The dangerous race for the South Pole - Elizabeth Leane

372,444 views ใƒป 2018-12-10

TED-Ed


ืื ื ืœื—ืฅ ืคืขืžื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ืœืžื˜ื” ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ.

ืชืจื’ื•ื: Ido Dekkers ืขืจื™ื›ื”: Allon Sasson
00:06
Roald Amundsen had spent nearly two years preparing his Arctic expedition.
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ืจื•ืืœื“ ืืžื•ื ื“ืกืŸ ื‘ื™ืœื” ื›ืžืขื˜ ืฉื ืชื™ื™ื ื‘ืœื”ืชื›ื•ื ืŸ ืœืžืกืข ื”ืืจืงื˜ื™ ืฉืœื•.
00:11
He had secured funding from the Norwegian Crown and hand-picked a trusted crew.
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ื”ื•ื ื”ื‘ื˜ื™ื— ืžื™ืžื•ืŸ ืžื”ื›ืชืจ ื”ื ื•ืจื•ื•ื’ื™ ื•ื‘ื—ืจ ื‘ืงืคื™ื“ื” ืฆื•ื•ืช ื ืืžืŸ.
00:16
Heโ€™d even received the blessing of the famed explorer Fridtjof Nansen,
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ื”ื•ื ืืคื™ืœื• ืงื™ื‘ืœ ื‘ืจื›ื” ืžื”ื—ื•ืงืจ ื”ื ื•ื“ืข ืคืจื™ื“ื˜ื™ื•ืฃ ื ื ืกืŸ,
00:20
along with the use of his ship, Fram, specially constructed to withstand the ice.
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ื™ื—ื“ ืขื ืฉื™ืžื•ืฉ ื‘ืกืคื™ื ืชื•, ืคืจืื, ืฉื ื‘ื ืชื” ื‘ืžื™ื•ื—ื“ ืœืขืžื•ื“ ื‘ืงืจื—.
00:25
Now, with the voyage departing, he had one final announcement to his shipmates:
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ืขื›ืฉื™ื•, ื›ืฉื”ืžืกืข ื™ื•ืฆื ืœื“ืจื›ื•, ื”ื™ืชื” ืœื• ื”ื›ืจื–ื” ื ื•ืกืคืช ืื—ืจื•ื ื” ืœืฆื•ื•ืชื•:
00:31
They were going to head in the opposite direction.
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ื”ื ืขื•ืžื“ื™ื ืœืฆืืช ื‘ื›ื™ื•ื•ืŸ ื”ืฉื ื™.
00:35
By the early 20th century,
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ืขื“ ืชื—ื™ืœืช ื”ืžืื” ื” 20,
00:36
nearly every region of the globe had been visited and mapped,
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ื›ืžืขื˜ ื›ืœ ืื–ื•ืจ ืขืœ ื›ื“ื•ืจ ื”ืืจืฅ ื–ื›ื” ืœื‘ื™ืงื•ืจ ืฉืœ ื‘ื ื™ ืื“ื ื•ืžื•ืคื”,
00:40
with only two key locations remaining:
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ื•ืจืง ืฉื ื™ ืื–ื•ืจื™ื ืขื™ืงืจื™ื™ื ื ืฉืืจื•:
00:43
the North Pole, deep in the frozen waters of the Arctic region,
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ื”ืงื•ื˜ื‘ ื”ืฆืคื•ื ื™, ืขืžื•ืง ื‘ืžื™ืžื™ ื”ืื–ื•ืจ ื”ืืจืงื˜ื™,
00:46
and the South Pole, nestled within a recently discovered icy continent
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ื•ื”ืงื•ื˜ื‘ ื”ื“ืจื•ืžื™, ื ืžืฆื ื‘ืชื•ืš ื”ื™ื‘ืฉืช ื”ืงืคื•ืื” ืฉื”ืชื’ืœืชื” ืœืื—ืจื•ื ื”
00:51
in the vast Antarctic Ocean.
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ื‘ืื•ืงื™ื™ื ื•ืก ื”ืื ื˜ืืจืงื˜ื™ ื”ืจื—ื‘.
00:53
A veteran of several expeditions,
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ื‘ื•ื’ืจ ื›ืžื” ืžืฉืœื—ื•ืช,
00:56
Amundsen had long dreamed of reaching the North Pole.
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ืืžื•ื ื“ืกืŸ ื—ืœื ื–ืžืŸ ืจื‘ ืœื”ื’ื™ืข ืœืงื•ื˜ื‘ ื”ืฆืคื•ื ื™.
00:59
But in 1909, amidst his preparations,
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ืื‘ืœ ื‘ 1909, ื‘ื–ืžืŸ ื”ื”ื›ื ื•ืช,
01:02
news came that the American explorers Frederick Cook and Robert Peary
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ื—ื“ืฉื•ืช ื”ื’ื™ืขื• ืฉื”ื—ื•ืงืจื™ื ืืžืจื™ืงืื™ื ืคืจื“ืจื™ืง ืงื•ืง ื•ืจื•ื‘ืจื˜ ืคื™ืจื™
01:07
had staked rival claims to the achievement.
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ื”ืขืœื• ื˜ืขื ื•ืช ื™ืจื™ื‘ื•ืช ืœื”ื™ืฉื’.
01:10
Instead of abandoning the planned voyage,
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ื‘ืžืงื•ื ืœื ื˜ื•ืฉ ืืช ื”ืžืกืข ื”ืžืชื›ื•ื ืŸ,
01:13
Amundsen decided to alter its course to what he called โ€œthe last great problem.โ€
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ืืžื•ื ื“ืกืŸ ื”ื—ืœื™ื˜ ืœืฉื ื•ืช ืืช ื”ื›ื™ื•ื•ืŸ ืœืžื” ืฉื”ื•ื ืงืจื "ื”ื‘ืขื™ื” ื”ื’ื“ื•ืœื” ื”ืื—ืจื•ื ื”."
01:19
But Amundsenโ€™s crew werenโ€™t the only ones kept in the dark.
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ืื‘ืœ ื”ืฆื•ื•ืช ืฉืœ ืืžื•ื ื“ืกืŸ ืœื ื”ื™ื” ื”ื™ื—ื™ื“ ืฉื ืฉืžืจ ื‘ืืคืœื”.
01:22
British naval officer Robert F. Scott had already visited the Antarctic,
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ื”ืงืฆื™ืŸ ื”ื™ืžืื™ ื”ื‘ืจื™ื˜ื™ ืจื•ื‘ืจื˜ ืค. ืกืงื•ื˜ ื›ื‘ืจ ื‘ื™ืงืจ ื‘ืื ื˜ืืจืงื˜ื™ืงื”,
01:27
and was leading his own South Pole expedition.
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ื•ื”ื•ื‘ื™ืœ ืžืฉืœื—ืช ืžืฉืœื• ืœืงื•ื˜ื‘ ื”ื“ืจื•ืžื™.
01:31
Now, as Scottโ€™s ship Terra Nova reached Melbourne in 1910,
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ืขื›ืฉื™ื•, ื›ืฉืกืคื™ื ืชื• ืฉืœ ืกืงื•ื˜ - ื”ื˜ืจื” ื ื•ื‘ื” - ื”ื’ื™ืขื” ืœืžืœื‘ื•ืจืŸ ื‘ 1910,
01:36
he was greeted with the news that Amundsen was also heading south.
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ืงื™ื‘ืœื• ืื•ืชื• ื—ื“ืฉื•ืช ืฉืื“ืžื•ื ื“ืกื•ืŸ ื’ื ื™ืฆื ืœืงื•ื˜ื‘ ื”ื“ืจื•ืžื™.
01:40
Reluctantly, Scott found himself pitted against the Norwegian
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ื‘ื ื™ื’ื•ื“ ืœืจืฆื•ื ื•, ืกืงื•ื˜ ืžืฆื ืืช ืขืฆืžื• ื‘ืžืจื•ืฅ ืžื•ืœ ื”ื ื•ืจื•ื•ื’ื™
01:44
in what the newspapers called a โ€˜race to the Pole.โ€™
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ื‘ืžื” ืฉื”ืขื™ืชื•ื ื™ื ืงืจืื• ืœื• "ื”ืžืจื•ืฅ ืœืงื•ื˜ื‘ ื”ื“ืจื•ืžื™".
01:48
Yet if it was a race, it was a strange one.
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ื•ืขื“ื™ืŸ, ืื ื–ื” ื”ื™ื” ืžืจื•ืฅ, ื”ื•ื ื”ื™ื” ืžื•ื–ืจ.
01:51
The expeditions left at different times from different locations,
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ื”ืžืฉืœื—ื•ืช ื™ืฆืื• ื‘ื–ืžื ื™ื ืฉื•ื ื™ื ืžืžืงื•ืžื•ืช ืฉื•ื ื™ื,
01:56
and they had very different plans for the journey.
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ื•ื”ื™ื• ืœื”ื ืชื•ื›ื ื™ื•ืช ืฉื•ื ื•ืช ืžืื•ื“ ืœืžืกืข.
01:59
Amundsen was focused solely on reaching the Pole.
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ืืžื•ื ื“ืกืŸ ื”ื™ื” ืžืžื•ืงื“ ืจืง ื‘ืœื”ื’ื™ืข ืœืงื•ื˜ื‘.
02:03
Informed by his Arctic exploration,
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ืžื™ื•ื“ืข ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื”ื—ืงืจ ื”ืืจืงื˜ื™ ืฉืœื•,
02:05
he drew on both Inuit and Norwegian experience,
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ื”ื•ื ื”ืฉืชืžืฉ ื‘ื™ื“ืข ื”ืื™ื ื•ืื™ื˜ื™ ื•ื”ื ื•ืจื•ื•ื’ื™
02:08
arriving with a small team of men and more than a hundred dogs.
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ื•ื”ื’ื™ืข ืขื ืฆื•ื•ืช ืงื˜ืŸ ืฉืœ ื’ื‘ืจื™ื ื•ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžืžืื” ื›ืœื‘ื™ื.
02:12
His explorers were clothed in sealskin and furs,
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ื”ื—ื•ืงืจื™ื ืฉืœื• ื”ื™ื• ืœื‘ื•ืฉื™ื ื‘ืขื•ืจ ื›ืœื‘ื™ ื™ื ื•ืคืจื•ื•ืช,
02:15
as well as specially designed skis and boots.
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ื›ืžื• ื’ื ืกืงื™ ื•ื ืขืœื™ื™ื ืžืชื•ื›ื ื ื™ื ื‘ืžื™ื•ื—ื“.
02:18
But Scott's venture was more complicated.
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ืื‘ืœ ื”ืชื•ื›ื ื™ืช ืฉืœ ืกืงื•ื˜ ื”ื™ืชื” ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžื•ืจื›ื‘ืช.
02:21
Launching an extensive scientific research expedition,
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ื›ืฉื”ื•ื ื™ื•ืฆื ืœืžืกืข ื ืจื—ื‘ ืฉืœ ืžื“ืข ื•ืžื—ืงืจ,
02:24
he traveled with over three times more men than Amundsen,
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ื”ื•ื ื™ืฆื ืขื ืคื™ ืฉืœื•ืฉื” ื’ื‘ืจื™ื ืžืื“ืžื•ื ื“ืกื•ืŸ,
02:28
alongside over 30 dogs, 19 Siberian ponies,
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ื™ื—ื“ ืขื 30 ื›ืœื‘ื™ื, 19 ืคื•ื ื™ื ืกื™ื‘ื™ืจื™ื™ื,
02:32
and three state-of-the-art motorized sledges.
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ื• 3 ืžื–ื—ืœื•ืช ืžืžื•ื ืขื•ืช ืžืฉื•ื›ืœืœื•ืช.
02:36
But these additional tools and bodies
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ืื‘ืœ ื”ื›ืœื™ื ื•ื”ืื ืฉื™ื ื”ื ื•ืกืคื™ื ื”ืืœื”
02:37
weighed down the ship as it battled the storms of the southern ocean.
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ื”ื›ื‘ื™ื“ื• ืขืœ ื”ืกืคื™ื ื” ื›ืฉื”ื™ื ื ืœื—ืžื” ื‘ืกืขืจื•ืช ืฉืœ ื”ืื•ืงื™ื™ื ื•ืก ื”ื“ืจื•ืžื™.
02:41
And as they finally began to lay supplies,
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ื›ืฉื”ื ื”ื—ืœื• ืœื‘ืกื•ืฃ ืœื”ื›ื™ืŸ ืืกืคืงื”,
02:44
they found both their ponies and motor-sledges ineffective
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ื”ื ื’ื™ืœื• ืฉื’ื ื”ืคื•ื ื™ื ื•ื’ื ื”ืžื–ื—ืœื•ืช ื”ืžืžื•ื ืขื•ืช
02:47
in the harsh ice and snow.
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ืœื ื™ืขื™ืœื™ื ื‘ืงืจื— ื•ื”ืฉืœื’ ื”ืงืฉื™ื.
02:50
In the spring of 1911, after waiting out the long polar night,
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ื‘ืื‘ื™ื‘ 1911, ืื—ืจื™ ืฉื—ื™ื›ื• ืฉื”ืœื™ืœื” ื”ืงื•ื˜ื‘ื™ ื”ืืจื•ืš ื™ืกืชื™ื™ื,
02:55
both parties began the journey south.
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ืฉืชื™ ื”ืžืฉืœื—ื•ืช ื”ื—ืœื• ืืช ื”ืžืกืข ื“ืจื•ืžื”.
02:57
Scottโ€™s team traveled over the Beardmore Glacier,
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ื”ืฆื•ื•ืช ืฉืœ ืกืงื•ื˜ ืขื‘ืจ ืขืœ ืงืจื—ื•ืŸ ื‘ื™ืจื“ืžื•ืจ,
03:00
following the path of Ernest Shackleton's earlier attempt to reach the pole.
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ื‘ืžืกืœื•ืœ ืฉืœ ื”ื ืกื™ื•ืŸ ื”ืงื•ื“ื ืฉืœ ืืจื ืกื˜ ืฉืงืœื˜ื•ืŸ ืœื”ื’ื™ืข ืœืงื•ื˜ื‘.
03:04
But although this course had been documented, it proved slow and laborious.
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ืื‘ืœ ืœืžืจื•ืช ืฉื”ืžืกืœื•ืœ ืชื•ืขื“, ื”ื•ื ื”ื•ื›ื— ื›ืื™ื˜ื™ ื•ืžืคืจืš.
03:09
Meanwhile, despite an initial false start,
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ื‘ื™ื ืชื™ื™ื, ืœืžืจื•ืช ื”ืชื—ืœื” ืงืฉื” ืจืืฉื•ื ื™ืช,
03:12
Amundsenโ€™s five-man team made good time using a previously uncharted route
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ืฆื•ื•ืช ื—ืžื™ืฉื” ื”ืื ืฉื™ื ืฉืœ ืืžื•ื ื“ืกืŸ ื”ื™ื• ื‘ืงืฆื‘ ื˜ื•ื‘ ื‘ืฉื™ืžื•ืฉ ื‘ืžืกืœื•ืœ ืฉืœื ืžื•ืคื” ื‘ืขื‘ืจ
03:17
through the same Transantarctic Mountains.
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ื“ืจืš ืื•ืชื ื”ืจื™ื ื˜ืจื ืก ืื ื˜ืืจืงื˜ื™ื™ื.
03:20
They stayed ahead of Scottโ€™s team,
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ื”ื ื ืฉืืจื• ืœืคื ื™ ื”ืฆื•ื•ืช ืฉืœ ืกืงื•ื˜,
03:21
and on December 14, arrived first at their desolate destination.
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ื•ื‘ 14 ื‘ื“ืฆื‘ืžืจ ื”ื’ื™ืขื• ืจืืฉื•ื ื™ื ืœื™ืขื“ ื”ืžื‘ื•ื“ื“.
03:26
To avoid the ambiguity that surrounded Cook and Pearyโ€™s North Pole claims,
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ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืžื ืข ืžื“ื• ื”ืžืฉืžืขื•ืช ืฉืกื‘ื‘ื” ืืช ื”ื˜ืขื ื•ืช ืœืงื•ื˜ื‘ ื”ืฆืคื•ื ื™ ืฉืœ ืงื•ืง ื•ืคืจื™,
03:30
Amundsenโ€™s team traversed the area in a grid
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ื”ืฆื•ื•ืช ืฉืœ ืืžื•ื ื“ืกืŸ ื ืข ื‘ืื–ื•ืจ ื‘ื’ืจื™ื“
03:33
to make sure they covered the Poleโ€™s location.
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ื›ื“ื™ ืœื•ื•ื“ื ืฉื”ื ื›ื™ืกื• ืืช ืžื™ืงื•ื ื”ืงื•ื˜ื‘,
03:36
Along with flags and a tent marker,
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ื™ื—ื“ ืขื ื“ื’ืœื™ื ื•ืกืžืŸ ืื•ื”ืœ,
03:38
they left a letter for Scott, which would not be found until over a month later.
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ื”ื ื”ืฉืื™ืจื• ืžื›ืชื‘ ืœืกืงื•ื˜, ืฉืœื ื™ื’ืœื” ืื•ืชื• ืขื“ ื—ื•ื“ืฉ ืžืื•ื—ืจ ื™ื•ืชืจ.
03:44
But when Scottโ€™s party finally reached the pole,
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ืื‘ืœ ื›ืฉื”ื—ื‘ื•ืจื” ืฉืœ ืกืงื•ื˜ ื”ื’ื™ืข ืœืงื•ื˜ื‘,
03:46
losing the โ€˜raceโ€™ was the least of their problems.
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ื”ืคืกื“ ื”"ืžืจื•ืฅ" ื”ื™ืชื” ื”ืื—ืจื•ื ื” ื‘ื“ืื’ื•ืชื™ื”ื.
03:49
On the way back towards the camp, two of the five men succumbed to frostbite
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ื‘ื“ืจืš ื—ื–ืจื” ืœืžื—ื ื”, ืฉื ื™ื™ื ืžื—ืžืฉืช ื”ืื ืฉื™ื ื ื›ื ืขื• ืœื›ื•ื•ื™ื•ืช ืงื•ืจ
03:53
starvation, and exhaustion.
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ืจืขื‘ ื•ืชืฉื™ืฉื•ืช.
03:56
The remaining explorers hoped for a prearranged rendezvous
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ื”ื—ื•ืงืจื™ื ื”ื ื•ืชืจื™ื ืงื™ื•ื• ืœืžืคื’ืฉ ืžืชื•ื›ื ืŸ ืžืจืืฉ
03:59
with a team sent from their base,
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ืขื ืฆื•ื•ืช ืฉื ืฉืœื— ืžื”ื‘ืกื™ืก,
04:01
but due to a series of mishaps, misjudgements and miscommunications,
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ืื‘ืœ ื‘ื’ืœืœ ืกื“ืจื” ืฉืœ ืชืงืœื•ืช, ื˜ืขื•ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืฉื™ืงื•ืœ ื“ืขืช ื•ื—ื•ืกืจ ืชืงืฉื•ืจืช,
04:05
their rescue never arrived.
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ื”ื”ืฆืœื” ืฉืœื”ื ืžืขื•ืœื ืœื ื”ื’ื™ืขื”.
04:07
Their remains, along with Scottโ€™s diary, would not be found until spring.
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ืฉืจื™ื“ื™ื”ื, ื™ื—ื“ ืขื ื™ื•ืžื ื• ืฉืœ ืกืงื•ื˜, ืœื ื™ื™ืžืฆืื• ืขื“ ื”ืื‘ื™ื‘.
04:12
Today, scientists from various countries
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ื”ื™ื•ื, ืžื“ืขื ื™ื ืžืžื“ื™ื ื•ืช ืฉื•ื ื•ืช
04:15
live and work at Antarctic research stations.
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ื—ื™ื™ื ื•ืขื•ื‘ื“ื™ื ื‘ืชื—ื ื•ืช ืžื—ืงืจ ืื ื˜ืืจืงื˜ื™ื•ืช.
04:18
But the journeys of these early explorers are not forgotten.
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ืื‘ืœ ื”ืžืกืขื•ืช ืฉืœ ื”ื—ื•ืงืจื™ื ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื™ื ืœื ื ืฉื›ื—ื•.
04:22
Despite their divergent fates, they are forever joined in history,
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ืœืžืจื•ืช ื”ื’ื•ืจืœื•ืช ื”ืฉื•ื ื™ื ืฉืœื”ื, ื”ื ืœืขื•ืœื ื™ื”ื™ื• ืžืื•ื—ื“ื™ื ื‘ื”ื™ืกื˜ื•ืจื™ื”,
04:25
and in the name of the research base that marks the South Pole.
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ื•ื‘ืฉื ื”ื‘ืกื™ืก ืฉืžืกืžืŸ ืืช ื”ืงื•ื˜ื‘ ื”ื“ืจื•ืžื™.
ืขืœ ืืชืจ ื–ื”

ืืชืจ ื–ื” ื™ืฆื™ื’ ื‘ืคื ื™ื›ื ืกืจื˜ื•ื ื™ YouTube ื”ืžื•ืขื™ืœื™ื ืœืœื™ืžื•ื“ ืื ื’ืœื™ืช. ืชื•ื›ืœื• ืœืจืื•ืช ืฉื™ืขื•ืจื™ ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืขื‘ืจื™ื ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืžื•ืจื™ื ืžื”ืฉื•ืจื” ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื” ืžืจื—ื‘ื™ ื”ืขื•ืœื. ืœื—ืฅ ืคืขืžื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืฆื’ื•ืช ื‘ื›ืœ ื“ืฃ ื•ื™ื“ืื• ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ ืžืฉื. ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื’ื•ืœืœื•ืช ื‘ืกื ื›ืจื•ืŸ ืขื ื”ืคืขืœืช ื”ื•ื•ื™ื“ืื•. ืื ื™ืฉ ืœืš ื”ืขืจื•ืช ืื• ื‘ืงืฉื•ืช, ืื ื ืฆื•ืจ ืื™ืชื ื• ืงืฉืจ ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ื˜ื•ืคืก ื™ืฆื™ืจืช ืงืฉืจ ื–ื”.

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