The life cycle of a neutron star - David Lunney

1,372,288 views ・ 2018-11-20

TED-Ed


μ•„λž˜ μ˜λ¬Έμžλ§‰μ„ λ”λΈ”ν΄λ¦­ν•˜μ‹œλ©΄ μ˜μƒμ΄ μž¬μƒλ©λ‹ˆλ‹€.

λ²ˆμ—­: bohyun Kim κ²€ν† : Yunjung Nam
00:08
About once every century,
0
8592
2200
100μ—¬ λ…„λ§ˆλ‹€,
00:10
a massive star somewhere in our galaxy
1
10792
2810
우주 μ–΄λ”˜κ°€μ— μžˆλŠ” 별 ν•˜λ‚˜κ°€
00:13
runs out of fuel.
2
13602
1620
μ—°λ£Œλ₯Ό μ†Œμ§„ν•˜κ²Œ λ©λ‹ˆλ‹€.
00:15
This happens after millions of years of heat and pressure
3
15222
3500
이것은 수백 년에 κ±Έμ³μ„œ μ—΄κ³Ό μ••λ ₯이
00:18
have fused the star’s hydrogen
4
18722
2240
λ³„μ˜ μˆ˜μ†Œκ°€ μœ΅ν•©λ˜μ–΄
00:20
into heavier elements like helium, carbon, and nitrogenβ€” all the way to iron.
5
20962
6260
더 무거운 μ›μ†ŒμΈ ν—¬λ₯¨, 칼슘, μ§ˆμ†Œ, 그리고 철둜 λ³€ν™”ν•œ ν›„ μΌμ–΄λ‚©λ‹ˆλ‹€.
00:27
No longer able to produce sufficient energy to maintain its structure,
6
27222
4100
더 이상 λ³„μ˜ ꡬ쑰λ₯Ό μœ μ§€ν•  수 μžˆλŠ” μ—λ„ˆμ§€λ₯Ό λ§Œλ“€μ–΄λ‚Ό 수 없을 λ•Œ
00:31
it collapses under its own gravitational pressure and explodes in a supernova.
7
31322
5540
별은 μžμ‹ μ˜ 쀑λ ₯에 μ˜ν•΄ λΆ•κ΄΄λ˜κ³  μ΄ˆμ‹ μ„±ν­λ°œμ„ ν•˜κ²Œ λ©λ‹ˆλ‹€.
00:36
The star shoots most of its innards into space,
8
36862
3110
κ·Έ 별은 μžμ‹ μ˜ λ‚΄λΆ€μ›μ†Œλ₯Ό 우주둜 νΌλœ¨λ¦½λ‹ˆλ‹€.
00:39
seeding the galaxy with heavy elements.
9
39972
2500
무거운 μ›μ†Œλ₯Ό μš°μ£Όμ— λΏŒλ¦¬λ©΄μ„œ 말이죠.
00:42
But what this cataclysmic eruption leaves behind might be even more remarkable:
10
42472
5750
κ·ΈλŸ¬λ‚˜ κ²©λ³€ν•˜λŠ” λΆ„μΆœμ΄ 남긴 것은 더 λ†€λž„λ§Œν•œ 것일지도 λͺ¨λ¦…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
00:48
a ball of matter so dense that atomic electrons
11
48222
3530
밀도가 맀우 높아진 μ „μžκ°€
00:51
collapse from their quantum orbits into the depths of atomic nuclei.
12
51752
4513
μ–‘μž κΆ€λ„μ—μ„œ μ›μžν•΅μœΌλ‘œ λΆ•κ΄΄λœ 물질이 λ‚¨κ²Œ λ©λ‹ˆλ‹€.
00:56
The death of that star is the birth of a neutron star:
13
56265
3660
κ·Έ λ³„μ˜ μ£½μŒμ€ λ°”λ‘œ μ€‘μ„±μž λ³„μ˜ 탄생이죠.
00:59
one of the densest known objects in the universe,
14
59925
3370
μ€‘μ„±μž 별은 μš°μ£Όμ—μ„œ κ°€μž₯ 밀도가 높은 물체 쀑 ν•˜λ‚˜μž…λ‹ˆλ‹€,
01:03
and a laboratory for the strange physics of supercondensed matter.
15
63295
5540
그리고, μ΄ˆμ‘μΆ•λœ 물질의 μ΄μƒν•œ 물리학 μ‹€ν—˜μ‹€μ΄μ£ .
01:08
But what is a neutron star?
16
68835
2189
그러면 μ€‘μ„±μž λ³„μ΄λž€ λ¬΄μ—‡μΌκΉŒμš”?
01:11
Think of a compact ball inside of which protons and electrons fuse into neutrons
17
71024
6100
μ–‘μ„±μžμ™€ μ „μžκ°€ μ€‘μ„±μžλ‘œ μœ΅ν•©λ˜μ–΄ 마찰이 μ—†λŠ” 앑체인 μ΄ˆμœ λ„μ²΄κ°€
01:17
and form a frictionless liquid called a superfluidβ€”
18
77124
3960
λ‚΄λΆ€μ—μ„œ ν˜•μ„±λœ μž‘μ€ 곡을 μƒμƒν•΄λ³΄μ„Έμš”.
01:21
surrounded by a crust.
19
81084
2190
이 곡은 κ»μ§ˆμ— μ‹Έμ—¬ 있죠.
01:23
This material is incredibly dense –
20
83274
2430
이 μž¬λ£ŒλŠ” μ—„μ²­λ‚˜κ²Œ 밀도가 λ†’μŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
01:25
the equivalent of the mass of a fully-loaded container ship
21
85704
3450
μ΄λŠ” μ™„μ „ν•˜κ²Œ 적재된 μ»¨ν…Œμ΄λ„ˆ μ„ κ³Ό λ™μΌν•œ μ§ˆλŸ‰μ΄
01:29
squeezed into a human hair,
22
89154
3110
μ‚¬λžŒμ˜ 머리카락과 크기에 λ“€μ–΄κ°€κ±°λ‚˜
01:32
or the mass of Mount Everest in a space of a sugar cube.
23
92264
5100
μ—λ² λ ˆμŠ€νŠΈ 산이 각섀탕 ν•œ 쑰각으둜 μΆ•μ†Œλ˜λŠ” μ •λ„μ˜ 밀도죠.
01:37
Deeper in the crust, the neutron superfluid forms different phases
24
97364
4468
껍질 μ†μ˜ μ€‘μ„±μž μ΄ˆμœ μ²΄λŠ” λ¬Όλ¦¬ν•™μžλ“€μ΄
01:41
that physicists call β€œnuclear pasta,”
25
101832
3200
"ν•΅ νŒŒμŠ€νƒ€"라고 λΆ€λ₯΄λŠ” λ‹€λ₯Έ μƒνƒœλ₯Ό ν˜•μ„±ν•©λ‹ˆλ‹€.
01:45
as it’s squeezed from lasagna to spaghetti-like shapes.
26
105032
4330
μ™œλƒν•˜λ©΄ λΌμžλƒ λͺ¨μ–‘μ˜ μ΄ˆμœ λ™μ²΄κ°€ μŠ€νŒŒκ²Œν‹° λͺ¨μ–‘μœΌλ‘œ μ••μ°©λ˜κΈ° λ•Œλ¬Έμ΄μ£ .
01:49
The massive precursors to neutron stars often spin.
27
109362
3897
μ€‘μ„±μžλ³„μ΄ 될 κ±°λŒ€ν•œ μ „κ΅¬μ²΄λŠ” μ’…μ’… νšŒμ „μ„ ν•©λ‹ˆλ‹€.
01:53
When they collapse,
28
113259
970
전ꡬ체가 λΆ•κ΄΄ν•  λ•Œ
01:54
stars that are typically millions of kilometers wide
29
114229
3110
일반적으둜 지름이 수백만 미터인 별듀이
01:57
compress down to neutron stars that are only about 25 kilometers across.
30
117339
5310
지름이 25km 밖에 μ•ˆλ˜λŠ” μ€‘μ„±μžλ³„λ‘œ μ••μΆ•λ©λ‹ˆλ‹€.
02:02
But the original star’s angular momentum is preserved.
31
122649
4203
ν•˜μ§€λ§Œ μ›λž˜ λ³„μ˜ κ°μš΄λ™λŸ‰μ€ λ³΄μ‘΄λ©λ‹ˆλ‹€.
02:06
So for the same reason that a figure skater’s spin accelerates
32
126852
3510
λ”°λΌμ„œ 피겨 μŠ€μΌ€μ΄νŒ… μ„ μˆ˜λ“€μ΄ νŒ”μ„ μ•ˆμͺ½μœΌλ‘œ κ°€μ Έμ˜€λ©΄
02:10
when they bring in their arms,
33
130362
1690
λΉ λ₯΄κ²Œ νšŒμ „ν•˜λŠ” μ›λ¦¬μ²˜λŸΌ
02:12
the neutron star spins much more rapidly than its parent.
34
132052
4290
μ€‘μ„±μž 별은 μ›λž˜ 별보닀 훨씬 더 λΉ λ₯΄κ²Œ νšŒμ „ν•©λ‹ˆλ‹€.
02:16
The fastest neutron star on record rotates over 700 times every second,
35
136342
6250
기둝상 κ°€μž₯ λΉ λ₯΄κ²Œ νšŒμ „ν•˜λŠ” μ€‘μ„±μžλ³„μ€ μΌμ΄ˆμ— 700λ²ˆμ”© νšŒμ „ν•˜μ£ .
02:22
which means that a point on its surface whirls through space
36
142592
3410
μ΄λŠ” ν‘œλ©΄ μœ„μ— ν•œ 점이 λΉ›μ˜ μ†λ„μ˜
02:26
at more than a fifth of the speed of light.
37
146002
3153
5λΆ„μ˜ 1의 μ†λ„λ‘œ 곡간을 λˆλ‹€λŠ” κ±Έ μ˜λ―Έν•©λ‹ˆλ‹€.
02:29
Neutron stars also have the strongest magnetic field of any known object.
38
149155
5150
λ˜ν•œ μ€‘μ„±μž 별듀은 κ·Έ μ–΄λ– ν•œ 물체보닀 κ°•ν•œ 자기μž₯을 가지고 μžˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
02:34
This magnetic concentration forms vortexes
39
154305
3400
이 자기 λ†λ„λŠ” μžκ·ΉμœΌλ‘œλΆ€ν„° 광선을 λ°©μΆœν•˜λŠ” 와λ₯˜λ₯Ό ν˜•μ„±ν•©λ‹ˆλ‹€.
02:37
that radiate beams from the magnetic poles.
40
157705
3170
02:40
Since the poles aren’t always aligned with the rotational axis of the star,
41
160875
4110
자극이 λ³„μ˜ νšŒμ „μΆ•κ³Ό 항상 λ‚˜λž€νžˆ μžˆλŠ” 것은 μ•„λ‹ˆκΈ° λ•Œλ¬Έμ—
02:44
the beams spin like lighthouse beacons,
42
164985
3140
이 광선은 λ“±λŒ€ λΆˆλΉ›μ²˜λŸΌ νšŒμ „ν•©λ‹ˆλ‹€.
02:48
which appear to blink when viewed from Earth.
43
168125
2750
이것을 μ§€κ΅¬μ—μ„œ 보면 λ°˜μ§μ΄λŠ” κ²ƒμ²˜λŸΌ λ³΄μž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
02:50
We call those pulsars.
44
170875
2360
μš°λ¦¬λŠ” 이것을 νŽ„μ„œλΌκ³  λΆ€λ¦…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
02:53
The detection of one of these tantalizing flashing signals
45
173235
3580
사싀, 1967λ…„ μ‘°μ…€λ¦° λ²¨μ΄λΌλŠ” μ²œμ²΄λ¬Όλ¦¬ν•™μžκ°€
02:56
by astrophysicist Jocelyn Bell in 1967
46
176815
4130
이 κΉœλΉ‘μ΄λŠ” λΉ› μ‹ ν˜Έλ₯Ό λ°œκ²¬ν•˜μ—¬
03:00
was in fact the way we indirectly discovered neutron stars
47
180945
3950
μš°λ¦¬λŠ” 처음으둜 μ€‘μ„±μž λ³„μ˜ 쑴재λ₯Ό
03:04
in the first place.
48
184895
1650
확인할 수 μžˆμ—ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
03:06
An aging neutron star’s furious rotation slows over a period of billions of years
49
186545
6040
λ…Έν›„ν•œ μ€‘μ„±μž 별은 μˆ˜μ‹­μ–΅λ…„μ˜ μ‹œκ°„λ™μ•ˆ μ „μžκΈ°νŒŒμ™€ 쀑λ ₯파의 ν˜•νƒœλ‘œ
03:12
as it radiates away its energy in the form of electromagnetic and gravity waves.
50
192585
5900
μ—λ„ˆμ§€λ₯Ό λ°©μΆœν•˜κΈ° λ•Œλ¬Έμ— λ³„μ˜ νšŒμ „ μ†λ„λŠ” 점점 λŠλ €μ§‘λ‹ˆλ‹€.
03:18
But not all neutron stars disappear so quietly.
51
198485
3570
ν•˜μ§€λ§Œ λͺ¨λ“  별이 쑰용히 μ‚¬λΌμ§€λŠ” 것은 μ•„λ‹™λ‹ˆλ‹€.
03:22
For example, we’ve observed binary systems
52
202055
3040
예λ₯Ό λ“€λ©΄, μ€‘μ„±μž 별이 λ‹€λ₯Έ 별과 ꢀ도λ₯Ό κ³΅μœ ν•˜λŠ”
03:25
where a neutron star co-orbits another star.
53
205095
3350
μŒμ„±κ³„κ°€ μžˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
03:28
A neutron star can feed on a lighter companion,
54
208445
2990
이 μ€‘μ„±μž 별은
03:31
gorging on its more loosely bound atmosphere
55
211435
3010
λŒ€κ²©λ™μ μœΌλ‘œ λΈ”λž™ν™€λ„ λΆ•κ΄΄λ˜κΈ° 전에
03:34
before eventually collapsing cataclysmically into a black hole.
56
214445
4952
더 κ°€λ²Όμš΄ μ€‘μ„±μžλ³„μ„ λ¨Ήμ–΄ 치울 수 μžˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
03:39
While many stars exist as binary systems,
57
219397
2701
λ§Žμ€ 별듀이 μŒμ„±κ³„λ₯Ό μ΄λ£¨μ§€λ§Œ,
03:42
only a small percentage of those end up as neutron-star binaries,
58
222098
4390
두 μ€‘μ„±μž 별이 μ„œλ‘œλ₯Ό 맴돌며, 점점 κ°€κΉŒμ›Œμ Έ ν•©λ³‘λ˜λ©΄μ„œ
03:46
where two neutron stars circle each other in a waltz doomed to end as a merger.
59
226488
5910
운λͺ…μ˜ μ™ˆμΈ μ— 맞좰 μ€‘μ„±μž 별 μŒμ„±κ³„κ°€ μƒμ„±λ˜λŠ” κ²½μš°λŠ” 극히 λ“œλ­…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
03:52
When they finally collide, they send gravity waves through space-time
60
232398
4110
이 두 별이 μΆ©λŒν•  λ•Œ, μž”μž”ν•œ ν˜Έμˆ˜μ— λŒμ„ 던져 생긴 물결처럼
03:56
like ripples from a stone thrown into a calm lake.
61
236508
4040
쀑λ ₯νŒŒκ°€ μ‹œκ³΅κ°„μœΌλ‘œ νΌμ Έλ‚˜κ°‘λ‹ˆλ‹€.
04:00
Einstein’s theory of General Relativity
62
240548
2180
μ•„μΈμŠˆνƒ€μΈμ˜ 일반 μƒλŒ€μ„± 이둠은
04:02
predicted this phenomenon over 100 years ago, but it wasn't directly verified
63
242728
5040
100λ…„ 전에 이 ν˜„μƒμ„ μ˜ˆμΈ‘ν–ˆμ§€λ§Œ,
04:07
until 2017,
64
247768
2050
쀑λ ₯파 κ΄€μΈ‘μ†Œ LIGO와 VIRGOκ°€ μ€‘μ„±μž 별 μΆ©λŒμ„ κ΄€μΈ‘ν–ˆλ˜
04:09
when gravitational-wave observatories LIGO and VIRGO
65
249818
4210
04:14
observed a neutron star collision.
66
254028
2990
2017년이 λ˜μ–΄μ„œμ•Ό ν™•μΈλμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
04:17
Other telescopes picked up a burst of gamma rays and a flash of light,
67
257018
4253
λ‹€λ₯Έ 망원경듀은 κ°λ§ˆμ„ κ³Ό λΉ›μ˜ ν­λ°œμ„ κ°μ§€ν–ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€,
04:21
and, later, x-rays and radio signals, all from the same impact.
68
261271
5100
그리고 쑰금 λ’€ 같은 μΆ©κ²©μœΌλ‘œλΆ€ν„° μ—‘μŠ€λ ˆμ΄μ™€ λΌλ””μ˜€ μ‹ ν˜Έλ₯Ό κ°μ§€ν–ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
04:26
That became the most studied event in the history of astronomy.
69
266371
4130
이것은 μ²œλ¬Έν•™ 역사상 κ°€μž₯ 많이 μ—°κ΅¬λœ μ‚¬κ±΄μž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
04:30
It yielded a treasure trove of data
70
270501
2190
쀑λ ₯의 속도λ₯Ό μ°ΎλŠ”λ° 도움을 μ€€
04:32
that’s helped pin down the speed of gravity,
71
272691
2215
보물과 같은 데이터λ₯Ό μ‚°μΆœν–ˆμ„ 뿐만 μ•„λ‹ˆλΌ,
04:34
bolster important theories in astrophysics,
72
274906
2830
μ²œλ¬Έν•™μ—μ„œ μ€‘μš”ν•œ 이둠을 κ°•ν™”ν–ˆμœΌλ©°,
04:37
and provide evidence for the origin of heavy elements like gold and platinum.
73
277736
5830
금과 백금과 같은 무거운 μ›μ†Œλ“€μ˜ 기원에 λŒ€ν•œ 증거λ₯Ό μ œκ³΅ν•˜μ˜€μŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
04:43
Neutron stars haven’t given up all their secrets yet.
74
283566
3460
μ€‘μ„±μž 별에 κ΄€ν•œ λͺ¨λ“  비밀을 아직 λ‹€ μ•Œμ§€λŠ” λͺ»ν•©λ‹ˆλ‹€.
04:47
LIGO and VIRGO are being upgraded to detect more collisions.
75
287026
4580
LIGO와 VIRGOλŠ” 더 λ§Žμ€ 좩돌 감지λ₯Ό μœ„ν•΄ μ—…κ·Έλ ˆμ΄λ“œ 되고 μžˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
04:51
That’ll help us learn what else
76
291606
1710
κ³ λ°€λ„μ΄λ©΄μ„œ, λ§₯λ™ν•˜κ³ , νšŒμ „ν•˜λŠ”
04:53
the spectacular demise of these dense, pulsating, spinning magnets
77
293316
4990
μžμ„μ˜ 죽음이 μš°μ£Όμ— λŒ€ν•΄ 또 μ–΄λ– ν•œ 것을 μ•Œλ €μ€„ 수 μžˆλŠ”μ§€
04:58
can tell us about the universe.
78
298306
4080
μš°λ¦¬κ°€ κΉ¨λ‹«λŠ” 데 도움이 될 κ²ƒμž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
이 μ›Ήμ‚¬μ΄νŠΈ 정보

이 μ‚¬μ΄νŠΈλŠ” μ˜μ–΄ ν•™μŠ΅μ— μœ μš©ν•œ YouTube λ™μ˜μƒμ„ μ†Œκ°œν•©λ‹ˆλ‹€. μ „ 세계 졜고의 μ„ μƒλ‹˜λ“€μ΄ κ°€λ₯΄μΉ˜λŠ” μ˜μ–΄ μˆ˜μ—…μ„ 보게 될 κ²ƒμž…λ‹ˆλ‹€. 각 λ™μ˜μƒ νŽ˜μ΄μ§€μ— ν‘œμ‹œλ˜λŠ” μ˜μ–΄ μžλ§‰μ„ 더블 ν΄λ¦­ν•˜λ©΄ κ·Έκ³³μ—μ„œ λ™μ˜μƒμ΄ μž¬μƒλ©λ‹ˆλ‹€. λΉ„λ””μ˜€ μž¬μƒμ— 맞좰 μžλ§‰μ΄ μŠ€ν¬λ‘€λ©λ‹ˆλ‹€. μ˜κ²¬μ΄λ‚˜ μš”μ²­μ΄ μžˆλŠ” 경우 이 문의 양식을 μ‚¬μš©ν•˜μ—¬ λ¬Έμ˜ν•˜μ‹­μ‹œμ˜€.

https://forms.gle/WvT1wiN1qDtmnspy7