The life cycle of a neutron star - David Lunney

1,363,352 views ใƒป 2018-11-20

TED-Ed


ืื ื ืœื—ืฅ ืคืขืžื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ืœืžื˜ื” ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ.

ืชืจื’ื•ื: Ido Dekkers ืขืจื™ื›ื”: Allon Sasson
00:08
About once every century,
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ื‘ืขืจืš ื›ืœ ืžืื” ืฉื ื”,
00:10
a massive star somewhere in our galaxy
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ืœื›ื•ื›ื‘ ืžืืกื™ื‘ื™ ื”ื™ื›ืŸ ืฉื”ื•ื ื‘ื’ืœืงืกื™ื”
00:13
runs out of fuel.
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ื ื’ืžืจ ื”ื“ืœืง.
00:15
This happens after millions of years of heat and pressure
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ื–ื” ืงื•ืจื” ืื—ืจื™ ืฉืžืœื™ื•ื ื™ ืฉื ื™ื ืฉืœ ื—ื•ื ื•ืœื—ืฅ
00:18
have fused the starโ€™s hydrogen
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ื”ืชื™ื›ื• ืืช ื”ืžื™ืžืŸ ืฉืœ ื”ื›ื•ื›ื‘
00:20
into heavier elements like helium, carbon, and nitrogenโ€” all the way to iron.
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ืœื™ืกื•ื“ื•ืช ื›ื‘ื“ื™ื ื™ื•ืชืจ ื›ืžื• ื”ืœื™ื•ื, ืคื—ืžืŸ, ื•ื—ื ืงืŸ -- ื›ืœ ื”ื“ืจืš ืขื“ ื‘ืจื–ืœ.
00:27
No longer able to produce sufficient energy to maintain its structure,
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ื›ืฉื”ื•ื ืœื ืžืกื•ื’ืœ ื™ื•ืชืจ ืœื™ื™ืฆืจ ืžืกืคื™ืง ืื ืจื’ื™ื” ื›ื“ื™ ืœืฉืžื•ืจ ืขืœ ื”ืžื‘ื ื” ืฉืœื•,
00:31
it collapses under its own gravitational pressure and explodes in a supernova.
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ื”ื•ื ืงื•ืจืก ืชื—ืช ื”ืœื—ืฅ ื”ื›ื‘ื™ื“ืชื™ ืฉืœื• ื•ืžืชืคื•ืฆืฅ ื‘ืกื•ืคืจื ื•ื‘ื”.
00:36
The star shoots most of its innards into space,
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ื”ื›ื•ื›ื‘ ืžืฉื’ืจ ืืช ืจื•ื‘ ืชื•ื›ื ื• ืœื—ืœืœ,
00:39
seeding the galaxy with heavy elements.
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ื•ืžื–ืจื™ืข ืืช ื”ื’ืœืงืกื™ื” ื‘ื™ืกื•ื“ื•ืช ื›ื‘ื“ื™ื.
00:42
But what this cataclysmic eruption leaves behind might be even more remarkable:
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ืื‘ืœ ืื‘ืœ ืžื” ืฉื”ื”ืชืคืจืฆื•ืช ื”ืงื˜ืงืœื™ื–ืžื™ืช ื”ื–ื• ืžืฉืื™ืจื” ืžืื—ื•ืจ ื”ื™ื ืื•ืœื™ ืืคื™ืœื• ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžื™ื•ื—ื“ืช:
00:48
a ball of matter so dense that atomic electrons
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ื›ื“ื•ืจ ืฉืœ ื—ื•ืžืจ ื›ืœ ื›ืš ื“ื—ื•ืก ืฉืืœืงื˜ืจื•ื ื™ื ืื˜ื•ืžื™ื™ื
00:51
collapse from their quantum orbits into the depths of atomic nuclei.
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ืงื•ืจืกื™ื ืžื”ืžืกืœื•ืœื™ื ื”ืงืื•ื•ื ื˜ื™ื™ื ืฉืœื”ื ืœืชื•ืš ื’ืœืขื™ืŸ ื”ืื˜ื•ื.
00:56
The death of that star is the birth of a neutron star:
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ืžื•ืช ื”ื›ื•ื›ื‘ ื”ื–ื” ื”ื•ื ืœื™ื“ืชื• ืฉืœ ื›ื•ื›ื‘ ื ื™ื•ื˜ืจื•ื ื™ื:
00:59
one of the densest known objects in the universe,
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ืื—ื“ ื”ืื•ื‘ื™ื™ืงื˜ื™ื ื”ื›ื™ ื“ื—ื•ืกื™ื ื‘ื™ืงื•ื,
01:03
and a laboratory for the strange physics of supercondensed matter.
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ื•ืžืขื‘ื“ื” ืœืคื™ื–ื™ืงื” ื”ืžื•ื–ืจื” ืฉืœ ื—ื•ืžืจ ืกื•ืคืจ ื“ื—ื•ืก.
01:08
But what is a neutron star?
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ืื‘ืœ ืžื” ื”ื•ื ื›ื•ื›ื‘ ื ื™ื•ื˜ืจื•ื ื™ื?
01:11
Think of a compact ball inside of which protons and electrons fuse into neutrons
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ื—ืฉื‘ื• ืขืœ ื›ื“ื•ืจ ื“ื—ื•ืก ื‘ื• ืคืจื•ื˜ื•ื ื™ื ื•ืืœืงื˜ืจื•ื ื™ื ื ื™ืชื›ื™ื ืœื ื™ื•ื˜ืจื•ื ื™ื
01:17
and form a frictionless liquid called a superfluidโ€”
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ื•ื™ื•ืฆืจื™ื ื ื•ื–ืœ ื ื˜ื•ืœ ื—ื™ื›ื•ืš ืฉื ืงืจื ืกื•ืคืจ ื ื•ื–ืœ --
01:21
surrounded by a crust.
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ืžื•ืงืฃ ื‘ืงืจื•ื.
01:23
This material is incredibly dense โ€“
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ื”ื—ื•ืžืจ ื”ื–ื” ื”ื•ื ื“ื—ื•ืก ื‘ืฆื•ืจื” ื™ื•ืฆืืช ื“ื•ืคืŸ --
01:25
the equivalent of the mass of a fully-loaded container ship
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ืฉื•ื•ื” ืขืจืš ืœืžืืกื” ืฉืœ ืื•ื ื™ื™ืช ืžื›ื•ืœื•ืช ืขืžื•ืกื” ืœื’ืžืจื™
01:29
squeezed into a human hair,
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ื“ื—ื•ืก ืœืชื•ืš ืฉืขืจื” ืื ื•ืฉื™ืช,
01:32
or the mass of Mount Everest in a space of a sugar cube.
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ืื• ื”ืžืืกื” ืฉืœ ื”ืจ ืื•ื•ืจืกื˜ ื‘ืชื•ืš ืงื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ืกื•ื›ืจ.
01:37
Deeper in the crust, the neutron superfluid forms different phases
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ืขืžื•ืง ื™ื•ืชืจ ื‘ืชื•ืš ื”ืงืจื•ื, ืกื•ืคืจ ื ื•ื–ืœ ื”ื ื™ื•ื˜ืจื•ื ื™ื ื™ื•ืฆืจ ืคืื–ื•ืช ืฉื•ื ื•ืช
01:41
that physicists call โ€œnuclear pasta,โ€
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ืฉืคื™ื–ื™ืงืื™ื ืงื•ืจืื™ื ืœื”ืŸ "ืคืกื˜ื” ื’ืœืขื™ื ื™ืช,"
01:45
as itโ€™s squeezed from lasagna to spaghetti-like shapes.
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ื›ื™ื•ืŸ ืฉื”ืŸ ื ืœื—ืฆื•ืช ืžืฆื•ืจืช ืœื–ื ื™ื” ืœืกืคื’ื˜ื™.
01:49
The massive precursors to neutron stars often spin.
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ืžื” ืฉืงื•ื“ื ืœื›ื•ื›ื‘ ื ื™ื•ื˜ืจื•ื ื™ื ื”ืจื‘ื” ืคืขืžื™ื ืžืกืชื•ื‘ื‘.
01:53
When they collapse,
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ื›ืฉื”ื ืงื•ืจืกื™ื,
01:54
stars that are typically millions of kilometers wide
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ื›ื•ื›ื‘ื™ื ืฉื‘ื“ืจืš ื›ืœืœ ื‘ืจื•ื—ื‘ ืžืœื™ื•ื ื™ ืงื™ืœื•ืžื˜ืจื™ื
01:57
compress down to neutron stars that are only about 25 kilometers across.
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ื ื“ื—ืกื™ื ืœื›ื•ื›ื‘ื™ ื ื™ื•ื˜ืจื•ื ื™ื ื‘ืงื•ื˜ืจ ืฉืœ ื‘ืขืจืš 25 ืงื™ืœื•ืžื˜ืจ.
02:02
But the original starโ€™s angular momentum is preserved.
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ืื‘ืœ ื”ืžื•ืžื ื˜ื•ื ื”ื–ื•ื•ื™ืชื™ ื”ืžืงื•ืจื™ ืฉืœ ื”ื›ื•ื›ื‘ ื ืฉืžืจ.
02:06
So for the same reason that a figure skaterโ€™s spin accelerates
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ืื– ืžืื•ืชื” ืกื™ื‘ื” ืฉืžื—ืœื™ืงื™ื ืืžื ื•ืชื™ื™ื ืžืกืชื•ื‘ื‘ื™ื ืžื”ืจ ื™ื•ืชืจ
02:10
when they bring in their arms,
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ื›ืฉื”ื ืžื›ื ืกื™ื ืืช ื–ืจื•ืขื•ืชื™ื”ื,
02:12
the neutron star spins much more rapidly than its parent.
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ื›ื•ื›ื‘ื™ ื ื™ื•ื˜ืจื•ื ื™ื ืžืกืชื•ื‘ื‘ื™ื ื”ืจื‘ื” ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžื”ืจ ืžืงื•ื“ืžื™ื”ื.
02:16
The fastest neutron star on record rotates over 700 times every second,
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ื›ื•ื›ื‘ื™ ื”ื ื™ื•ื˜ืจื•ื ื™ื ื”ืžื”ื™ืจื™ื ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžืชื•ืขื“ื™ื ื›ืžืกืชื•ื‘ื‘ื™ื ื› 700 ืคืขืžื™ื ื‘ืฉื ื™ื”,
02:22
which means that a point on its surface whirls through space
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ืžื” ืฉืื•ืžืจ ืฉื ืงื•ื“ื” ืขืœ ืคื ื™ ื”ืฉื˜ื— ืžืกืชื•ื‘ื‘ืช ื‘ืžืจื—ื‘
02:26
at more than a fifth of the speed of light.
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ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžื—ืžื™ืฉื™ืช ืžืžื”ื™ืจื•ืช ื”ืื•ืจ.
02:29
Neutron stars also have the strongest magnetic field of any known object.
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ืœื›ื•ื›ื‘ื™ ื ื™ื•ื˜ืจื•ื ื™ื ื™ืฉ ื’ื ืืช ื”ืฉื“ื” ื”ืžื’ื ื˜ื™ ื”ื—ื–ืง ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ื”ื™ื“ื•ืข.
02:34
This magnetic concentration forms vortexes
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ื”ืจื™ื›ื•ื– ื”ืžื’ื ื˜ื™ ื”ื–ื” ื™ื•ืฆืจ ืžืขืจื‘ื•ืœื•ืช
02:37
that radiate beams from the magnetic poles.
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ืฉืžืงืจื™ื ื•ืช ืงืจื ื™ื™ื ืžื”ืงื˜ื‘ื™ื ื”ืžื’ื ื˜ื™ื™ื.
02:40
Since the poles arenโ€™t always aligned with the rotational axis of the star,
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ืžืื—ืจ ื•ื”ืงื˜ื‘ื™ื ืœื ืชืžื™ื“ ืžื™ื•ืฉืจื™ื ืขื ืฆื™ืจ ื”ืกื™ื‘ื•ื‘ ืฉืœ ื”ื›ื•ื›ื‘,
02:44
the beams spin like lighthouse beacons,
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ื”ืงืจื ื™ื™ื ืžืกืชื•ื‘ื‘ื•ืช ื›ืžื• ืืœื•ืžื•ืช ืฉืœ ืžื’ื“ืœื•ืจ,
02:48
which appear to blink when viewed from Earth.
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ื•ื ืจืื™ื ื›ืื™ืœื• ื”ื ืžื”ื‘ื”ื‘ื™ื ืžื›ื“ื•ืจ ื”ืืจืฅ.
02:50
We call those pulsars.
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ืื ื—ื ื• ืงื•ืจืื™ื ืœื”ื ืคื•ืœืกืืจื™ื.
02:53
The detection of one of these tantalizing flashing signals
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ื”ื–ื™ื”ื•ื™ ืฉืœ ืื—ื“ ืžื”ืื•ืชื•ืช ื”ืžืคืชื™ื ื•ื”ืžื ืฆื ืฆื™ื ื”ืืœื”
02:56
by astrophysicist Jocelyn Bell in 1967
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ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื”ืืกื˜ืจื•ืคื™ื–ื™ืงืื™ืช ื’'ื•ืกืœื™ืŸ ื‘ืœ ื‘ 1967
03:00
was in fact the way we indirectly discovered neutron stars
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ื”ื™ืชื” ืœืžืขืฉื” ื”ื“ืจืš ื‘ื” ื’ื™ืœื™ื ื• ืœื ื™ืฉื™ืจื•ืช ื›ื•ื›ื‘ื™ ื ื™ื•ื˜ืจื•ื ื™ื
03:04
in the first place.
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ืžืœื›ืชื—ื™ืœื”.
03:06
An aging neutron starโ€™s furious rotation slows over a period of billions of years
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ื”ืžื”ื™ืจื•ืช ื”ืื“ื™ืจื” ืฉืœ ื›ื•ื›ื‘ ื ื™ื•ื˜ืจื•ื ื™ื ืžื–ื“ืงืŸ ืžืื™ื˜ื” ื‘ืžืฉืš ืžื™ืœื™ืืจื“ื™ ืฉื ื™ื
03:12
as it radiates away its energy in the form of electromagnetic and gravity waves.
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ื›ืฉื”ื•ื ืžืงืจื™ืŸ ื”ื—ื•ืฆื” ืืช ื”ืื ืจื’ื™ื” ืฉืœื• ื‘ืฆื•ืจื” ืฉืœ ื’ืœื™ื ืืœืงื˜ืจื• ืžื’ื ื˜ื™ื™ื ื•ื›ื‘ื™ื“ืชื™ื™ื.
03:18
But not all neutron stars disappear so quietly.
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ืื‘ืœ ืœื ื›ืœ ื›ื•ื›ื‘ื™ ื”ื ื™ื•ื˜ืจื•ื ื™ื ื ืขืœืžื™ื ื›ืœ ื›ืš ื‘ืฉืงื˜.
03:22
For example, weโ€™ve observed binary systems
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ืœื“ื•ื’ืžื”, ืฆืคื™ื ื• ื‘ืžืขืจื›ื•ืช ื‘ื™ื ืืจื™ื•ืช
03:25
where a neutron star co-orbits another star.
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ื‘ื”ืŸ ื›ื•ื›ื‘ ื ื™ื•ื˜ืจื•ื ื™ื ืžืงื™ืฃ ื‘ืžืฉื•ืชืฃ ื›ื•ื›ื‘ ืื—ืจ.
03:28
A neutron star can feed on a lighter companion,
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ื›ื•ื›ื‘ ื ื™ื•ื˜ืจื•ื ื™ื ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื”ื™ื–ื•ืŸ ืžืฉื•ืชืคื™ื ืงืœื™ื ื™ื•ืชืจ,
03:31
gorging on its more loosely bound atmosphere
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ื‘ื•ืœืก ืขืœ ื”ืื˜ืžื•ืกืคื™ืจื” ื”ืคื—ื•ืช ื“ื—ื•ืกื”
03:34
before eventually collapsing cataclysmically into a black hole.
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ืœืคื ื™ ืฉื”ื•ื ืงื•ืจืก ืœื‘ืกื•ืฃ ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ืงื˜ืงืœื™ื–ืžื™ ืœื—ื•ืจ ืฉื—ื•ืจ.
03:39
While many stars exist as binary systems,
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ื‘ืขื•ื“ ื”ืจื‘ื” ื›ื•ื›ื‘ื™ื ืงื™ื™ืžื™ื ื›ืžืขืจื›ื•ืช ื‘ื™ื ืืจื™ื•ืช,
03:42
only a small percentage of those end up as neutron-star binaries,
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ืจืง ืื—ื•ื– ืงื˜ืŸ ืžืืœื” ืžื’ื™ืขื™ื ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ื–ื•ื’ื•ืช ื‘ื™ื ืืจื™ื™ื ืขื ื›ื•ื›ื‘ื™ ื ื™ื•ื˜ืจื•ื ื™ื,
03:46
where two neutron stars circle each other in a waltz doomed to end as a merger.
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ื‘ื”ื ืฉื ื™ ื›ื•ื›ื‘ื™ ื ื™ื˜ืจื•ื ื™ื ืžืงื™ืคื™ื ืื—ื“ ืืช ื”ืฉื ื™ ื‘ื•ื•ืืœืก ืฉื’ื•ืจืœื• ืžื™ื–ื•ื’.
03:52
When they finally collide, they send gravity waves through space-time
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ื›ืฉื”ื ืžืชื ื’ืฉื™ื ืœื‘ืกื•ืฃ, ื”ื ืฉื•ืœื—ื™ื ื’ืœื™ ื›ื‘ื™ื“ื” ื‘ื—ืœืœ ื–ืžืŸ
03:56
like ripples from a stone thrown into a calm lake.
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ื›ืžื• ื’ืœื™ื ืžืื‘ืŸ ืฉื ื–ืจืงื” ืœืื’ื ืจื’ื•ืข.
04:00
Einsteinโ€™s theory of General Relativity
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ื”ืชืื•ืจื™ื” ืฉืœ ืื™ื™ื ืฉื˜ื™ื™ืŸ ืฉืœ ื”ื™ื—ืกื•ืช ื”ื›ืœืœื™ืช
04:02
predicted this phenomenon over 100 years ago, but it wasn't directly verified
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ื—ื–ืชื” ืืช ื”ืชื•ืคืขื” ืœืคื ื™ ื™ื•ืชืจ ืž 100 ืฉื ื”, ืื‘ืœ ื”ื™ื ืœื ืื•ืžืชื” ื™ืฉื™ืจื•ืช
04:07
until 2017,
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ืขื“ 2017,
04:09
when gravitational-wave observatories LIGO and VIRGO
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ื›ืฉืžืฆืคื™ ื”ื’ืœื™ื ื”ื›ื‘ื™ื“ืชื™ื™ื LIGO ื• VIRGO
04:14
observed a neutron star collision.
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ืฆืคื• ื‘ื”ืชื ื’ืฉื•ืช ื›ื•ื›ื‘ื™ ื ื™ื•ื˜ืจื•ื ื™ื.
04:17
Other telescopes picked up a burst of gamma rays and a flash of light,
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ื˜ืœืกืงื•ืคื™ื ืื—ืจื™ื ื—ื–ื• ื‘ืคืจืฅ ืงืจื ื™ ื’ืžื ื•ื”ื‘ื–ืง ืฉืœ ืื•ืจ,
04:21
and, later, x-rays and radio signals, all from the same impact.
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ื•ืžืื•ื—ืจ ื™ื•ืชืจ, ืงืจื ื™ X ื•ืื•ืชื•ืช ืจื“ื™ื•, ื›ื•ืœื ืžืื•ืชื” ื”ืชื ื’ืฉื•ืช.
04:26
That became the most studied event in the history of astronomy.
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ื–ื” ื”ืคืš ืœืืจื•ืข ื”ื›ื™ ื ื—ืงืจ ื‘ื”ืกื˜ื•ืจื™ื” ืฉืœ ื”ืืกื˜ืจื•ื ื•ืžื™ื”.
04:30
It yielded a treasure trove of data
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ื–ื” ืกื™ืคืง ืชื™ื‘ืช ืื•ืฆืจ ืฉืœ ืžื™ื“ืข
04:32
thatโ€™s helped pin down the speed of gravity,
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ืฉืขื–ืจื” ืœืžืงื ืืช ื”ืžื”ื™ืจื•ืช ืฉืœ ื”ื›ื‘ื™ื“ื”,
04:34
bolster important theories in astrophysics,
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ืœื—ื–ืง ืชืื•ืจื™ื•ืช ื—ืฉื•ื‘ื•ืช ื‘ืืกื˜ืจื•ืคื™ื–ื™ืงื”,
04:37
and provide evidence for the origin of heavy elements like gold and platinum.
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ื•ืกื™ืคืงื” ืขื“ื•ืช ืœืžืงื•ืจ ืฉืœ ื”ื™ืกื•ื“ื•ืช ื”ื›ื‘ื“ื™ื ื›ืžื• ื–ื”ื‘ ื•ืคืœื˜ื™ื ื”.
04:43
Neutron stars havenโ€™t given up all their secrets yet.
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ื›ื•ื›ื‘ื™ ื ื™ื•ื˜ืจื•ื ื™ื ืœื ื”ืกื’ื™ืจื• ืืช ื›ืœ ื”ืกื•ื“ื•ืช ืฉืœื”ื ืขื“ื™ื™ืŸ.
04:47
LIGO and VIRGO are being upgraded to detect more collisions.
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LIGO ื• VIRGO ืžืฉื•ื“ืจื’ื™ื ืœื–ื”ื•ืช ื™ื•ืชืจ ื”ืชื ื’ืฉื•ื™ื•ืช.
04:51
Thatโ€™ll help us learn what else
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ื–ื” ื™ืขื–ื•ืจ ืœื ื• ืœืœืžื•ื“ ืžื” ืขื•ื“
04:53
the spectacular demise of these dense, pulsating, spinning magnets
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ื”ืžื•ื•ืช ื™ื•ืฆื ื”ื“ื•ืคืŸ ืฉืœ ื”ืžื’ื ื˜ื™ื ื”ื“ื—ื•ืกื™ื ื”ืคื•ืขืžื™ื ื”ืžืกืชื•ื‘ื‘ื™ื ื”ืืœื”
04:58
can tell us about the universe.
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ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœืกืคืจ ืœื ื• ืขืœ ื”ื™ืงื•ื.
ืขืœ ืืชืจ ื–ื”

ืืชืจ ื–ื” ื™ืฆื™ื’ ื‘ืคื ื™ื›ื ืกืจื˜ื•ื ื™ YouTube ื”ืžื•ืขื™ืœื™ื ืœืœื™ืžื•ื“ ืื ื’ืœื™ืช. ืชื•ื›ืœื• ืœืจืื•ืช ืฉื™ืขื•ืจื™ ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืขื‘ืจื™ื ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืžื•ืจื™ื ืžื”ืฉื•ืจื” ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื” ืžืจื—ื‘ื™ ื”ืขื•ืœื. ืœื—ืฅ ืคืขืžื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืฆื’ื•ืช ื‘ื›ืœ ื“ืฃ ื•ื™ื“ืื• ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ ืžืฉื. ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื’ื•ืœืœื•ืช ื‘ืกื ื›ืจื•ืŸ ืขื ื”ืคืขืœืช ื”ื•ื•ื™ื“ืื•. ืื ื™ืฉ ืœืš ื”ืขืจื•ืช ืื• ื‘ืงืฉื•ืช, ืื ื ืฆื•ืจ ืื™ืชื ื• ืงืฉืจ ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ื˜ื•ืคืก ื™ืฆื™ืจืช ืงืฉืจ ื–ื”.

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