Why do Americans and Canadians celebrate Labor Day? -Kenneth C. Davis

595,794 views ใƒป 2013-08-30

TED-Ed


ืื ื ืœื—ืฅ ืคืขืžื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ืœืžื˜ื” ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ.

ืชืจื’ื•ื: Ido Dekkers ืขืจื™ื›ื”: Tal Dekkers
00:06
How's this for a strange idea:
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ืื™ืš ื–ื” ื‘ืฉื‘ื™ืœ ืจืขื™ื•ืŸ ืžื•ื–ืจ:
00:08
a day off from work in honor of work itself?
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ื™ื•ื ื—ื•ืคืฉ ืžื”ืขื‘ื•ื“ื” ื›ื“ื™ ืœื—ื’ื•ื’ ืืช ื”ืขื‘ื•ื“ื”?
00:12
Actually, that is what Labor Day,
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ืœืžืขืฉื”, ื–ื” ืžื” ืฉื™ื•ื ื”ืขื‘ื•ื“ื”,
00:14
celebrated in the United States and Canada
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ืฉื ื—ื’ื’ ื‘ืืจืฆื•ืช ื”ื‘ืจื™ืช ื•ืงื ื“ื”
00:17
on the first Monday of every September,
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ื‘ื™ื•ื ืฉื ื™ ื”ืจืืฉื•ืŸ ืฉืœ ื›ืœ ืกืคื˜ืžื‘ืจ,
00:19
is all about.
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ื—ื•ื’ื’.
00:21
The first American Labor Day
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ื™ื•ื ื”ืขื‘ื•ื“ื” ื”ืจืืฉื•ืŸ ื”ืืžืจื™ืงืื™
00:23
was celebrated in New York City
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ื ื—ื’ื’ ื‘ืขื™ืจ ื ื™ื• ื™ื•ืจืง
00:25
on September 5th, 1882,
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ื‘5 ื‘ืกืคื˜ืžื‘ืจ, 1882,
00:28
as thousands of workers and their families
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ื›ืฉืืœืคื™ ืขื•ื‘ื“ื™ื ื•ื”ืžืฉืคื—ื•ืช ืฉืœื”ื
00:30
came to Union Square for a day in the park.
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ื‘ืื• ืœื›ื™ื›ืจ ื™ื•ื ื™ื•ืŸ ืœื™ื•ื ื‘ืคืืจืง.
00:34
It was not a national holiday
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ื–ื” ืœื ื”ื™ื” ื—ื’ ืœืื•ืžื™
00:36
but had been organized by a union
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ืืœื ื”ื™ื” ืžืื•ืจื’ืŸ ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืื™ื’ื•ื“ ืขื•ื‘ื“ื™ื
00:38
to honor workers and their hard efforts
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ื›ื“ื™ ืœืชืช ื›ื‘ื•ื“ ืœืขื•ื‘ื“ื™ื ื•ื”ืžืืžืฆื™ื ื”ื’ื“ื•ืœื™ื ืฉืœื”ื
00:41
with a rare day of rest,
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ืขื ื™ื•ื ื ื“ื™ืจ ืฉืœ ืžื ื•ื—ื”,
00:42
halfway between July 4th and Thanksgiving.
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ื‘ื—ืฆื™ ื”ื“ืจืš ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ืจื‘ื™ืขื™ ื‘ื™ื•ืœื™ ื•ื—ื’ ื”ื”ื•ื“ื™ื”.
00:47
There were picnics and a parade,
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ื”ื™ื• ืคื™ืงื ื™ืงื™ื ื•ืžืฆืขื“,
00:49
but there were also protests.
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ืื‘ืœ ื”ื™ื• ื’ื ืžื—ืื•ืช.
00:51
The workers had gathered,
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ื”ืขื•ื‘ื“ื™ื ื ืืกืคื•,
00:53
not just to rest and celebrate,
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ืœื ืจืง ื›ื“ื™ ืœื ื•ื— ื•ืœื—ื’ื•ื’,
00:55
but to demand fair wages,
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ืืœื ื’ื ื›ื“ื™ ืœื“ืจื•ืฉ ืžืฉื›ื•ืจื•ืช ื”ื•ื’ื ื•ืช,
00:57
the end of child labor,
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ืืช ื”ืงืฅ ืœืขื‘ื•ื“ืช ื™ืœื“ื™ื,
01:00
and the right to organize into unions.
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ื•ื”ื–ื›ื•ืช ืœื”ืชืื’ื“ ื‘ืื™ื’ื•ื“ื™ื.
01:04
During the period known as
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ื‘ืžื”ืœืš ื”ืชืงื•ืคื” ืฉื™ื“ื•ืขื”
01:05
The Industrial Revolution,
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ื›ืžื”ืคื›ื” ื”ืชืขืฉื™ื™ืชื™ืช,
01:07
many jobs were difficult, dirty and dangerous.
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ื”ืจื‘ื” ืžืฉืจื•ืช ื”ื™ื• ืงืฉื•ืช, ืžืœื•ื›ืœื›ื•ืช ื•ืžืกื•ื›ื ื•ืช.
01:11
People worked for twelve hours,
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ืื ืฉื™ื ืขื‘ื“ื• ืฉืชื™ื ืขืฉืจื” ืฉืขื•ืช ื‘ื™ื•ื,
01:13
six days a week,
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ืฉื™ืฉื” ื™ืžื™ื ื‘ืฉื‘ื•ืข,
01:14
without fringe benefits,
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ื‘ืœื™ ื”ื˜ื‘ื•ืช ื ื•ืกืคื•ืช,
01:16
such as vacations, health care and pensions,
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ื›ืžื• ื—ื•ืคืฉื”, ื”ื˜ื‘ื•ืช ื‘ืจื™ืื•ืช ื•ืคื ืกื™ื”,
01:20
and if you were young, chances are
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ื•ืื ื”ื™ื™ืชื ืฆืขื™ืจื™ื, ื”ืกื™ื›ื•ื™ื™ื ื”ื™ื•
01:22
you were doing manual labor
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ืฉืขืฉื™ืชื ืขื‘ื•ื“ื” ื™ื“ื ื™ืช
01:24
instead of your ABCs and fractions.
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ื‘ืžืงื•ื ืœืœืžื•ื“ ืืช ื”ืืœืฃ ื‘ื™ืช ื•ืฉื‘ืจื™ื.
01:27
Children as young as ten
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ื™ืœื“ื™ื ืžื’ื™ืœ ืขืฉืจ
01:30
worked in some of the most hazardous places,
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ืขื‘ื“ื• ื‘ื›ืžื” ืžื”ืžืงื•ืžื•ืช ื”ื›ื™ ืžืกื•ื›ื ื™ื,
01:32
like coal mines or factories filled with boiling vats
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ื›ืžื• ืžื›ืจื•ืช ืคื—ื ืื• ืžืคืขืœื™ื ืžืœืื™ื ื‘ืกื™ืจื™ื ืจื•ืชื—ื™ื
01:36
or dangerous machines.
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ืื• ืžื›ื•ื ื•ืช ืžืกื•ื›ื ื•ืช.
01:38
Trying to win better pay, shorter hours
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ื‘ื ื™ืกื™ื•ืŸ ืœืงื‘ืœ ืฉื›ืจ ื˜ื•ื‘ ื™ื•ืชืจ, ืฉืขื•ืช ืงืฆืจื•ืช ื™ื•ืชืจ
01:41
and safer conditions
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ื•ืชื ืื™ื ื‘ื˜ื•ื—ื™ื ื™ื•ืชืจ
01:43
workers had begun to form labor unions
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ืขื•ื‘ื“ื™ื ื”ื—ืœื• ืœื”ืงื™ื ืื™ื’ื•ื“ื™ื
01:45
in America and Canada,
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ื‘ืืžืจื™ืงื” ื•ืงื ื“ื”,
01:47
but the companies they worked for
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ืื‘ืœ ื”ื—ื‘ืจื•ืช ืฉื”ื ืขื‘ื“ื• ืขื‘ื•ืจืŸ
01:49
often fought hard to keep unions out
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ืœืจื•ื‘ ื ืœื—ืžื• ืงืฉื” ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืฉืื™ืจ ืืช ื”ืื™ื’ื•ื“ื™ื ื‘ื—ื•ืฅ
01:52
and to supress strikes.
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ื•ืœื”ืคืกื™ืง ืฉื‘ื™ืชื•ืช.
01:54
At times, this led to violent battles
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ืœืคืขืžื™ื, ื–ื” ื”ื•ื‘ื™ืœ ืœืงืจื‘ื•ืช ืืœื™ืžื™ื
01:57
between workers and business owners
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ื‘ื™ืŸ ืขื•ื‘ื“ื™ื ื•ื‘ืขืœื™ ืขืกืงื™ื
01:59
with the owners often backed up by the police,
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ื›ืฉื”ื‘ืขืœื™ื ื’ื•ื‘ื• ืœืจื•ื‘ ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื”ืžืฉื˜ืจื”,
02:02
or even the military.
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ืื• ืืคื™ืœื• ื”ืฆื‘ื.
02:05
In the following years,
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ื‘ืฉื ื™ื ื”ื‘ืื•ืช,
02:06
the idea of Labor Day caught on in America
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ื”ืจืขื™ื•ืŸ ืฉืœ ื™ื•ื ื”ืขื‘ื•ื“ื” ืชืคืฉ ื‘ืืžืจื™ืงื”
02:09
with official celebrations reaching 30 states.
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ืขื ื—ื’ื™ื’ื•ืช ืจืฉืžื™ื•ืช ืฉืžื’ื™ืขื•ืช ืœ 30 ืžื“ื™ื ื•ืช.
02:13
But then came the violent
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ืื‘ืœ ืื– ื”ื’ื™ืขื” ื”ื”ืชืคืจืขื•ืช
02:14
Haymarket Square Riot of 1886,
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ื”ืืœื™ืžื” ื‘ื›ื™ื›ืจ ื”ื™ื™ืžืจืงื˜ ื‘ 1886,
02:18
which led to the deaths of several policemen
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ืฉื”ื•ื‘ื™ืœื” ืœืžื•ืชื ืฉืœ ื›ืžื” ืฉื•ื˜ืจื™ื
02:20
and workers in Chicago
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ื•ืขื•ื‘ื“ื™ื ื‘ืฉื™ืงื’ื•
02:22
and the execution of four union leaders.
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ื•ื”ื”ื•ืฆืื” ืœื”ื•ืจื’ ืฉืœ ืืจื‘ืขื” ืžื ื”ื™ื’ื™ื ื‘ืื™ื’ื•ื“.
02:26
After that, many labor and political groups
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ืื—ืจื™ ื–ื”, ื”ืจื‘ื” ืงื‘ื•ืฆื•ืช ืขื•ื‘ื“ื™ื ื•ืงื‘ื•ืฆื•ืช ืคื•ืœื™ื˜ื™ื•ืช
02:29
around the world
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ืžืกื‘ื™ื‘ ืœืขื•ืœื
02:30
had begun to mark Haymarket Square on May 1st,
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ื”ืชื—ื™ืœื• ืœืกืžืŸ ืืช ื›ื™ื›ืจ ื”ื™ื™ืžืจืงื˜ ื‘1 ื‘ืžืื™,
02:34
which became known as
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ืฉื”ืคืš ืœื™ื“ื•ืข
02:35
International Workers' Day.
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ื›ื™ื•ื ื”ืขื‘ื•ื“ื” ื”ื‘ื™ื ืœืื•ืžื™.
02:38
In 1894, President Grover Cleveland
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ื‘ 1894, ื”ืžื•ืฉืœ ื’ืจื•ื‘ืจ ืงืœื™ื‘ืœื ื“
02:41
signed the law making Labor Day a
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ื—ืชื ืขืœ ื—ื•ืง ืฉื”ืคืš ืืช ื™ื•ื ื”ืขื‘ื•ื“ื”
02:44
federal holiday in America,
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ืœื—ื’ ืคื“ืจืœื™ ื‘ืืžืจื™ืงื”,
02:46
only days after he had sent
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ืจืง ื™ืžื™ื ืœืื—ืจ ืฉืฉืœื—
02:48
12,000 soldiers to end
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12,000 ื—ื™ื™ื™ืœื™ื ืœืกื™ื™ื
02:50
a violent railroad strike
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ืฉื‘ื™ืชืช ืจื›ื‘ืช ืืœื™ืžื”
02:52
that resulted in the death of several people.
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ืฉื’ืจืžื” ืœืžื•ืชื ืฉืœ ืžืกืคืจ ืื ืฉื™ื.
02:55
The original September date was kept,
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ื”ืชืืจื™ืš ื”ืžืงื•ืจื™ ื‘ืกืคื˜ืžื‘ืจ ื ืฉืžืจ,
02:58
partly to avoid the more radical associations of May 1st.
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ื—ืœืงื™ืช ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืžื ืข ืžืขื•ื“ ืงื™ืฉื•ืจื™ื ืงื™ืฆื•ื ื™ื™ื ืขื ื”1 ื‘ืžืื™.
03:02
Canada also created its Labor Day in 1894.
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ืงื ื“ื” ื’ื ื™ืฆืจื” ื™ื•ื ืขื‘ื•ื“ื” ืžืฉืœื” ื‘ 1894.
03:08
But, in spite of this new holiday,
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ืื‘ืœ, ืœืžืจื•ืช ื”ื—ื’ ื”ื—ื“ืฉ,
03:10
it would be a long time before the changes
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ื–ื” ื™ืงื— ื”ืจื‘ื” ื–ืžืŸ ืœืคื ื™ ืฉื”ืฉื™ื ื•ื™ื™ื
03:12
that workers wanted
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ืฉื”ืขื•ื‘ื“ื™ื ืจืฆื•
03:14
became a reality.
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ื™ื”ืคื›ื• ืœืžืฆื™ืื•ืช.
03:16
In 1938, during the Great Depression
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ื‘ 1938, ื‘ืžื”ืœืš ื”ืฉืคืœ ื”ื’ื“ื•ืœ
03:19
that left millions without jobs,
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ืฉื”ืฉืื™ืจ ืžืœื™ื•ื ื™ื ื‘ืœื™ ืขื‘ื•ื“ื”,
03:21
President Franklin D. Roosevelt
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ื”ื ืฉื™ื ืคืจื ืงืœื™ืŸ ื“. ืจื•ื–ื•ื•ืœื˜
03:23
signed a law calling for an eight-hour work day,
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ื—ืชื ืขืœ ื—ื•ืง ืฉืงื•ืจื ืœื™ื•ื ืขื‘ื•ื“ื” ืฉืœ ืฉืžื•ื ื” ืฉืขื•ืช.
03:26
a five-day work week,
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ืฉื‘ื•ืข ืขื‘ื•ื“ื” ืฉืœ ื—ืžื™ืฉื” ื™ืžื™ื,
03:28
and an end to child labor,
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ื•ืกื•ืฃ ืœืขื‘ื•ื“ืช ื™ืœื“ื™ื,
03:30
some of the first federal protections for American workers.
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ื›ืžื” ืžื”ื”ื’ื ื•ืช ื”ืคื“ืจืœื™ื•ืช ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื•ืช ืœืขื•ื‘ื“ื™ื ื”ืืžืจื™ืงืื™ื.
03:35
As America and Canada celebrate Labor Day,
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ื›ืฉืืžืจื™ืงื” ื•ืงื ื“ื” ื—ื•ื’ื’ื•ืช ืืช ื™ื•ื ื”ืขื‘ื•ื“ื”,
03:38
most of the two countries' children enjoy
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ืจื•ื‘ ื”ื™ืœื“ื™ื ืฉืœ ืฉืชื™ ื”ืžื“ื™ื ื•ืช ื ื”ื ื™ื
03:41
a day off from school.
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ืžื™ื•ื ื—ื•ืคืฉ ืžื‘ื™ืช ื”ืกืคืจ.
03:43
But it is important to remember
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ืื‘ืœ ื–ื” ื—ืฉื•ื‘ ืœื–ื›ื•ืจ
03:45
that there was a time that
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ืฉื”ื™ื” ื–ืžืŸ
03:46
everyday was a labor day for children in America and Canada,
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ื‘ื• ื›ืœ ื™ื•ื ื”ื™ื” ื™ื•ื ื”ืขื‘ื•ื“ื” ืœื™ืœื“ื™ื ื‘ืืžืจื™ืงื” ื•ืงื ื“ื”,
03:51
and unfortunately,
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ื•ืœืฆืขืจื™ื ื•,
03:53
the same fact remains true
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ื”ืขื•ื‘ื“ื” ื”ื–ื• ื ืฉืืจืช ื ื›ื•ื ื”
03:55
for millions of children around the world today.
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ืœืžืœื™ื•ื ื™ ื™ืœื“ื™ื ืžืกื‘ื™ื‘ ืœืขื•ืœื ื”ื™ื•ื.
ืขืœ ืืชืจ ื–ื”

ืืชืจ ื–ื” ื™ืฆื™ื’ ื‘ืคื ื™ื›ื ืกืจื˜ื•ื ื™ YouTube ื”ืžื•ืขื™ืœื™ื ืœืœื™ืžื•ื“ ืื ื’ืœื™ืช. ืชื•ื›ืœื• ืœืจืื•ืช ืฉื™ืขื•ืจื™ ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืขื‘ืจื™ื ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืžื•ืจื™ื ืžื”ืฉื•ืจื” ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื” ืžืจื—ื‘ื™ ื”ืขื•ืœื. ืœื—ืฅ ืคืขืžื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืฆื’ื•ืช ื‘ื›ืœ ื“ืฃ ื•ื™ื“ืื• ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ ืžืฉื. ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื’ื•ืœืœื•ืช ื‘ืกื ื›ืจื•ืŸ ืขื ื”ืคืขืœืช ื”ื•ื•ื™ื“ืื•. ืื ื™ืฉ ืœืš ื”ืขืจื•ืช ืื• ื‘ืงืฉื•ืช, ืื ื ืฆื•ืจ ืื™ืชื ื• ืงืฉืจ ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ื˜ื•ืคืก ื™ืฆื™ืจืช ืงืฉืจ ื–ื”.

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