Why is glass transparent? - Mark Miodownik

4,580,623 views ใƒป 2014-02-04

TED-Ed


ืื ื ืœื—ืฅ ืคืขืžื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ืœืžื˜ื” ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ.

ืชืจื’ื•ื: Ido Dekkers ืขืจื™ื›ื”: Tal Dekkers
00:07
Take a look out your window,
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ืชื‘ื™ื˜ื• ืžื—ื•ืฅ ืœื—ืœื•ืŸ,
00:09
put on your glasses if you wear them.
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ืฉื™ืžื• ืืช ื”ืžืฉืงืคื™ื™ื ืื ื™ืฉ ืœื›ื.
00:11
You might want to grab a pair of binoculars, too,
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ืืชื ืื•ืœื™ ืชืจืฆื• ืœืงื—ืช ืžืฉืงืคืช ื’ื,
00:13
or a magnifying lens.
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ืื• ื–ื›ื•ื›ื™ืช ืžื’ื“ืœืช.
00:15
Now, what do you see?
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ืขื›ืฉื™ื•, ืžื” ืืชื ืจื•ืื™ื?
00:16
Well, whatever it is,
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ื•ื‘ื›ืŸ, ืžื” ืฉื–ื” ืœื ื™ื”ื™ื”,
00:18
it's not the multiple layers of glass
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ื–ื” ืœื ื”ืฉื›ื‘ื•ืช ืฉืœ ื”ื–ื›ื•ื›ื™ืช
00:20
right in front of you.
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ืžืžืฉ ืžื•ืœื›ื.
00:21
But have you ever wondered
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ืื‘ืœ ื”ืื ืื™ ืคืขื ืชื”ื™ืชื
00:22
how something so solid can be so invisible?
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ืื™ืš ืžืฉื”ื• ื›ืœ ื›ืš ืงืฉื™ื— ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ื›ืœ ื›ืš ื‘ืœืชื™ ื ืจืื”?
00:25
To understand that,
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ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ื‘ื™ืŸ ืืช ื–ื”,
00:27
we have to understand what glass actually is,
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ืื ื—ื ื• ืฆืจื™ื›ื™ื ืœื”ื‘ื™ืŸ ืžื” ื–ื” ื‘ืขืฆื ื–ื›ื•ื›ื™ืช,
00:29
and where it comes from.
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ื•ืžืื™ืคื” ื”ื™ื ืžื’ื™ืขื”.
00:31
It all begins in the Earth's crust,
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ื”ื›ืœ ืžืชื—ื™ืœ ื‘ืงืจื•ื ื›ื“ื•ืจ ื”ืืจืฅ,
00:33
where the two most common elements are
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ืฉื ืฉื ื™ ื”ื™ืกื•ื“ื•ืช ื”ื›ื™ ื ืคื•ืฆื™ื ื”ื
00:35
silicon and oxygen.
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ืกื™ืœื™ืงื•ืŸ ื•ื—ืžืฆืŸ.
00:37
These react together to form silicon dioxide,
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ืืœื” ืžื’ื™ื‘ื™ื ื™ื—ื“ ื›ื“ื™ ืœื™ืฆื•ืจ ืชื—ืžื•ืฆืช ืกื™ืœื™ืงื•ืŸ,
00:40
whose molecules arrange themselves
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ืฉื”ืžื•ืœืงื•ืœื•ืช ืฉืœื” ืžืกื“ืจื•ืช ืืช ืขืฆืžืŸ
00:42
into a regular crystalline form known as quartz.
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ืœืฆื•ืจื” ื’ื‘ื™ืฉื™ืช ืžืกื•ื“ืจืช ืฉื™ื“ื•ืขื” ื›ืงื•ื•ืืจืฅ.
00:45
Quartz is commonly found in sand,
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ืงื•ื•ืืจืฅ ื ืคื•ืฅ ื‘ื—ื•ืœ,
00:48
where it often makes up most of the grains
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ืฉื ื”ื•ื ื™ื•ืฆืจ ืืช ืจื•ื‘ ื”ื’ืจื’ืจื™ื
00:50
and is the main ingredient in most type of glass.
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ื•ื”ื•ื ื”ืžืจื›ื™ื‘ ื”ืขื™ืงืจื™ ื‘ืจื•ื‘ ืกื•ื’ื™ ื”ื–ื›ื•ื›ื™ืช.
00:52
Of course, you probably noticed that glass
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ื›ืžื•ื‘ืŸ, ืืชื ื‘ื•ื•ื“ืื™ ื”ื‘ื—ื ืชื ืฉื–ื›ื•ื›ื™ืช
00:54
isn't made of multiple tiny bits of quartz,
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ืœื ืขืฉื•ื™ื™ื” ื‘ื”ืจื‘ื” ื’ืจื’ืจื™ื ืฉืœ ืงื•ื•ืืจืฅ,
00:57
and for good reason.
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ื•ืžืกื™ื‘ื” ื˜ื•ื‘ื”.
00:58
For one thing, the edges of the rigidly formed grains
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ืจืืฉื™ืช, ื”ืงืฆื•ื•ืช ืฉืœ ื”ื’ืจื’ืจื™ื ื”ืžืฉื•ื ื ื™ื
01:01
and smaller defects within the crystal structure
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ื•ืคื’ืžื™ื ืงื˜ื ื™ื ื™ื•ืชืจ ื‘ืชื•ืš ืžื‘ื ื” ื”ื’ื‘ื™ืฉื™ื
01:03
reflect and disperse light that hits them.
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ืžืฉืงืคื™ื ื•ืžืคื–ืจื™ื ืื•ืจ ืฉืคื•ื’ืข ื‘ื”ื.
01:06
But when the quartz is heated high enough
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ืื‘ืœ ื›ืฉื”ืงื•ื•ืืจืฅ ืžื—ื•ืžื ืœื˜ืžืคืจื˜ื•ืจื•ืช ื’ื‘ื•ื”ื•ืช ืžืกืคื™ืง
01:09
the extra energy makes the molecules vibrate
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ื”ืื ืจื’ื™ื” ื”ื ื•ืกืคืช ื’ื•ืจืžืช ืœืžื•ืœืงื•ืœื•ืช ืœืจื˜ื•ื˜
01:11
until they break the bonds holding them together
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ืขื“ ืฉื”ืŸ ืฉื•ื‘ืจื•ืช ืืช ื”ืงืฉืจื™ื ืฉืžื—ื–ื™ืงื™ื ืื•ืชืŸ ื™ื—ื“
01:13
and become a flowing liquid,
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ื•ื”ื•ืคื›ื•ืช ืœื ื•ื–ืœ,
01:15
the same way that ice melts into water.
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ื‘ืื•ืชื” ื”ืฆื•ืจื” ืฉืงืจื— ื ืžืก ืœืžื™ื.
01:17
Unlike water, though, liquid silicon dioxide
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ื‘ื ื™ื’ื•ื“ ืœืžื™ื, ื“ื• ืชื—ืžื•ืฆืช ื”ืกื™ืœื™ืงื•ืŸ ื”ื ื•ื–ืœื™ืช
01:21
does not reform into a crystal solid when it cools.
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ืœื ื—ื•ื–ืจืช ืœื’ื‘ื™ืฉ ื ื•ื–ืœื™ ื›ืฉืžืงืจืจื™ื ืื•ืชื”.
01:24
Instead, as the molecules lose energy,
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ื‘ืžืงื•ื, ื›ืฉื”ืžื•ืœืงื•ืœื•ืช ืžืื‘ื“ื•ืช ืื ืจื’ื™ื”,
01:27
they are less and less able
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ื”ืŸ ืžืกื•ื’ืœื•ืช ืคื—ื•ืช ื•ืคื—ื•ืช
01:28
to move into an ordered position,
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ืœื ื•ืข ืœืžื™ืงื•ื ืžืกื•ื“ืจ,
01:30
and the result is what is called an amorphous solid.
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ื•ื”ืชื•ืฆืื” ื”ื™ื ืžื” ืฉืื ื—ื ื• ืงื•ืจืื™ื ืœื• ืžื•ืฆืง ืืžื•ืจืคื™.
01:33
A solid material with the chaotic structure of a liquid,
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ื—ื•ืžืจ ืžื•ืฆืง ืขื ืžื‘ื ื” ื›ืื•ื˜ื™ ืฉืœ ื ื•ื–ืœ,
01:37
which allows the molecules to freely fill in any gaps.
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ืžื” ืฉืžืืคืฉืจ ืœืžื•ืœืงื•ืœื•ืช ืœืžืœื ื‘ื—ื•ืคืฉื™ื•ืช ืืช ื”ืจื•ื•ื—ื™ื.
01:41
This makes the surface of glass uniform
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ื–ื” ื”ื•ืคืš ืืช ืคื ื™ ื”ืฉื˜ื— ืฉืœ ื”ื–ื›ื•ื›ื™ืช ืœืื—ื™ื“ื™ื
01:43
on a microscopic level,
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ื‘ืจืžื” ืžืงืจื•ืกืงื•ืคื™ืช,
01:44
allowing light to strike it
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ืžื” ืฉืžืืคืฉืจ ืœืื•ืจ ืœืคื’ื•ืข ื‘ื”
01:46
without being scattered in different directions.
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ื‘ืœื™ ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืžืคื•ื–ืจ ื‘ื›ื™ื•ื•ื ื™ื ืฉื•ื ื™ื.
01:49
But this still doesn't explain
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ืื‘ืœ ื–ื” ืขื“ื™ื™ืŸ ืœื ืžืกื‘ื™ืจ
01:50
why light is able to pass through glass
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ืœืžื” ืื•ืจ ืžืกื•ื’ืœ ืœืขื‘ื•ืจ ื“ืจืš ื–ื›ื•ื›ื™ืช
01:53
rather than being absorbed as with most solids.
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ื‘ืžืงื•ื ืœื”ืกืคื’ ื›ืžื• ื‘ืจื•ื‘ ื”ืžื•ืฆืงื™ื.
01:56
For that, we need to go all the way down
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ืœืฉื ื›ืš, ืื ื—ื ื• ืฆืจื™ื›ื™ื ืœืœื›ืช ืขื“ ื”ืกื•ืฃ ืœืžื˜ื”
01:58
to the subatomic level.
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ืœืจืžื” ื”ืชืช ืื˜ื•ืžื™ืช.
02:00
You may know that an atom consists of a nucleus
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ืืชื ืื•ืœื™ ื™ื•ื“ืขื™ื ืฉืื˜ื•ื ืžื›ื™ืœ ื’ืœืขื™ืŸ
02:02
with electrons orbiting around it,
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ืขื ืืœืงื˜ืจื•ื ื™ื ืฉืžืงื™ืคื™ื ืžืกื‘ื™ื‘,
02:04
but you may be surprised to know
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ืื‘ืœ ืืชื ืื•ืœื™ ืชื•ืคืชืขื• ืœื“ืขืช
02:06
that it's mostly empty space.
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ืฉื”ื•ื ื‘ืขื™ืงืจ ื—ืœืœ ืจื™ืง.
02:08
In fact, if an atom were the size of a sports stadium,
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ืœืžืขืฉื”, ืื ืื˜ื•ื ื”ื™ื” ื‘ื’ื•ื“ืœ ืฉืœ ืืฆื˜ื“ื™ื•ืŸ ืกืคื•ืจื˜,
02:11
the nucleus would be like a single pea in the center,
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ื”ื’ืœืขื™ืŸ ื”ื™ื” ื›ืžื• ืืคื•ืŸ ื™ื—ื™ื“ ื‘ืžืจื›ื–,
02:13
while the electrons would be like grains of sand
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ื‘ืขื•ื“ ื”ืืœืงื˜ืจื•ื ื™ื ื”ื™ื• ื›ืžื• ื’ืจื’ื™ืจื™ ื—ื•ืœ
02:16
in the outer seats.
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ื‘ื›ื™ืกืื•ืช ื”ื—ื™ืฆื•ื ื™ื™ื.
02:18
That should leave plenty of space
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ื–ื” ืฆืจื™ืš ืœื”ืฉืื™ืจ ืžืกืคื™ืง ืžืงื•ื
02:19
for light to pass through
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ืœืื•ืจ ืœืขื‘ื•ืจ
02:20
without hitting any of these particles.
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ื‘ืœื™ ืœืคื’ื•ืข ื‘ื›ืœ ื”ื—ืœืงื™ืงื™ื ื”ืืœื”.
02:22
So the real question is not
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ืื– ื”ืฉืืœื” ื”ืืžื™ืชื™ืช ื”ื™ื ืœื
02:24
why is glass transparent,
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ืœืžื” ื–ื›ื•ื›ื™ืช ื”ื™ื ืฉืงื•ืคื”,
02:25
but why aren't all materials transparent?
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ืืœื ืœืžื” ืœื ื›ืœ ื”ื—ื•ืžืจื™ื ืฉืงื•ืคื™ื?
02:29
The answer has to do with the different energy levels
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ื”ืชืฉื•ื‘ื” ื ื•ื’ืขืช ืœื”ื‘ื“ืœื™ื ื‘ืจืžื•ืช ืื ืจื’ื™ื”
02:32
that electrons in an atom can have.
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ืฉื™ื›ื•ืœื•ืช ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืœืืœืงื˜ืจื•ื ื™ื ื‘ืื˜ื•ื.
02:35
Think of these as different rows of seats
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ื—ืฉื‘ื• ืขืœ ืืœื” ื›ืžื• ืฉื•ืจื•ืช ืฉื•ื ื•ืช ืฉืœ ื›ื™ืกืื•ืช
02:36
in the stadium stands.
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ื‘ื™ืฆื™ืข ืฉืœ ืื™ืฆื˜ื“ื™ื•ืŸ.
02:38
An electron is initially assigned to sit in a certain row,
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ืืœืงื˜ื•ืŸ ืžืฉื•ื™ื™ืš ืœื™ืฉื™ื‘ื” ื‘ืฉื•ืจื” ืžืกื•ื™ื™ืžืช,
02:41
but it could jump to a better row,
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ืื‘ืœ ื”ื•ื ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœืงืคื•ืฅ ืœืฉื•ืจื” ื˜ื•ื‘ื” ื™ื•ืชืจ,
02:43
if it only had the energy.
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ืื ืจืง ื”ื™ืชื” ืœื• ืืช ื”ืื ืจื’ื™ื”.
02:45
As luck would have it,
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ืื‘ืœ ื›ืžื• ืฉืกื™ื“ืจ ื”ืžื–ืœ,
02:47
absorbing one of those light photons
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ืกืคื™ื’ืช ืื—ื“ ืžื”ืคื•ื˜ื•ื ื™ื ื”ืืœื”
02:48
passing through the atom can provide
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ืฉืขื•ื‘ืจื™ื ื“ืจืš ื”ืื˜ื•ื ื™ื›ื•ืœื” ืœืกืคืง
02:50
just the energy the electron needs.
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ื‘ื“ื™ื•ืง ืืช ื”ืื ืจื’ื™ื” ืฉื”ืืœืงื˜ืจื•ืŸ ืฆืจื™ืš.
02:52
But there's a catch.
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ืื‘ืœ ื™ืฉ ืงื˜ืฅ'.
02:54
The energy from the photon
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ื”ืื ืจื’ื™ื” ืžื”ืคื•ื˜ื•ืŸ
02:55
has to be the right amount
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ื—ื™ื™ื‘ืช ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ื‘ื›ืžื•ืช ื”ืžืชืื™ืžื”
02:56
to get an electron to the next row.
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ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืขื‘ื™ืจ ืืช ื”ืืœืงื˜ืจื•ืŸ ืœืฉื•ืจื” ื”ื‘ืื”.
02:59
Otherwise, it will just let the photon pass by,
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ืื—ืจืช, ื”ื•ื ื™ืชืŸ ืœืคื•ื˜ื•ืŸ ืคืฉื•ื˜ ืœืขื‘ื•ืจ,
03:02
and it just so happens that in glass,
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ื•ื–ื” ืคืฉื•ื˜ ืžืงืจื” ืฉื‘ื–ื›ื•ื›ื™ืช,
03:04
the rows are so far apart
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ื”ืฉื•ืจื•ืช ื›ืœ ื›ืš ืจื—ื•ืงื•ืช
03:06
that a photon of visible light
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ืฉืคื•ื˜ื•ืŸ ืฉืœ ืื•ืจ ื ืจืื”
03:08
can't provide enough energy for an electron
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ืœื ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœืกืคืง ืžืกืคื™ืง ืื ืจื’ื™ื” ืœืืœืงื˜ืจื•ืŸ
03:10
to jump between them.
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ื›ื“ื™ ืœืงืคื•ืฅ ื‘ื™ื ื”ืŸ.
03:12
Photons from ultraviolet light, on the other hand,
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ืคื•ื˜ื•ื ื™ื ืžืื•ืจ ืื•ืœื˜ืจื” ืกื’ื•ืœ, ืžืฆื“ ืฉื ื™,
03:14
give just the right amount of energy,
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ื ื•ืชื ื™ื ื‘ื“ื™ื•ืง ืืช ื”ื›ืžื•ืช ื”ืžืชืื™ืžื” ืฉืœ ืื ืจื’ื™ื”,
03:16
and are absorbed,
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ื•ื ืกืคื’ื™ื,
03:17
which is why you can't get a suntan through glass.
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ืœื›ืŸ ืืชื ืœื ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœื”ืฉืชื–ืฃ ื“ืจืš ื–ื›ื•ื›ื™ืช.
03:20
This amazing property of being both
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ื”ืชื›ื•ื ื” ื”ืžื“ื”ื™ืžื” ื”ื–ื• ืฉืœ ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ื’ื
03:22
solid and transparent has given glass many uses
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ืžื•ืฆืงื” ื•ื’ื ืฉืงื•ืคื” ื ืชื ื” ืœื–ื›ื•ื›ื™ืช ื”ืจื‘ื” ืฉื™ืžื•ืฉื™ื
03:25
throughout the centuries.
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ื‘ืžืฉืš ื”ืฉื ื™ื.
03:27
From windows that let in light
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ืžื—ืœื•ื ื•ืช ืฉื ื•ืชื ื™ื ืœืื•ืจ ืœื”ื›ื ืก
03:28
while keeping out the elements,
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ื‘ืขื•ื“ ื”ื ืฉื•ืžืจื™ื ืขืœ ื”ืืœืžื ื˜ื™ื ื‘ื—ื•ืฅ,
03:30
to lenses that allow us to see both
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ืœืขื“ืฉื•ืช ืฉืžืืคืฉืจื•ืช ืœื ื• ืœืจืื•ืช ื’ื
03:32
the vast worlds beyond our planet,
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ืืช ื”ืขื•ืœืžื•ืช ื”ื ืจื—ื‘ื™ื ืžืขื‘ืจ ืœืคืœื ื˜ื” ืฉืœื ื•,
03:33
and the tiny ones right around us.
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ื•ื’ื ืืช ื–ืขื™ืจื™ื ืกื‘ื™ื‘ื ื•.
03:36
It is hard to imagine
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ื–ื” ืงืฉื” ืœื“ืžื™ื™ืŸ
03:37
modern civilization without glass.
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ืฆื™ื‘ื™ืœื™ื–ืฆื™ื” ืžื•ื“ืจื ื™ืช ื‘ืœื™ ื–ื›ื•ื›ื™ืช.
03:39
And yet for such an important material
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ื•ืขื“ื™ื™ืŸ ืœื—ื•ืžืจ ื›ืœ ื›ืš ื—ืฉื•ื‘
03:41
we rarely think about glass and its impact.
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ืื ื—ื ื• ื—ื•ืฉื‘ื™ื ืขืœ ื–ื›ื•ื›ื™ืช ื•ื”ื”ืฉืคืขื” ืฉืœื” ืจืง ืœืขื™ืชื™ื ืจื—ื•ืงื•ืช.
03:44
It is precisely because the most important
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ื–ื” ื‘ื“ื™ื•ืง ื‘ื’ืœืœ ืฉื”ืชื›ื•ื ื” ื”ื›ื™ ื—ืฉื•ื‘ื”
03:46
and useful quality of glass is
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ื•ืžื•ืขื™ืœื” ืฉืœ ื–ื›ื•ื›ื™ืช ื”ื™ื
03:48
being featureless and invisible
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ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ื ื˜ื•ืœืช ืžืืคื™ื™ื ื™ื ื•ื‘ืœืชื™ ื ืจืื™ืช
03:50
that we often forget that it's even there.
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ืฉื’ื•ืจืžืช ืœื ื• ืœืฉื›ื•ื— ืฉื”ื™ื ืืคื™ืœื• ืฉื.
ืขืœ ืืชืจ ื–ื”

ืืชืจ ื–ื” ื™ืฆื™ื’ ื‘ืคื ื™ื›ื ืกืจื˜ื•ื ื™ YouTube ื”ืžื•ืขื™ืœื™ื ืœืœื™ืžื•ื“ ืื ื’ืœื™ืช. ืชื•ื›ืœื• ืœืจืื•ืช ืฉื™ืขื•ืจื™ ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืขื‘ืจื™ื ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืžื•ืจื™ื ืžื”ืฉื•ืจื” ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื” ืžืจื—ื‘ื™ ื”ืขื•ืœื. ืœื—ืฅ ืคืขืžื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืฆื’ื•ืช ื‘ื›ืœ ื“ืฃ ื•ื™ื“ืื• ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ ืžืฉื. ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื’ื•ืœืœื•ืช ื‘ืกื ื›ืจื•ืŸ ืขื ื”ืคืขืœืช ื”ื•ื•ื™ื“ืื•. ืื ื™ืฉ ืœืš ื”ืขืจื•ืช ืื• ื‘ืงืฉื•ืช, ืื ื ืฆื•ืจ ืื™ืชื ื• ืงืฉืจ ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ื˜ื•ืคืก ื™ืฆื™ืจืช ืงืฉืจ ื–ื”.

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