉืœื” ืœื–ื›ื•ื™ื•ืช ื ืฉื™ื,
03:36
she clashed with white leaders of the movement.
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ื”ื™ื ื”ืชื ื’ืฉื” ืขื ืžื ื”ื™ื’ื™ื ืœื‘ื ื™ื ืฉืœ ื”ืชื ื•ืขื”.
03:39
During a march for womenโ€™s suffrage in Washington D.C.,
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ื‘ืžื”ืœืš ื”ืฆืขื“ื” ืœื–ื›ื•ื™ื•ืช ื”ื ืฉื™ื ื‘ื•ื•ืฉื™ื ื’ื˜ื•ืŸ ื”ื‘ื™ืจื”,
03:42
she ignored the organizersโ€™ attempt to placate Southern bigotry
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ื”ื™ื ื”ืชืขืœืžื” ืžื”ื ืกื™ื•ื ื•ืช ืฉืœ ื”ืžืืจื’ื ื™ื ืœื”ืฉืชื™ืง ื’ื–ืขื ื•ืช ื“ืจื•ืžื™ืช
03:45
by placing Black women in the back,
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ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืžื™ืงื•ื ื”ื ืฉื™ื ื”ืฉื—ื•ืจื•ืช ืžืื—ื•ืจ,
03:47
and marched up front alongside the white women.
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ื•ืฆืขื“ื” ืงื“ื™ืžื” ื™ื—ื“ ืขื ื”ื ืฉื™ื ื”ืœื‘ื ื•ืช.
03:50
She also chafed with other civil rights leaders,
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ื”ื™ื ื’ื ื”ืชื—ื›ื›ื” ืขื ืžื•ื‘ื™ืœื™ ื–ื›ื•ื™ื•ืช ืื–ืจื— ืื—ืจื™ื,
03:52
who saw her as a dangerous radical.
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ืฉืจืื• ื‘ื” ืจื“ื™ืงืœื™ืช ืงื™ืฆื•ื ื™ืช.
03:55
She insisted on airing, in full detail, the atrocities taking place in the South,
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ื”ื™ื ื”ืชืขืงืฉื” ืœืคืจืกื, ื‘ืคื™ืจื•ื˜ ืžืœื, ืืช ื”ื–ื•ื•ืขื•ืช ืฉื”ืชืจื—ืฉื• ื‘ื“ืจื•ื,
04:00
while others thought doing so would be counterproductive
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ื‘ืขื•ื“ ืฉืื—ืจื™ื ื—ืฉื‘ื• ืฉืœืขืฉื•ืช ื–ืืช ื™ื”ื™ื” ืœื ืžื•ืขื™ืœ
04:02
to negotiations with white politicians.
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ื›ื“ื™ ืœื“ื•ืŸ ืขื ื”ืคื•ืœื™ื˜ื™ืงืื™ื ื”ืœื‘ื ื™ื.
04:05
Although she participated in the founding of the NAACP,
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ืœืžืจื•ืช ืฉื”ื™ื ื”ืฉืชืชืคื” ื‘ื™ืกื•ื“ ื” NAACP,
04:08
she was soon sidelined from the organization.
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ื”ื™ื ื ื“ื—ืงื” ื‘ืžื”ืจื” ืžื”ืืจื’ื•ืŸ.
04:11
Wellsโ€™ unwillingness to compromise any aspect of her vision of justice
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ื—ื•ืกืจ ื”ืจืฆื•ืŸ ืฉืœื” ืœื”ืชืคืฉืจ ื‘ื›ืœ ืื•ืคืŸ ืขืœ ื—ื–ื•ืŸ ื”ืฆื“ืง ืฉืœื”
04:15
shined a light on the weak points of the various rights movements,
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ื”ืื™ืจ ืื•ืจ ืขืœ ื”ื ืงื•ื“ื•ืช ื”ื—ืœืฉื•ืช ืฉืœ ืชื ื•ืขื•ืช ื–ื›ื•ื™ื•ืช ืื–ืจื— ืฉื•ื ื•ืช,
04:18
and ultimately made them strongerโ€”
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ื•ืœื‘ืกื•ืฃ ื”ืคืš ืื•ืชืŸ ืœื—ื–ืงื•ืช ื™ื•ืชืจ --
04:20
but also made it difficult for her to find a place within them.
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ืื‘ืœ ื’ื ื”ืคืš ืืช ื–ื” ืœืงืฉื” ื™ื•ืชืจ ืขื‘ื•ืจื” ืœืžืฆื•ื ืžืงื•ื ื‘ืชื•ื›ืŸ.
04:24
She was ahead of her time,
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ื”ื™ื ื”ืงื“ื™ืžื” ืืช ื–ืžื ื”,
04:26
waging a tireless struggle for equality and justice
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ื•ื”ื™ืชื” ื‘ืžืื‘ืง ื‘ืœืชื™ ื ืœืื” ืœืฉื•ื•ื™ื•ืŸ ื•ืฆื“ืง
04:29
decades before many had even begun to imagine it possible.
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ืขืฉื•ืจื™ื ืœืคื ื™ ืฉื”ืจื‘ื” ืืคื™ืœื• ื”ื—ืœื• ืœื“ืžื™ื™ืŸ ืฉื–ื” ืืคืฉืจื™.
ืขืœ ืืชืจ ื–ื”

ืืชืจ ื–ื” ื™ืฆื™ื’ ื‘ืคื ื™ื›ื ืกืจื˜ื•ื ื™ YouTube ื”ืžื•ืขื™ืœื™ื ืœืœื™ืžื•ื“ ืื ื’ืœื™ืช. ืชื•ื›ืœื• ืœืจืื•ืช ืฉื™ืขื•ืจื™ ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืขื‘ืจื™ื ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืžื•ืจื™ื ืžื”ืฉื•ืจื” ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื” ืžืจื—ื‘ื™ ื”ืขื•ืœื. ืœื—ืฅ ืคืขืžื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืฆื’ื•ืช ื‘ื›ืœ ื“ืฃ ื•ื™ื“ืื• ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ ืžืฉื. ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื’ื•ืœืœื•ืช ื‘ืกื ื›ืจื•ืŸ ืขื ื”ืคืขืœืช ื”ื•ื•ื™ื“ืื•. ืื ื™ืฉ ืœืš ื”ืขืจื•ืช ืื• ื‘ืงืฉื•ืช, ืื ื ืฆื•ืจ ืื™ืชื ื• ืงืฉืจ ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ื˜ื•ืคืก ื™ืฆื™ืจืช ืงืฉืจ ื–ื”.

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