What happens when you fall into piranha-infested waters? - Antonio Machado-Allison

951,964 views ใƒป 2023-09-14

TED-Ed


ืื ื ืœื—ืฅ ืคืขืžื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ืœืžื˜ื” ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ.

ืชืจื’ื•ื: zeeva livshitz ืขืจื™ื›ื”: Ido Dekkers
00:07
Youโ€™re peering into the Amazon River when, suddenly,
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ืืชื ืžืฆื™ืฆื™ื ืœื ื”ืจ ื”ืืžื–ื•ื ืก ื›ืฉืœืคืชืข
00:10
you lose your footing and fall.
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ืืชื ืžื•ืขื“ื™ื ื•ื ื•ืคืœื™ื.
00:12
Piranhas dart about in the rapidly approaching water.
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ืคื™ืจืื ื•ืช ืžืชืจื•ืฆืฆื•ืช ื‘ืžื™ื ื”ืžืชืงืจื‘ื™ื ื‘ืžื”ื™ืจื•ืช.
00:16
So, are you doomed?
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ืื–, ื ื—ืจืฅ ื’ื•ืจืœื›ื?
00:18
Will your fall trigger a fatal feeding frenzy?
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ื”ืื ื”ื ืคื™ืœื” ืฉืœื›ื ืชื’ืจื•ื ืœื˜ื™ืจื•ืฃ ืื›ื™ืœื” ืงื˜ืœื ื™?
00:21
To forecast your fate, letโ€™s see what we know about these fish.
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ื›ื“ื™ ืœื—ื–ื•ืช ืืช ื’ื•ืจืœื›ื, ื‘ื•ืื• ื•ื ืจืื” ืžื” ืื ื—ื ื• ื™ื•ื“ืขื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื“ื’ื™ื ื”ืืœื”.
00:26
There are more than 30 piranha species.
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ื™ืฉื ื ื™ื•ืชืจ ืž -30 ืžื™ื ื™ ืคื™ืจืื ื”.
00:28
All live in the fresh waters of South America
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ื›ื•ืœื ื—ื™ื™ื ื‘ืžื™ื ื”ืžืชื•ืงื™ื ืฉืœ ื“ืจื•ื ืืžืจื™ืงื”
00:31
and have a single row of sharp, interlocking teeth on each jaw.
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ื•ื™ืฉ ืœื”ืŸ ืฉื•ืจื” ืื—ืช ืฉืœ ืฉื™ื ื™ื™ื ื—ื“ื•ืช, ืฉืœื•ื‘ื•ืช ืขืœ ื›ืœ ืœืกืช.
00:35
They use their teeth in a variety of ways.
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ื”ืŸ ืžืฉืชืžืฉื•ืช ื‘ืฉื™ื ื™ื™ื ื‘ืžื’ื•ื•ืŸ ื“ืจื›ื™ื.
00:38
Many are omnivorous and supplement diets of things like insects,
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ืจื‘ื•ืช ืžื”ืŸ ื”ืŸ ืื•ื›ืœื•ืช ื›ืœ ื•ืžืฉืœื™ืžื•ืช ืืช ื”ื“ื™ืื˜ื•ืช ืขื ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ื›ืžื• ื—ืจืงื™ื,
00:42
crustaceans, worms, and fish
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ืกืจื˜ื ื™ื, ืชื•ืœืขื™ื ื•ื“ื’ื™ื
00:44
with fruits, seeds, and other plant matter.
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ืขื ืคื™ืจื•ืช, ื–ืจืขื™ื ื•ื—ื•ืžืจ ืฆืžื—ื™ ืื—ืจ.
00:47
Some, like red-bellied piranhas, both hunt and scavenge.
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ื—ืœืงืŸ, ื›ืžื• ืคื™ืจืื ื™ื•ืช ืื“ื•ืžื•ืช ื›ืจืก, ื’ื ืฆื“ื•ืช ื•ื’ื ืื•ื›ืœื•ืช ื ื‘ืœื•ืช.
00:51
And others, like wimple piranhas, have specific dietary predilections,
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ื•ืœืื—ืจื•ืช, ื›ืžื• ืคื™ืจืื ื•ืช ื•ื•ื™ืžืคืœื™ื•ืช, ื™ืฉ ื ื˜ื™ื™ื” ืชื–ื•ื ืชื™ืช ืกืคืฆื™ืคื™ืช,
00:56
almost exclusively going after other fishโ€™s scales.
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ื”ืŸ ื”ื•ืœื›ื•ืช ื›ืžืขื˜ ืืš ื•ืจืง ืื—ืจื™ ืงืฉืงืฉื™ ื“ื’ื™ื ืื—ืจื™ื.
01:00
Species like redeye piranhas are more solitary,
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ืžื™ื ื™ื ื›ืžื• ืคื™ืจืื ื•ืช ืื“ื•ืžื•ืช-ืขื™ืŸ ื”ืŸ ื‘ื•ื“ื“ื•ืช ื™ื•ืชืจ,
01:03
while red-bellied piranhas form shoals of 10 to 100.
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ื•ืื™ืœื• ืคื™ืจืื ื•ืช ืื“ื•ืžื•ืช ื›ืจืก ื™ื•ืฆืจื•ืช ืœื”ืงื•ืช ืฉืœ 10 ืขื“ 100 .
01:07
Red-bellied piranhas are among the most popularly depicted
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ืคื™ืจืื ื•ืช ืื“ื•ืžื•ืช ื›ืจืก ื”ืŸ ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ืžืชื•ืืจื•ืช ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ
01:11
and commonly regarded as especially aggressive.
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ื•ื ื—ืฉื‘ื•ืช ื‘ื“ืจืš ื›ืœืœ ืœืื’ืจืกื™ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืžื™ื•ื—ื“.
01:14
However, their reputation for rapacious pack hunting is misinformed.
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ืขื ื–ืืช, ื”ืžื•ื ื™ื˜ื™ืŸ ืฉืœื”ื ื›ืฆื™ื™ื“ื•ืช ืœื”ืงื” ื“ื•ืจืกื ื™ื•ืช ื”ื•ื ืžื™ื“ืข ืžื•ื˜ืขื”.
01:19
Itโ€™s thought that the main benefit of their group-living
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ื—ื•ืฉื‘ื™ื ืฉื”ื™ืชืจื•ืŸ ื”ืขื™ืงืจื™ ืฉืœ ื”ื—ื™ื™ื ื”ืงื‘ื•ืฆืชื™ื™ื ืฉืœื”ืŸ
01:22
isnโ€™t cooperative hunting
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ืื™ื ื• ืฆื™ื“ ืฉื™ืชื•ืคื™
01:24
but instead protection from predators, of which they have many.
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ืืœื ื”ื’ื ื” ืžืคื ื™ ื˜ื•ืจืคื™ื, ืฉื™ืฉ ืœื”ืŸ ืจื‘ื™ื ืžื”ื.
01:28
Larger, mature red-bellied piranhas tend to assume privileged positions
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ืคื™ืจืื ื•ืช ื’ื“ื•ืœื•ืช ื•ื‘ื•ื’ืจื•ืช ื™ื•ืชืจ ื‘ืขืœื•ืช ื›ืจืก ืื“ื•ืžื” ื ื•ื˜ื•ืช ืœืชืคื•ืก ืขืžื“ื•ืช ืžื™ื•ื—ืกื•ืช
01:32
at the shoalโ€™s center, where itโ€™s safest.
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ื‘ืžืจื›ื– ื”ืœื”ืงื”, ืฉื ื”ื›ื™ ื‘ื˜ื•ื—.
01:35
And scientists have observed that red-bellied piranhas in smaller groups
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ื•ืžื“ืขื ื™ื ื”ื‘ื—ื™ื ื• ื›ื™ ืคื™ืจืื ื•ืช ืื“ื•ืžื•ืช ื›ืจืก ื‘ืงื‘ื•ืฆื•ืช ืงื˜ื ื•ืช ื™ื•ืชืจ
01:40
breathe faster,
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ื ื•ืฉืžื•ืช ืžื”ืจ ื™ื•ืชืจ,
01:41
probably because theyโ€™re more anxious.
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ื›ื ืจืื” ื‘ื’ืœืœ ืฉื”ืŸ ื—ืจื“ื•ืช ื™ื•ืชืจ.
01:43
Interestingly, they also communicate.
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ืžืขื ื™ื™ืŸ, ื”ืŸ ื’ื ืžืชืงืฉืจื•ืช.
01:46
By rapidly contracting specialized muscles above their swim bladders,
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ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื”ืชื›ื•ื•ืฆื•ืช ืžื”ื™ืจื” ืฉืœ ืฉืจื™ืจื™ื ืžื™ื•ื—ื“ื™ื ืžืขืœ ืฉืœืคื•ื—ื™ื•ืช ื”ืฆื™ืคื” ืฉืœื”ืŸ,
01:51
they repeatedly โ€œbarkโ€ when theyโ€™re facing off with one another or when captured.
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ื”ืŸ โ€œื ื•ื‘ื—ื•ืชโ€ ืฉื•ื‘ ื•ืฉื•ื‘ ื›ืฉื”ืŸ ืคื•ื ื•ืช ื–ื• ืœื–ื• ืื• ื›ืฉื”ืŸ ื ืœื›ื“ื•ืช.
01:55
They make thudding noises when theyโ€™re aggressively circling each other,
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ื”ืŸ ืžืฉืžื™ืขื•ืช ืงื•ืœื•ืช ื—ื‘ื˜ื•ืช ื›ืฉื”ืŸ ืžืงื™ืคื•ืช ื–ื• ืืช ื–ื• ื‘ืื’ืจืกื™ื‘ื™ื•ืช,
01:59
fighting, or competing for food.
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ื ืœื—ืžื•ืช ืื• ืžืชื—ืจื•ืช ืขืœ ืื•ื›ืœ.
02:01
And when things escalate further,
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ื•ื›ืืฉืจ ื”ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ืžืกืœื™ืžื™ื ืขื•ื“ ื™ื•ืชืจ,
02:03
they chase each other while snapping their jaws together.
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ื”ืŸ ืจื•ื“ืคื•ืช ื–ื• ืื—ืจ ื–ื• ืชื•ืš ื›ื“ื™ ื”ืฆืžื“ืช ื”ืœืกืชื•ืช ืฉืœื”ืŸ ื–ื• ืœื–ื•
02:07
Researchers suspect that these sounds
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ื—ื•ืงืจื™ื ื—ื•ืฉื“ื™ื ื›ื™ ืฆืœื™ืœื™ื ืืœื”
02:09
are just a sampling of their overall repertoire,
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ื”ื ืจืง ื“ื’ื™ืžื” ืฉืœ ื”ืจืคืจื˜ื•ืืจ ื”ื›ื•ืœืœ ืฉืœื”ื,
02:12
which might also have some special uses during mating.
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ืฉืื•ืœื™ ื™ืฉ ืœื• ื’ื ื›ืžื” ืฉื™ืžื•ืฉื™ื ืžื™ื•ื—ื“ื™ื ื‘ืžื”ืœืš ื”ื”ื–ื“ื•ื•ื’ื•ืช.
02:16
But when do red-bellied piranhas get aggressive with humans?
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ืื‘ืœ ืžืชื™ ืคื™ืจืื ื•ืช ืื“ื•ืžื•ืช ื›ืจืก ื ื”ื™ื•ืช ืชื•ืงืคื ื™ื•ืช ื›ืœืคื™ ื‘ื ื™ ืื“ื?
02:20
Well, when they do bite people,
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ื•ื‘ื›ืŸ, ื›ืฉื”ืŸ ื ื•ืฉื›ื•ืช ืื ืฉื™ื,
02:22
it seems to mostly happen in scenarios when theyโ€™re being handled;
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ื ืจืื” ืฉื–ื” ืงื•ืจื” ื‘ืขื™ืงืจ ื‘ืชืจื—ื™ืฉื™ื ืฉื‘ื”ื ืžื˜ืคืœื™ื ื‘ื”ืŸ;
02:26
when people are spilling food or cleaning their fishing catch in the water;
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ื›ืฉืื ืฉื™ื ืฉื•ืคื›ื™ื ืื•ื›ืœ ืื• ืžื ืงื™ื ืืช ืฉืœืœ ื”ื“ื™ื™ื’ ืฉืœื”ื ื‘ืžื™ื;
02:30
or when people disturb piranhas while the fish are mating
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ืื• ื›ืืฉืจ ืื ืฉื™ื ืžืคืจื™ืขื™ื ืœืคื™ืจืื ื•ืช ื‘ื–ืžืŸ ืฉื”ื“ื’ื™ื ืžื–ื“ื•ื•ื’ื™ื
02:34
or guarding their eggs during the wet season.
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ืื• ืฉื•ืžืจื•ืช ืขืœ ื‘ื™ืฆื™ื”ื ื‘ืžื”ืœืš ื”ืขื•ื ื” ื”ืจื˜ื•ื‘ื”.
02:36
Starvation stress is also thought to lead red-bellied piranhas
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ืžืชื— ืจืขื‘ ื ื—ืฉื‘ ื’ื ื›ืžื•ื‘ื™ืœ ืคื™ืจืื ื•ืช ืื“ื•ืžื•ืช ื›ืจืก
02:40
to increasingly bold, aggressive behavior.
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ืœื”ืชื ื”ื’ื•ืช ื ื•ืขื–ืช ื•ืื’ืจืกื™ื‘ื™ืช ื™ื•ืชืจ ื•ื™ื•ืชืจ.
02:44
And this could theoretically result in feeding frenzies
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ื•ื–ื” ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืชื™ืื•ืจื˜ื™ืช ืœื’ืจื•ื ืœื˜ื™ืจื•ืฃ ื”ืื›ืœื”
02:47
where each fish tries to get some of whatever finds its way into the water.
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ืฉื‘ื• ื›ืœ ื“ื’ ืžื ืกื” ืœื”ื›ื ื™ืก ื—ืœืง ืžื›ืœ ืžื” ืฉืžื•ืฆื ืืช ื“ืจื›ื• ืœืžื™ื.
02:52
Despite this kind of behavior being extremely rare,
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ืœืžืจื•ืช ืฉื”ืชื ื”ื’ื•ืช ืžืกื•ื’ ื–ื” ื”ื™ื™ืชื” ื ื“ื™ืจื” ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ,
02:55
rumors of it launched the piranhaโ€™s international infamy.
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ื”ืฉืžื•ืขื•ืช ืขืœื™ื” ื”ืฉื™ืงื• ืืช ื”ื”ืฉืžืฆื” ื”ื‘ื™ื ืœืื•ืžื™ืช ืฉืœ ื”ืคื™ืจืื ื”.
02:59
And this was in no small part thanks to former US President Theodore Roosevelt.
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ื•ื–ื” ื”ื™ื” ืœื ืžืขื˜ ื”ื•ื“ื•ืช ืœื ืฉื™ื ืืจื”โ€œื‘ ืœืฉืขื‘ืจ ืชื™ืื•ื“ื•ืจ ืจื•ื–ื•ื•ืœื˜.
03:04
In 1914, he published a bestselling book in which he called piranhas
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ื‘ืฉื ืช 1914 ื”ื•ื ืคืจืกื ืกืคืจ ืจื‘-ืžื›ืจ ื‘ื• ื”ื•ื ื›ื™ื ื” ืคื™ืจืื ื•ืช ื‘ืฉื
03:10
โ€œthe most ferocious fish in the worldโ€
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"ื”ื“ื’ื™ื ื”ืื›ื–ืจื™ื™ื ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ื‘ืขื•ืœื"
03:12
and wrote that the scent of blood could incite them
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ื•ื›ืชื‘ ื›ื™ ืจื™ื— ื”ื“ื ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื”ืกื™ืช ืื•ืชื
03:15
to rapidly devour an entire cowโ€” or humanโ€” alive.
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ืœื˜ืจื•ืฃ ื‘ืžื”ื™ืจื•ืช ืคืจื” ืฉืœืžื” ืื• ื‘ืŸ ืื ื•ืฉ ื—ื™.
03:20
But Rooseveltโ€™s account is generally considered circumstantial and misleading.
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ืื‘ืœ ืชื™ืื•ืจื• ืฉืœ ืจื•ื–ื•ื•ืœื˜ ื ื—ืฉื‘ ื‘ื“ืจืš ื›ืœืœ ืœื ืกื™ื‘ืชื™ ื•ืžื˜ืขื”.
03:25
The โ€œfeeding frenzyโ€ he witnessed is suspected to have been the result
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ืขืœ ืคื™ ื”ื—ืฉื“, โ€œื˜ื™ืจื•ืฃ ื”ื”ืื›ืœื”โ€ ืฉื”ื•ื ื”ื™ื” ืขื“ ืœื• ื”ื™ื” ืชื•ืฆืื”
03:29
of people purposefully starving red-bellied piranhas,
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ืฉืœ ืื ืฉื™ื ืฉื”ืจืขื™ื‘ื• ื‘ื›ื•ื•ื ื” ืคื™ืจืื ื•ืช ืื“ื•ืžื•ืช ื›ืจืก,
03:33
then giving them the opportunity to feed on a cow carcassโ€”
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ื•ืื– ื ืชื ื• ืœื”ืŸ ืืช ื”ื”ื–ื“ืžื ื•ืช ืœืื›ื•ืœ ืžืคื’ืจ ืคืจื” -
03:36
all to put on an exciting show.
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ื”ื›ืœ ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืฆื™ื’ ืžื•ืคืข ืžืจื’ืฉ.
03:40
But where were we? Ah, yes.
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ืื‘ืœ ืื™ืคื” ื”ื™ื™ื ื•? ืื”, ื›ืŸ.
03:42
Falling into piranha-infested waters.
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ื ืคืœืชื ืœืžื™ื ืฉื•ืจืฆื™ ืคื™ืจืื ื”.
03:45
So, whatโ€™s your fate?
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ืื– ืžื” ื™ืขืœื” ื‘ื’ื•ืจืœื›ื?
03:46
Letโ€™s assume these are red-bellied piranhas.
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ื‘ื•ืื• ื ื ื™ื— ืฉืืœื• ืคื™ืจืื ื•ืช ืื“ื•ืžื•ืช ื›ืจืก.
03:49
This being the Amazon River,
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ื‘ื”ื™ื•ืชื ื‘ื ื”ืจ ื”ืืžื–ื•ื ืก,
03:51
they should be doing alright for themselves and not starving.
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ื”ืŸ ืฆืจื™ื›ื•ืช ืœื”ืกืชื“ืจ ื‘ืขืฆืžืŸ ื•ืœื ืœืจืขื•ื‘.
03:54
Thankfully, youโ€™re also not hitting the water alongside a bunch of fish guts.
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ืœืžืจื‘ื” ื”ืžื–ืœ, ืืชื ื’ื ืœื ื ื•ืคืœื™ื ืœืžื™ื ืœืฆื“ ืฆืจื•ืจ ืฉืœ ืžืขื™ ื“ื’ื™ื.
03:59
And ideally, you're not disrupting a piranha breeding extravaganza.
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ื•ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ืื™ื“ื™ืืœื™, ืืชื ืœื ืžืคืจื™ืขื™ื ืœื—ื’ื™ื’ืช ืจื‘ื™ื™ื” ืฉืœ ืคื™ืจืื ื•ืช.
04:04
You fall in, and the piranhas most likely avoid you.
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ืืชื ื ื•ืคืœื™ื ืคื ื™ืžื”, ื•ืกื‘ื™ืจ ืœื”ื ื™ื— ืฉื”ืคื™ืจืื ื•ืช ื™ืชืขืœืžื• ืžื›ื.
04:08
Calmly, softly swimming or wading to shore is generally recommended
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ืฉื—ื™ื™ื” ืจื›ื” ื‘ืจื•ื’ืข ืื• ืฉื›ืฉื•ืš ืœื—ื•ืฃ ืžื•ืžืœืฆืช ื‘ื“ืจืš ื›ืœืœ
04:13
because splashing is thought to attract piranhas.
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ื›ื™ ื”ืชื–ื” ืžื•ืฉื›ืช ืคื™ืจืื ื•ืช.
04:16
Indeed, theyโ€™re equipped with the dentition to do damage,
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ืื›ืŸ, ื”ืŸ ืžืฆื•ื™ื“ื•ืช ื‘ืฉื™ื ื™ื™ื ืฉื ื•ืขื“ื• ืœื’ืจื•ื ื ื–ืง,
04:19
but they rarely attack humans.
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ืืš ืœืขืชื™ื ืจื—ื•ืงื•ืช ื”ืŸ ืชื•ืงืคื•ืช ื‘ื ื™ ืื“ื.
04:21
They usually have better things to eat.
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ื‘ื“ืจืš ื›ืœืœ ื™ืฉ ืœื”ืŸ ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ื˜ื•ื‘ื™ื ื™ื•ืชืจ ืœืื›ื•ืœ.
04:24
As you make your way onto dry land,
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ื›ืฉืืชื ืขื•ืฉื™ื ืืช ื“ืจื›ื›ื ืืœ ื”ื™ื‘ืฉื”,
04:26
there is no feeding frenzy where they skeletonize your body within minutes.
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ืื™ืŸ ื˜ื™ืจื•ืฃ ื”ืื›ืœื” ืฉื‘ื• ื”ื ื”ื•ืคื›ื™ื ืืช ื’ื•ืคื›ื ืœืฉืœื“ ืชื•ืš ื“ืงื•ืช ืกืคื•ืจื•ืช.
04:30
And upon exiting the water,
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ื•ื›ืฉืืชื ื™ื•ืฆืื™ื ืžื”ืžื™ื,
04:32
you're probably pleased to find no chunks of flesh missing.
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ืืชื ื‘ื˜ื— ืฉืžื—ื™ื ืœื’ืœื•ืช ืฉืœื ื—ืกืจื™ื ืœื›ื ื ืชื—ื™ ื‘ืฉืจ.
ืขืœ ืืชืจ ื–ื”

ืืชืจ ื–ื” ื™ืฆื™ื’ ื‘ืคื ื™ื›ื ืกืจื˜ื•ื ื™ YouTube ื”ืžื•ืขื™ืœื™ื ืœืœื™ืžื•ื“ ืื ื’ืœื™ืช. ืชื•ื›ืœื• ืœืจืื•ืช ืฉื™ืขื•ืจื™ ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืขื‘ืจื™ื ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืžื•ืจื™ื ืžื”ืฉื•ืจื” ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื” ืžืจื—ื‘ื™ ื”ืขื•ืœื. ืœื—ืฅ ืคืขืžื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืฆื’ื•ืช ื‘ื›ืœ ื“ืฃ ื•ื™ื“ืื• ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ ืžืฉื. ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื’ื•ืœืœื•ืช ื‘ืกื ื›ืจื•ืŸ ืขื ื”ืคืขืœืช ื”ื•ื•ื™ื“ืื•. ืื ื™ืฉ ืœืš ื”ืขืจื•ืช ืื• ื‘ืงืฉื•ืช, ืื ื ืฆื•ืจ ืื™ืชื ื• ืงืฉืจ ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ื˜ื•ืคืก ื™ืฆื™ืจืช ืงืฉืจ ื–ื”.

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