Real life sunken cities - Peter Campbell

964,906 views ใƒป 2016-08-04

TED-Ed


ืื ื ืœื—ืฅ ืคืขืžื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ืœืžื˜ื” ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ.

ืชืจื’ื•ื: Ido Dekkers ืขืจื™ื›ื”: Sigal Tifferet
00:07
While touring the remains of ancient Alexandria, Egypt,
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ื›ืฉืžืกื™ื™ืจื™ื ื‘ืขืชื™ืงื•ืช ืืœื›ืกื ื“ืจื™ื” ื‘ืžืฆืจื™ื,
00:10
there are a few things that present-day explorers should look for.
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ื™ืฉ ื›ืžื” ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ืฉื—ื•ืงืจื™ื ื‘ื™ืžื™ื ื• ืฆืจื™ื›ื™ื ืœื—ืคืฉ.
00:13
First, as you travel along the Great Harbor,
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ืจืืฉื™ืช, ื›ืฉืืชื ืžื˜ื™ื™ืœื™ื ืœืื•ืจืš ื”ื ืžืœ ื”ื’ื“ื•ืœ,
00:17
keep your eyes open for large columns and statues.
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ื—ืคืฉื• ืืช ื”ืขืžื•ื“ื™ื ื”ื’ื“ื•ืœื™ื ื•ื”ืคืกืœื™ื.
00:20
Across the bay to your left is the island where the Great Lighthouse once stood.
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ืœืื•ืจืš ื”ืžืคืจืฅ ืœืฉืžืืœื›ื, ื™ืฉ ืื™ ื‘ื• ื ื™ืฆื‘ ืคืขื ืžื™ื’ื“ืœื•ืจ ืขื ืง.
00:25
And as you make your way through the palaces of the Royal Quarter
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ื•ื›ืฉืืชื ืขื•ื‘ืจื™ื ื“ืจืš ื”ืืจืžื•ื ื•ืช ื‘ืจื•ื‘ืข ื”ืžืœื›ื•ืชื™
00:29
and reach the area where the Library of Alexandria once stood,
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ื•ืžื’ื™ืขื™ื ืœืื–ื•ืจ ื‘ื• ืขืžื“ื” ืคืขื ื”ืกืคืจื™ื” ืฉืœ ืืœื›ืกื ื“ืจื™ื”,
00:32
keep your eyes open for sharks.
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ื—ืคืฉื• ื›ืจื™ืฉื™ื.
00:35
Because if you visit this section of Alexandria,
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ื›ื™ ืื ืชื‘ืงืจื• ื‘ื—ืœืง ื”ื–ื” ืฉืœ ืืœื›ืกื ื“ืจื™ื”,
00:38
you'll be fifteen feet deep in the Mediterranean Sea.
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ืืชื ืชื”ื™ื• ื‘ืขื•ืžืง ืฉืœ ื—ืžื™ืฉื” ืžื˜ืจื™ื ื‘ื™ื ื”ืชื™ื›ื•ืŸ.
00:41
Though people are most familiar with Plato's fictional Atlantis,
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ืœืžืจื•ืช ืฉืื ืฉื™ื ืžื›ื™ืจื™ื ืืช ืื˜ืœื ื˜ื™ืก ื”ื‘ื“ื™ื•ื ื™ืช ืฉืœ ืืคืœื˜ื•ืŸ,
00:44
many real underwater cities actually exist.
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ืœืžืขืฉื”, ืงื™ื™ืžื•ืช ื”ืจื‘ื” ืขืจื™ื ืชืช ืžื™ืžื™ื•ืช ืืžื™ืชื™ื•ืช.
00:48
Places like Alexandria,
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ืžืงื•ืžื•ืช ื›ืžื• ืืœื›ืกื ื“ืจื™ื”,
00:50
Port Royal, Jamaica,
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ืคื•ืจื˜ ืจื•ื™ืืœ ื‘ื’'ืžื™ื™ืงื”,
00:51
and Pavlopetri, Greece.
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ื•ืคื‘ืœื•ืคื˜ืจื™ ื‘ื™ื•ื•ืŸ.
00:54
Sunken cities are studied by scientists
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ืขืจื™ื ื˜ื‘ื•ืขื•ืช ื ื—ืงืจื•ืช ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืžื“ืขื ื™ื
00:56
to help us understand the lives of our ancestors,
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ื›ื“ื™ ืœืขื–ื•ืจ ืœื ื• ืœื”ื‘ื™ืŸ ืืช ื—ื™ื™ ืื‘ื•ืชื™ื ื•,
00:58
the dynamic nature of our planet,
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ื”ื˜ื‘ืข ื”ื“ื™ื ืžื™ ืฉืœ ื”ืคืœื ื˜ื” ืฉืœื ื•,
01:00
and the impact of each on the other.
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ื•ื”ื”ืฉืคืขื” ืฉืœื”ื ื–ื” ืขืœ ื–ื”.
01:03
Water is essential for life, food sources, and transport,
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ืžื™ื ื”ื ื—ื™ื•ื ื™ื™ื ืœื—ื™ื™ื, ืžืงื•ืจื•ืช ืžื–ื•ืŸ, ื•ืชื—ื‘ื•ืจื”,
01:07
so many cities have been built along coast lines and river banks.
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ืœื›ืŸ ืขืจื™ื ืจื‘ื•ืช ื ื‘ื ื• ืœืื•ืจืš ื—ื•ืคื™ื ื•ื’ื“ื•ืช ื ื”ืจ.
01:11
However, these benefits also come with risks
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ืขื ื–ืืช, ื”ืชื•ืขืœื•ืช ื”ืืœื• ืžื’ื™ืขื•ืช ื’ื ืขื ืกื™ื›ื•ื ื™ื,
01:14
because natural forces that can sink a city are at their doorstep.
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ื›ื™ ื›ื•ื—ื•ืช ื˜ื‘ืขื™ื™ื ืฉื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœื”ื˜ื‘ื™ืข ืืช ื”ืขื™ืจ ืจื•ื‘ืฆื™ื ืœืคืชื—ื”.
01:19
Take, for instance, an earthquake.
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ืงื—ื•, ืœื“ื•ื’ืžื”, ืจืขื™ื“ืช ืื“ืžื”.
01:22
June 7, 1692 seemed like a normal morning in Port Royal, Jamaica,
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7 ื‘ื™ื•ื ื™ 1692 ื ืจืื” ื›ืžื• ื‘ื•ืงืจ ืจื’ื™ืœ ื‘ืคื•ืจื˜ ืจื•ื™ืืœ, ื’'ืžื™ื™ืงื”,
01:27
then one of the richest ports in the world,
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ืฉื”ื™ื” ืื– ืื—ื“ ื”ื ืžืœื™ื ื”ืขืฉื™ืจื™ื ื‘ืขื•ืœื,
01:31
but when a massive earthquake struck,
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ืื‘ืœ ื›ืฉืจืขื™ื“ืช ืื“ืžื” ืžืกื™ื‘ื™ืช ืคื’ืขื”,
01:33
two-thirds of Port Royal immediately sank to its rooftops.
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ืฉื ื™ ืฉืœื™ืฉื™ื ืžืคื•ืจื˜ ืจื•ื™ืืœ ื˜ื‘ืขื• ืžื™ื“ ืขื“ ื”ื’ื’.
01:38
Today, many buildings and elements of everyday life
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ื”ื™ื•ื, ื”ืจื‘ื” ื‘ื ื™ื™ื ื™ื ื•ื—ืคืฆื™ื ื™ื•ื ื™ื•ืžื™ื™ื
01:40
remain surprisingly intact on the sea floor, frozen in time.
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ื ืฉืืจื•, ืœืžืจื‘ื” ื”ืคืœื, ืฉืœืžื™ื ืขืœ ืงืจืงืขื™ืช ื”ื™ื, ืงืคื•ืื™ื ื‘ื–ืžืŸ.
01:45
That includes a 300-year-old pocket watch that stopped at 11:43,
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ื–ื” ื›ื•ืœืœ ืฉืขื•ืŸ ื›ื™ืก ื‘ืŸ 300 ืฉื ื” ืฉืขืฆืจ ื‘ 11:43,
01:49
the moment Port Royal slipped beneath the Carribean.
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ื‘ืจื’ืข ืฉืคื•ืจื˜ ืจื•ื™ืืœ ื”ื—ืœื™ืง ืžืชื—ืช ืœื™ื ื”ืงืจื™ื‘ื™.
01:53
And during the winter of 373 BCE,
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ื•ื‘ืžื”ืœืš ื”ื—ื•ืจืฃ ืฉืœ 373 ืœืคื ื™ ื”ืกืคื™ืจื”,
01:56
the Greek city of Helike was struck by an earthquake so strong
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ื”ืขื™ืจ ื”ื™ื•ื•ื ื™ืช ื”ืœื™ืงื” ื ืคื’ืขื” ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืจืขื™ื“ืช ืื“ืžื” ื›ื” ื—ื–ืงื”,
02:00
that it liquefied the sandy ground upon which the city was built.
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ืฉื”ืคื›ื” ืืช ื”ื—ื•ืœื•ืช ืขืœื™ื”ื ื ื‘ื ืชื” ื”ืขื™ืจ ืœื ื•ื–ืœื™ื™ื.
02:04
Minutes later, a tsunami struck the city,
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ื“ืงื•ืช ืžืื•ื—ืจ ื™ื•ืชืจ, ืฆื•ื ืืžื™ ืคื’ืข ื‘ืขื™ืจ,
02:07
and Helike and its inhabitants sunk downwards into the Mediterranean Sea.
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ื•ื”ืœื™ืงื” ื•ืชื•ืฉื‘ื™ื” ื˜ื‘ืขื• ื‘ื™ื ื”ืชื™ื›ื•ืŸ.
02:12
Centuries later, Roman tourists would sail on the lagoon that formed
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ืžืื•ืช ืฉื ื™ื ืžืื•ื—ืจ ื™ื•ืชืจ, ื”ืชื™ื™ืจื™ื ื”ืจื•ืžืื™ื ื™ืคืœื™ื’ื• ืขืœ ื”ืœื’ื•ื ื” ืฉื ื•ืฆืจื”
02:16
and peer down at the city's remains.
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ื•ื™ืฆื™ืฆื• ืžืœืžืขืœื” ืขืœ ืฉืจื™ื“ื™ ื”ืขื™ืจ.
02:19
Earthquakes are sudden, unpredictable disasters
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ืจืขื™ื“ื•ืช ืื“ืžื” ื”ืŸ ืืกื•ื ื•ืช ืคืชืื•ืžื™ื™ื ื•ืœื ืฆืคื•ื™ื™ื
02:21
that have drowned cities in an instant.
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ืฉื”ื˜ื‘ื™ืขื• ืขืจื™ื ื‘ืจื’ืข.
02:24
Luckily, however, throughout history,
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ืœืžืจื‘ื” ื”ืžื–ืœ, ืขื ื–ืืช, ื‘ืžื”ืœืš ื”ื”ืกื˜ื•ืจื™ื”,
02:26
the majority of sunken cities were not submerged by a single cataclysmic event,
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ืจื•ื‘ ื”ืขืจื™ื ื”ื˜ื‘ื•ืขื•ืช ืœื ื˜ื‘ืขื• ื‘ืฉืœ ืืจื•ืข ืงื˜ืงืœื™ื–ืžื™ ื™ื—ื™ื“,
02:30
but by a combination of more gradual processes.
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ืืœื ื‘ืฉืœ ืฉื™ืœื•ื‘ ืฉืœ ืชื”ืœื™ื›ื™ื ืžืชืžืฉื›ื™ื ื™ื•ืชืจ.
02:34
For instance, Pavlopetri, the oldest known sunken city,
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ืœื“ื•ื’ืžื”, ืคื‘ืœื•ืคื˜ืจื™, ื”ืขื™ืจ ื”ื˜ื‘ื•ืขื” ื”ื›ื™ ืžืคื•ืจืกืžืช,
02:37
was built on the southern coastline of Greece 5,000 years ago.
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ื ื‘ื ืชื” ืœื—ื•ืคื™ื” ื”ื“ืจื•ืžื™ื™ื ืฉืœ ื™ื•ื•ืŸ ืœืคื ื™ 5,000 ืฉื ื”.
02:42
It's an example of a city that was submerged
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ื–ื• ื“ื•ื’ืžื” ืœืขื™ืจ ืฉื˜ื‘ืขื”
02:44
due to what is called isostatic sea level change.
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ื‘ืฉืœ ืžื” ืฉื ืงืจื ืฉื™ื ื•ื™ ืคื ื™ ื™ื ืื™ื–ื•ืกื˜ื˜ื™.
02:47
18,000 years ago when the Ice Age ended,
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ืœืคื ื™ 18,000 ืฉื ื” ื›ืฉืขื™ื“ืŸ ื”ืงืจื— ื”ืกืชื™ื™ื,
02:49
glaciers began melting and the sea level rose globally until about 5,000 years ago.
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ืงืจื—ื•ื ื™ื ื”ื—ืœื• ืœื”ื™ื ืžืก ื•ืคื ื™ ื”ื™ื ืขืœื• ื‘ื›ืœ ื”ืขื•ืœื ืขื“ ืœืคื ื™ ื‘ืขืจืš 5,000 ืฉื ื”.
02:55
Isostatic sea level change isn't caused by that melt water,
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ืฉื™ื ื•ื™ ืคื ื™ ื™ื ืื™ื–ื•ืกื˜ื˜ื™ ืœื ื ื’ืจื ืžื”ืžืกืช ื”ืžื™ื ื”ื–ื•,
02:59
but rather the Earth's crust slowly springing back
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ืืœื ื‘ืฉืœ ืงืœื™ืคืช ื›ื“ื•ืจ ื”ืืจืฅ ืฉื”ืฉืชื—ืจืจื” ื—ื–ืจื”
03:02
from the released weight of the glaciers,
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ืžืžืฉืงืœ ื”ืงืจื—ื•ื ื™ื ืฉืจื‘ืฅ ืขืœื™ื”,
03:05
making some places rise, and others sink.
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ื•ื–ื” ื’ืจื ืœื›ืžื” ืžืงื•ืžื•ืช ืœืขืœื•ืช, ื•ืœืื—ืจื™ื ืœืฉืงื•ืข.
03:09
The ground around Pavlopetri is still sinking
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ื”ืื“ืžื” ืกื‘ื™ื‘ ืคื‘ืœื•ืคื˜ืจื™ ืขื“ื™ื™ืŸ ืฉื•ืงืขืช
03:12
at an average rate of a millimeter per year.
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ื‘ืงืฆื‘ ืžืžื•ืฆืข ืฉืœ ืžื™ืœื™ืžื˜ืจ ืœืฉื ื”.
03:14
But the ancient inhabitants were able to move gradually inland
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ืื‘ืœ ื”ืชื•ืฉื‘ื™ื ื”ืขืชื™ืงื™ื ื”ืฆืœื™ื—ื• ื‘ื”ื“ืจื’ื” ืœืขื‘ื•ืจ ืืœ ืคื ื™ื ื”ืืจืฅ
03:18
over several generations
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ื‘ืžืฉืš ืžืกืคืจ ื“ื•ืจื•ืช
03:19
before they finally abandoned the city about 3,000 years ago.
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ืœืคื ื™ ืฉื”ื ืขื–ื‘ื• ืืช ื”ืขื™ืจ ืœื‘ืกื•ืฃ, ืœืคื ื™ ื‘ืขืจืš 3000 ืฉื ื”.
03:24
Today, divers swim over the streets of Pavlopetri
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ื”ื™ื•ื, ืฆื•ืœืœื ื™ื ืฉื•ื—ื™ื ืžืขืœ ืจื—ื•ื‘ื•ืช ืคื‘ืœื•ืคื˜ืจื™,
03:27
and peer through ancient door jams
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ื•ืžืฆื™ืฆื™ื ื“ืจืš ื”ื“ืœืชื•ืช ื”ืขืชื™ืงื•ืช
03:29
into the foundations of houses and community buildings.
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ืœืชื•ืš ื™ืกื•ื“ื•ืช ื”ื‘ืชื™ื ื•ื‘ื ื™ื™ื ื™ ื”ืงื”ื™ืœื”.
03:32
They learn about the people who lived there by observing what they left behind.
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ื”ื ืœื•ืžื“ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ืื ืฉื™ื ืฉื—ื™ื• ืฉื ืžื”ืกืชื›ืœื•ืช ืขืœ ืžื” ืฉื”ืฉืื™ืจื• ืžืื—ื•ืจ.
03:37
Natural geological events, such as earthquakes and tsunamis,
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ืืจื•ืขื™ื ื’ืื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื™ื ื˜ื‘ืขื™ื™ื, ื›ืžื• ืจืขื™ื“ื•ืช ืื“ืžื” ื•ืฆื•ื ืืžื™,
03:40
will continue to shape our continents,
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ื™ืžืฉื™ื›ื• ืœืขืฆื‘ ืืช ื”ื™ื‘ืฉื•ืช ืฉืœื ื•,
03:42
just as they have for millions of years.
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ื›ืคื™ ืฉืขืฉื• ื‘ืžืฉืš ืžืœื™ื•ื ื™ ืฉื ื™ื.
03:45
As increased global warming melts our polar ice caps at accelerated rates
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ืžืฉื•ื ืฉื”ื”ืชื—ืžืžื•ืช ื”ื’ืœื•ื‘ืœื™ืช ื”ื’ื•ื‘ืจืช ืžืžื™ืกื” ืืช ื›ื™ืคื•ืช ื”ืงื˜ื‘ื™ื ืฉืœื ื• ื‘ืงืฆื‘ ืžื•ื’ื‘ืจ,
03:49
and sea levels rise,
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ื•ืคื ื™ ื”ื™ื ืขื•ืœื™ื,
03:50
we will be forced to adapt,
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ื ื”ื™ื” ืžื•ื›ืจื—ื™ื ืœื”ืชืื™ื ืืช ืขืฆืžื ื•,
03:52
like Pavlopetri's inhabitants.
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ื›ืžื• ื”ืชื•ืฉื‘ื™ื ื‘ืคื‘ืœื•ืคื˜ืจื™.
03:55
Undoubtedly, over the coming centuries,
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ืื™ืŸ ืกืคืง, ื‘ืžืฉืš ื”ืžืื•ืช ื”ื‘ืื•ืช,
03:57
some of the coastal areas that we live in today
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ื›ืžื” ืžื”ืื–ื•ืจื™ื ื”ื—ื•ืคื™ื™ื ื‘ื”ื ืื ื• ื—ื™ื™ื ื”ื™ื•ื
03:59
will eventually be claimed by the water, too -
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ื™ืชื‘ืขื• ืœื‘ืกื•ืฃ ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื”ืžื™ื ื’ื ื”ื --
04:01
cities like Venice,
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ืขืจื™ื ื›ืžื• ื•ื ืฆื™ื”,
04:03
New Orleans,
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ื ื™ื• ืื•ืจืœื™ื ืก,
04:04
Amsterdam,
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ืืžืกื˜ืจื“ื,
04:05
Miami,
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ืžื™ืืžื™,
04:06
and Tokyo.
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ื•ื˜ื•ืงื™ื•.
04:08
Imagine what future civilizations will learn about us
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ื“ืžื™ื™ื ื• ืžื” ืชืจื‘ื•ื™ื•ืช ืขืชื™ื“ื™ื•ืช ื™ืœืžื“ื• ืขืœื™ื ื•
04:11
as they swim around the ancient ruins of the cities that we live in today.
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ื›ืฉื”ื ื™ืฉื—ื• ืกื‘ื™ื‘ ืขืชื™ืงื•ืช ื”ืขืจื™ื ื‘ื”ืŸ ืื ื—ื ื• ื—ื™ื™ื ื”ื™ื•ื.
ืขืœ ืืชืจ ื–ื”

ืืชืจ ื–ื” ื™ืฆื™ื’ ื‘ืคื ื™ื›ื ืกืจื˜ื•ื ื™ YouTube ื”ืžื•ืขื™ืœื™ื ืœืœื™ืžื•ื“ ืื ื’ืœื™ืช. ืชื•ื›ืœื• ืœืจืื•ืช ืฉื™ืขื•ืจื™ ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืขื‘ืจื™ื ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืžื•ืจื™ื ืžื”ืฉื•ืจื” ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื” ืžืจื—ื‘ื™ ื”ืขื•ืœื. ืœื—ืฅ ืคืขืžื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืฆื’ื•ืช ื‘ื›ืœ ื“ืฃ ื•ื™ื“ืื• ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ ืžืฉื. ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื’ื•ืœืœื•ืช ื‘ืกื ื›ืจื•ืŸ ืขื ื”ืคืขืœืช ื”ื•ื•ื™ื“ืื•. ืื ื™ืฉ ืœืš ื”ืขืจื•ืช ืื• ื‘ืงืฉื•ืช, ืื ื ืฆื•ืจ ืื™ืชื ื• ืงืฉืจ ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ื˜ื•ืคืก ื™ืฆื™ืจืช ืงืฉืจ ื–ื”.

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