Gerrymandering: How drawing jagged lines can impact an election - Christina Greer

1,103,372 views ใƒป 2012-10-25

TED-Ed


ืื ื ืœื—ืฅ ืคืขืžื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ืœืžื˜ื” ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ.

00:00
Transcriber: tom carter Reviewer: Bedirhan Cinar
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ืชืจื’ื•ื: Ido Dekkers ืขืจื™ื›ื”: eviatar edlerman
00:15
Most people have heard the word "gerrymandering" once or twice,
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ืจื•ื‘ ื”ืื ืฉื™ื ืฉืžืขื• ืืช ื”ืžื™ืœื” "ื’'ืจื™ืžื ื“ืจื™ื ื’" ืคืขื ืื• ืคืขืžื™ื™ื,
00:19
probably during a presidential election.
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ื›ื ืจืื” ื‘ื–ืžืŸ ื‘ื—ื™ืจื•ืช ื ืฉื™ืื•ืชื™ื•ืช.
00:22
What exactly is gerrymandering?
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ืื‘ืœ ืžื” ื–ื” ื‘ื“ื™ื•ืง "ื’'ืจื™ืžื ื“ืจื™ื ื’"?
00:24
Essentially, it's the process of giving one political party an advantage over another political party
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ื‘ืขื™ืงืจื•ืŸ, ื–ื” ื”ืชื”ืœื™ืš ืฉืœ ื ืชื™ื ืช ื™ืชืจื•ืŸ ืœืžืชืžื•ื“ื“ ืื—ื“ ืขืœ ืคื ื™ ื”ืฉื ื™
00:29
by redrawing district lines.
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ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืฆื™ื•ืจ ืžื—ื“ืฉ ืฉืœ ืงื•ื•ื™ ืžื—ื•ื–.
00:31
It's like Democrats trying to gain an advantage over Republicans,
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ื–ื” ื›ืžื• ื“ืžื•ืงืจื˜ื™ื ืฉืžื ืกื™ื ืœื™ืฆื•ืจ ื™ืชืจื•ืŸ ืขืœ ืจืคื•ื‘ืœื™ืงืื™ื,
00:34
or Republicans trying to gain an advantage over Democrats.
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ืื• ืจืคื•ื‘ืœื™ืงืื™ื ืฉืžื ืกื™ื ืœื™ืฆื•ืจ ื™ืชืจื•ืŸ ืขืœ ื“ืžื•ืงืจื˜ื™ื.
00:38
You see, each party wants to gain as many districts as possible
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ืืชื ืžื‘ื™ื ื™ื, ื›ืœ ืžืคืœื’ื” ืจื•ืฆื” ืœื–ื›ื•ืช ื‘ื›ืžื” ืฉื™ื•ืชืจ ืžื—ื•ื–ื•ืช
00:42
so they can do things like control the state budget,
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ื›ืš ืฉื™ื•ื›ืœื• ืœืขืฉื•ืช ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ื›ืžื• ืœืฉืœื•ื˜ ื‘ืชืงืฆื™ื‘ ื”ืžื“ื™ื ื”,
00:45
or set themselves up to win even more districts in the future.
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ืื• ืœืกื“ืจ ื›ืš ืฉื™ื•ื›ืœื• ืœื–ื›ื•ืช ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžื—ื•ื–ื•ืช ื‘ืขืชื™ื“.
00:48
So to understand how this process began, and how it continues today,
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ืื– ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ื‘ื™ืŸ ืื™ืš ื”ืชื”ืœื™ืš ื”ื–ื” ื”ื—ืœ, ื•ืื™ืš ื”ื•ื ืžืžืฉื™ืš ื”ื™ื•ื,
00:53
we must go back to 1812 in Massachusetts.
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ืื ื—ื ื• ืฆืจื™ื›ื™ื ืœื—ื–ื•ืจ ืœ 1812 ื‘ืžืกืฆ'ื•ืกื˜ืก.
00:56
Elbridge Gerry, the governor of Massachusetts, supported and signed a bill to allow redistricting.
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ืืœื‘ืจื™ื“ื’' ื’'ืจื™, ืžื•ืฉืœ ืžืกืฆ'ื•ืกื˜ืก, ืชืžืš ื•ื—ืชื ืขืœ ื—ื•ืง ืœื—ืœื•ืงื” ืžื—ื“ืฉ ืฉืœ ืžื—ื•ื–ื•ืช.
01:02
That is, redrawing the boundaries that separate districts.
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ืฉื–ื” ืื•ืžืจ, ืฆื™ื•ืจ ืžื—ื“ืฉ ืฉืœ ื”ื’ื‘ื•ืœื•ืช ื‘ืžืคืจื™ื“ื™ื ืžื—ื•ื–ื•ืช.
01:06
The catch? The new lines would favor Gerry's own political party,
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ื”ืงื˜ืฆ'? ื”ืงื•ื™ื ื”ื—ื“ืฉื™ื ื™ื•ืขื™ืœื• ืœืžืคืœื’ื” ืฉืœ ื”ืžื•ืฉืœ ื’'ืจื™,
01:10
the Democratic-Republican party, which no longer exists.
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ื”ืžืคืœื’ื” ื”ื“ืžื•ืงืจื˜ื™ืช-ืจืคื•ื‘ืœื™ืงืื™ืช, ืฉืœื ืงื™ื™ืžืช ื™ื•ืชืจ.
01:13
You see, Gerry wanted his party to win as many state Senate seats as possible.
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ืืชื ืžื‘ื™ื ื™ื, ื’'ืจื™ ืจืฆื” ืฉื”ืžืคืœื’ื” ืฉืœื• ืชื–ื›ื” ื‘ื›ืžื” ืฉื™ื•ืชืจ ื›ื™ืกืื•ืช ื‘ืกื ืื˜ ื”ืžื“ื™ื ื”.
01:18
The more members of your party who vote, the more likely you are to win an election.
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ื›ืžื” ืฉื™ื•ืชืจ ื—ื‘ืจื™ื ืžื”ืžืคืœื’ื” ืฉืœืš ืฉืžืฆื‘ื™ืขื™ื, ื”ืกื‘ื™ืจื•ืช ืฉืชื–ื›ื” ื‘ื‘ื—ื™ืจื•ืช ืขื•ืœื”.
01:22
The new lines were drawn to include loads of areas that would help Governor Gerry in the future.
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ื”ืงื•ื™ื ื”ื—ื“ืฉื™ื ื ืงื‘ืขื• ื›ืš ืฉื”ื›ื™ืœื• ื”ืจื‘ื” ืื–ื•ืจื™ื ืฉื™ืขื–ืจื• ืœืžื•ืฉืœ ื’'ืจื™ ื‘ืขืชื™ื“.
01:27
They were so strange looking that someone said the new districts looked like a salamander.
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ื”ื ื ืจืื• ื›ืœ ื›ืš ืžื•ื–ืจ ืฉืžื™ืฉื”ื• ืืžืจ ืฉื”ืžื—ื•ื–ื•ืช ื ืจืื• ื›ืžื• ืกืœืžื ื“ืจื•ืช.
01:31
The Boston Gazette added Gerry's name to the word salamander,
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ื”ื‘ื•ืกื˜ื•ืŸ ื’ื–ื˜ ื”ื•ืกื™ืฃ ืืช ื”ืฉื ื’'ืจื™ ืœืžื™ืœื” ืกืœืžื ื“ืจื”,
01:34
and voilร ! Gerrymandering,
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ื•ื”ื ื”! ื’'ืจื™ืžื ื“ืจื™ื ื’,
01:37
the process of dividing up and redrawing districts to give your political party an advantage.
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ื”ืชื”ืœื™ืš ืฉืœ ื—ืœื•ืงื” ืžื—ื“ืฉ ืฉืœ ืžื—ื•ื–ื•ืช ื›ื“ื™ ืœืชืช ื™ืชืจื•ืŸ ืœืžืคืœื’ื” ืฉืœื›ื.
01:42
So how exactly does someone go about protecting their own political party,
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ืื– ืื™ืš ื‘ื“ื™ื•ืง ืžื™ืฉื”ื• ืžื’ืŸ ืขืœ ื”ืžืคืœื’ื” ืฉืœื•,
01:46
and actually gerrymandering a district?
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ื•ืขื•ืฉื” ื’'ืจื™ืžื ื“ืจื™ื ื’ ืœืžื—ื•ื–?
01:49
There are two successful practices.
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ื™ืฉ ืฉืชื™ ื“ืจื›ื™ื ืžื•ืฆืœื—ื•ืช.
01:51
Packing a district,
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ืืจื™ื–ืช ืžื—ื•ื–ื•ืช,
01:52
and cracking a district.
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ื•ืฉื‘ื™ืจืช ืžื—ื•ื–ื•ืช.
01:54
Packing is the process of drawing district lines and packing in your opponents like cattle,
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ืืจื™ื–ื” ื–ื” ื”ืชื”ืœื™ืš ืฉืœ ืฆื™ื•ืจ ืงื•ื™ ืžื—ื•ื– ื•ืืจื™ื–ื” ื‘ืคื ื™ื ืฉืœ ื”ืžืชื—ืจื™ื ื›ืžื• ื‘ืงืจ,
01:58
into as few districts as possible.
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ืœื›ืžื” ืฉืคื—ื•ืช ืžื—ื•ื–ื•ืช ืฉื ื™ืชืŸ.
02:01
If more districts equals more votes, the fewer the districts there are,
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ืื ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžื—ื•ื–ื•ืช ืฉื•ื•ื™ื ืœื™ื•ืชืจ ืงื•ืœื•ืช, ื›ืžื” ืฉื™ื”ื™ื• ืคื—ื•ืช ืžื—ื•ื–ื•ืช,
02:04
the fewer votes the opposition party will get.
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ื”ืžืคืœื’ื” ื”ื ื’ื“ื™ืช ืชืงื‘ืœ ืคื—ื•ืช ืงื•ืœื•ืช.
02:07
Packing, then, decreases the opponent's voter strength and influence.
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ืืจื™ื–ื”, ืื–, ืžืคื—ื™ืชื” ืืช ื›ื•ื— ื•ื”ืฉืคืขืช ื”ืžืฆื‘ื™ืขื™ื ืœื™ืจื™ื‘.
02:11
Cracking is the opposite:
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ืฉื‘ื™ืจื” ื”ื™ื ื”ื”ืคืš:
02:14
taking one district and cracking it into several pieces.
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ืœืงื™ื—ืช ืžื—ื•ื–ื•ืช ื•ืฉื‘ื™ืจืชื ืœื›ืžื” ื—ืœืงื™ื.
02:17
This is usually done in districts where your opponent has many supporters.
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ื–ื” ืœืจื•ื‘ ื ืขืฉื” ื‘ืžื—ื•ื–ื•ืช ื‘ื”ื ืœื™ืจื™ื‘ ื™ืฉ ืชื•ืžื›ื™ื ืจื‘ื™ื.
02:20
Cracking spreads these supporters out among many districts,
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ืฉื‘ื™ืจื” ืžืคื–ืจืช ืืช ื”ืชื•ืžื›ื™ื ืœืžื—ื•ื–ื•ืช ืจื‘ื™ื,
02:23
denying your opponent a lot of votes.
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ื•ืžื•ื ืขืช ืžื”ื™ืจื™ื‘ ื”ืจื‘ื” ืงื•ืœื•ืช.
02:26
When you have a large number of people who would generally vote for one type of party,
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ื›ืฉื™ืฉ ืœื›ื ืžืกืคืจ ื’ื“ื•ืœ ืฉืœ ืื ืฉื™ื ืฉื‘ื“ืจืš ื›ืœืœ ืžืฆื‘ื™ืขื™ื ืœืกื•ื’ ืื—ื“ ืฉืœ ืžืคืœื’ื”,
02:30
those folks are known as a voting bloc.
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ื”ื—ื‘ืจื” ื”ืืœื” ื™ื“ื•ืขื™ื ื›ื‘ืœื•ืง ื”ืฆื‘ืขื”.
02:32
Cracking is a way to break that all up.
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ืฉื‘ื™ืจื” ื”ื™ื ื“ืจืš ืœืฉื‘ื•ืจ ืืช ื›ืœ ื–ื”.
02:35
So when would a party choose to pack their opponent's districts rather than crack them?
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ืื– ืžืชื™ ืžืคืœื’ื” ืชื‘ื—ืจ ืœืืจื•ื– ืืช ืžื—ื•ื–ื•ืช ื”ื™ืจื™ื‘ื™ื ื‘ืžืงื•ื ืœืฉื‘ื•ืจ ืื•ืชื?
02:39
Well, that really depends on what the party needs.
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ื•ื‘ื›ืŸ, ื–ื” ื‘ืืžืช ืชืœื•ื™ ื‘ืžื” ื”ืžืคืœื’ื” ืฆืจื™ื›ื”.
02:42
To dilute your opponent's voters, you could pack them into one district
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ื›ื“ื™ ืœื“ืœืœ ืžืฆื‘ื™ืขื™ื ืฉืœ ื”ื™ืจื™ื‘ื™ื, ืชื•ื›ืœื• ืœืืจื•ื– ืื•ืชื ืœืชื•ืš ืžื—ื•ื– ืื—ื“
02:45
and leave the surrounding districts filled with voters of your own party.
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ื•ืœื”ืฉืื™ืจ ืืช ื”ืžื—ื•ื–ื•ืช ื”ืกื•ื‘ื‘ื™ื ืžืœืื™ื ื‘ื‘ื•ื—ืจื™ื ืžืžืคืœื’ืชื›ื.
02:49
Or, if you and your party are in power when it's time to redraw district lines,
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ืื•, ืื ืืชื ื•ืžืคืœื’ืชื›ื ื‘ืฉืœื˜ื•ืŸ ื›ืฉื–ื” ื”ื–ืžืŸ ืœืฆื™ื™ืจ ืžื—ื“ืฉ ืงื•ื™ ืžื—ื•ื–,
02:53
you could redraw districts and crack up a powerful district
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ืชื•ื›ืœื• ืœืฆื™ื™ืจ ืžื—ื“ืฉ ืžื—ื•ื–ื•ืช ื•ืœืฉื‘ื•ืจ ืžื—ื•ื– ื—ื–ืง
02:56
and spread your opponent's voters out across several neighboring districts.
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ื•ืœืคื–ืจ ืืช ืžืฆื‘ื™ืขื™ ื”ื™ืจื™ื‘ ืœื›ืžื” ืžื—ื•ื–ื•ืช ืกื•ื‘ื‘ื™ื.
03:00
So, Governor Gerry in 1812 wanted to gain an advantage for his party,
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ืื–, ื”ืžื•ืฉืœ ื’'ืจื™ ื‘ 1812 ืจืฆื” ืœื”ืฉื™ื’ ื™ืชืจื•ืŸ ืœืžืคืœื’ืชื•,
03:05
and redrew district lines in his state in such a crazy way we have a whole new word
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ื•ืฆื™ื™ืจ ืžื—ื“ืฉ ืืช ืงื•ื™ ื”ืžื—ื•ื–ื•ืช ื‘ืžื“ื™ื ืชื• ื‘ื“ืจืš ื›ื–ื• ืžืฉื•ื’ืขืช ืฉื™ืฉ ืœื ื• ืžื™ืœื” ื—ื“ืฉื”
03:09
and way of thinking about how political parties can gain advantages over their opponents.
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ื•ื“ืจืš ื—ืฉื™ื‘ื” ื—ื“ืฉื” ืขืœ ืื™ืš ืžืคืœื’ื•ืช ืคื•ืœื™ื˜ื™ื•ืช ื™ื›ื•ืœื•ืช ืœื”ืฉื™ื’ ื™ืชืจื•ืŸ ืขืœ ื™ืจื™ื‘ื™ื”ื.
03:14
Politicians think of creative ways to draw districts every few years.
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ืคื•ืœื™ื˜ื™ืงืื™ื ื—ื•ืฉื‘ื™ื ื‘ื“ืจื›ื™ื ื™ืฆื™ืจืชื™ื•ืช ืื™ืš ืœืฆื™ื™ืจ ืžื—ื“ืฉ ืงื•ื•ื™ ืžื—ื•ื– ื›ืœ ื›ืžื” ืฉื ื™ื.
03:17
So the next time an election comes around,
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ืื– ื‘ืคืขื ื”ื‘ืื” ืฉื‘ื—ื™ืจื•ืช ืžืชืงืจื‘ื•ืช,
03:20
and politicians ask people to vote,
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ื•ืคื•ืœื™ื˜ื™ืงืื™ื ืžื‘ืงืฉื™ื ืžืื ืฉื™ื ืœื”ืฆื‘ื™ืข,
03:22
be sure to look up the shape of your district and the districts that surround it.
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ืฉื™ืžื• ืœื‘ ืœืฆื•ืจืช ื”ืžื—ื•ื– ืฉืœื›ื ื•ื”ืžื—ื•ื–ื•ืช ื”ืกื•ื‘ื‘ื™ื ืœื•.
03:27
How wide does your district stretch across your state?
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ื›ืžื” ืจื—ื‘ ื”ืžื—ื•ื– ืฉืœื›ื ืœืจื•ื—ื‘ ื”ืžื“ื™ื ื”?
03:30
Are all of the districts in your state relatively the same shape?
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ื”ืื ื›ืœ ื”ืžื—ื•ื–ื•ืช ื‘ืžื“ื™ื ื” ืฉืœื›ื ื‘ืขืจืš ื‘ืื•ืชื” ืฆื•ืจื”?
03:33
How many other districts does your district touch?
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ื‘ื›ืžื” ืžื—ื•ื–ื•ืช ืื—ืจื™ื ื”ืžื—ื•ื– ืฉืœื›ื ื’ื•ื‘ืœ?
03:36
But always be sure to ask yourself,
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ืื‘ืœ ืชืžื™ื“ ืชื“ืื’ื• ืœืฉืื•ืœ ืืช ืขืฆืžื›ื,
03:39
does my district look like a salamander?
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ื”ืื ื”ืžื—ื•ื– ืฉืœื™ ื ืจืื” ื›ืžื• ืกืœืžื ื“ืจื”?
ืขืœ ืืชืจ ื–ื”

ืืชืจ ื–ื” ื™ืฆื™ื’ ื‘ืคื ื™ื›ื ืกืจื˜ื•ื ื™ YouTube ื”ืžื•ืขื™ืœื™ื ืœืœื™ืžื•ื“ ืื ื’ืœื™ืช. ืชื•ื›ืœื• ืœืจืื•ืช ืฉื™ืขื•ืจื™ ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืขื‘ืจื™ื ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืžื•ืจื™ื ืžื”ืฉื•ืจื” ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื” ืžืจื—ื‘ื™ ื”ืขื•ืœื. ืœื—ืฅ ืคืขืžื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืฆื’ื•ืช ื‘ื›ืœ ื“ืฃ ื•ื™ื“ืื• ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ ืžืฉื. ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื’ื•ืœืœื•ืช ื‘ืกื ื›ืจื•ืŸ ืขื ื”ืคืขืœืช ื”ื•ื•ื™ื“ืื•. ืื ื™ืฉ ืœืš ื”ืขืจื•ืช ืื• ื‘ืงืฉื•ืช, ืื ื ืฆื•ืจ ืื™ืชื ื• ืงืฉืจ ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ื˜ื•ืคืก ื™ืฆื™ืจืช ืงืฉืจ ื–ื”.

https://forms.gle/WvT1wiN1qDtmnspy7