Everything changed when the fire crystal got stolen - Alex Gendler

2,420,901 views ใƒป 2020-02-06

TED-Ed


ืื ื ืœื—ืฅ ืคืขืžื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ืœืžื˜ื” ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ.

ืชืจื’ื•ื: ืขืจื™ื›ื”: Ido Dekkers
00:06
Someone has tripped the magical alarms in the Element Temple.
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ืžื™ืฉื”ื• ื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืื–ืขืงื” ื”ืงืกื•ืžื” ื‘ืžืงื“ืฉ ื”ื™ืกื•ื“ื•ืช.
00:10
By the time you and the other monks arrive on the scene,
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ืขื“ ืฉืืชื ื•ื”ื ื–ื™ืจื™ื ื”ืื—ืจื™ื ืžื’ื™ืขื™ื ืœืžืงื•ื,
00:14
you know you have a disaster on your hands.
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ืืชื ื™ื•ื“ืขื™ื ืฉืืชื ืขื•ืžื“ื™ื ื‘ืคื ื™ ืืกื•ืŸ.
00:17
Overnight, four young apprentices broke into the templeโ€™s inner chamber
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ื‘ืœื™ืœื”, ืืจื‘ืขื” ืžืชืžื—ื™ื ืฆืขื™ืจื™ื ืคืจืฆื• ืœืชื ื”ืคื ื™ืžื™ ืฉืœ ื”ืžืงื“ืฉ
00:22
to steal the sacred element crystals.
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ื›ื“ื™ ืœื’ื ื•ื‘ ืืช ืงืจื™ืกื˜ืœื™ ื”ืืœืžื ื˜ื™ื ื”ืงื“ื•ืฉื™ื.
00:25
But when the alarm went off they panicked,
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ืื‘ืœ ื›ืฉื”ืื–ืขืงื” ื”ื•ืคืขืœื” ื”ื ื ื›ื ืกื• ืœืคื ื™ืงื”,
00:27
and each of them swallowed the crystal they held right before they were caught.
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ื•ื›ืœ ืื—ื“ ืžื”ื ื‘ืœืข ืืช ื”ืงืจื™ืกื˜ืœ ืฉื”ื—ื–ื™ืง ืžืžืฉ ืœืคื ื™ ืฉื ืชืคืกื•.
00:32
With no idea how to control the crystalsโ€™ vast powers,
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ื‘ืœื™ ืœื“ืขืช ืื™ืš ืœืฉืœื•ื˜ ื‘ื›ื•ื— ื”ืงืจื™ืกื˜ืœื™ื,
00:36
theyโ€™ll soon transform into uncontrollable elemental spirits.
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ื”ื ื™ื”ืคื›ื• ื‘ืงืจื•ื‘ ืœืจื•ื—ื•ืช ื™ืกื•ื“ื•ืช ืœื ื ื™ืชื ื•ืช ืœืฉืœื™ื˜ื”.
00:41
Improbably enough,
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ื›ืžื” ืฉื–ื” ืœื ื ืจืื” ื”ื’ื™ื•ื ื™,
ื”ื ื–ื™ืจ ื”ื–ืงืŸ ืœื™ื“ื›ื ืจืื” ืžืฉื”ื• ื“ื•ืžื” ื‘ืขื‘ืจ.
00:43
the old monk next to you has seen something similar happen before.
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00:47
He explains: โ€œYou must determine who ate which crystal
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ื”ื•ื ืžืกื‘ื™ืจ: โ€œืืชื ื—ื™ื™ื‘ื™ื ืœืงื‘ื•ืข ืžื™ ืื›ืœ ืื™ื–ื” ืงืจื™ืกื˜ืœ
00:51
and get each into the proper containment field before they transform.
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ื•ืœื”ื›ื ื™ืก ื›ืœ ืื—ื“ ืœืฉื“ื” ื”ื”ื›ืœื” ื”ืžืชืื™ื ืœืคื ื™ ืฉื™ืฉืชื ื•.
00:56
The elements compel their masters:
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ื”ื™ืกื•ื“ื•ืช ืžืฉืคื™ืขื™ื ืขืœ ื”ืžื—ื–ื™ืงื™ื ื‘ื”ื:
00:59
those who ate the Earth and Water Crystals must speak the truth,
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ืืœื” ืฉื‘ืœืขื• ืืช ืงืจื™ืกื˜ืœื™ ื”ืื“ืžื” ื•ื”ืžื™ื ื—ื™ื™ื‘ื™ื ืœื”ื’ื™ื“ ืืช ื”ืืžืช,
01:03
while those who consumed Fire and Air must lie."
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ื‘ืขื•ื“ ืืœื” ืฉืฆืจื›ื• ืืช ื”ืืฉ ื•ื”ืื•ื™ืจ ื—ื™ื™ื‘ื™ื ืœืฉืงืจ."
01:08
The youths are too scared to confess their own transgressions.
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ื”ืฆืขื™ืจื™ื ืžืคื—ื“ื™ื ืžื“ื™ ืœื”ื•ื“ื•ืช ื‘ืžื” ืฉืขืฉื•.
ื‘ืžืงื•ื, ื”ื ืžืชื—ื™ืœื™ื ืœื”ืืฉื™ื ืื—ื“ ืืช ื”ืฉื ื™.
01:12
Instead, they fall to accusing each other.
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01:15
โ€œRikku took the Water crystal!โ€ Sumi blurts out.
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"ืจื™ืงื• ืœืงื— ืืช ืงืจื™ืกื˜ืœ ื”ืžื™ื!" ืคื•ืœื˜ืช ืกื•ืžื™.
01:18
Rikku interrupts angrily.
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ืจื™ืงื• ืžืคืจื™ืข ื‘ื›ืขืก.
01:19
โ€œIt was Bella, she stole the Fire crystal!โ€
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"ื–ื• ื”ื™ืชื” ื‘ืœื”, ื”ื™ื ื’ื ื‘ื” ืืช ืงืจื™ืกื˜ืœ ื”ืืฉ!"
01:22
So Bella yells: โ€œJonah ate the Air crystal, I saw him!โ€
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ืื– ื‘ืœื” ืฆื•ืขืงืช: โ€œื’โ€™ื•ื ื” ืื›ืœ ืืช ืงืจื™ืกื˜ืœ ื”ืื•ื™ืจ, ืจืื™ืชื™ ืื•ืชื•!โ€
01:26
Jonah looks up timidly and shakes his head.
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ื’'ื•ื ื” ืžื‘ื™ื˜ ื‘ื‘ื™ืฉื ื•ืช ื•ืžื ืขื ืข ืืช ืจืืฉื•.
01:29
โ€œIโ€ฆ I donโ€™t know what happened, but Sumi doesnโ€™t have the Earth crystal.โ€
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โ€œืื ื™, ืื ื™ ืœื ื™ื•ื“ืข ืžื” ืงืจื”, ืื‘ืœ ืงืจื™ืกื˜ืœ ื”ืื“ืžื” ืœื ืืฆืœ ืกื•ืžื™.โ€
01:34
So who ate which crystal?
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ืื– ืžื™ ื‘ืœืข ืื™ื–ื” ืงืจื™ืกื˜ืœ?
01:36
Pause now to figure it out for yourself.
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ืขืฆืจื• ืคื” ื›ื“ื™ ืœื’ืœื•ืช ื‘ืขืฆืžื›ื.
01:42
Thereโ€™s no getting around itโ€” this will take some trial and error.
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ืื™ืŸ ื“ืจืš ืœืขืงื•ืฃ ืืช ื–ื” -- ื–ื” ื™ื“ืจื•ืฉ ืงืฆืช ื ื™ืกื•ื™ ืœื˜ืขื™ื”.
01:46
But thatโ€™s not a bad thing.
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ืื‘ืœ ื–ื” ืœื ื“ื‘ืจ ืจืข.
01:48
If we make a wrong guess,
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ืื ื ืขืฉื” ื ื™ื—ื•ืฉ ืฉื’ื•ื™,
01:49
weโ€™ll eventually reach a point where our conclusions contradict each other.
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ื ื’ื™ืข ืœื‘ืกื•ืฃ ืœื ืงื•ื“ื” ื‘ื” ื”ืžืกืงื ื•ืช ืฉืœื ื• ื ื•ื’ื“ื•ืช ืื—ืช ืืช ื”ืฉื ื™ื”.
01:53
That would allow us to confirm that our initial guess was wrong
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ื–ื” ื™ืืคืฉืจ ืœื ื• ืœืืฉืจ ืื ื”ื ื™ื—ื•ืฉ ื”ืจืืฉื•ืŸ ืฉืœื ื• ื”ื™ื” ืฉื’ื•ื™
01:57
and work from there.
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ื•ืœืขื‘ื•ื“ ืžืคื”.
01:58
This is a technique known as proof by contradiction.
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ื–ื• ืฉื™ื˜ื” ืฉื™ื“ื•ืขื” ื›ื”ื•ื›ื—ื” ืžืกืชื™ืจื”.
02:02
The trick is in being strategic about where we begin our guessing.
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ื”ื˜ืจื™ืง ื”ื•ื ื‘ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืืกื˜ืจื˜ื’ื™ ื‘ื ื•ื’ืข ืœืื™ืคื” ืœื”ืชื—ื™ืœ ืืช ื”ื ื™ื—ื•ืฉ ืฉืœื ื•.
02:07
Some assumptions might not lead to contradictions
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ื›ืžื” ื”ื ื—ื•ืช ืื•ืœื™ ืœื ื™ื•ื‘ื™ืœื• ืœื ื™ื’ื•ื“ื™ื
02:09
without making further assumptions.
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ื‘ืœื™ ืœืขืฉื•ืช ื”ื ื—ื•ืช ื ื•ืกืคื•ืช.
02:12
We want to pick one that creates the most constraints on its own,
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ืื ื—ื ื• ืจื•ืฆื™ื ืœื‘ื—ื•ืจ ืื—ื“ ืฉื™ื•ืฆืจ ืืช ื”ื›ื™ ื”ืจื‘ื” ืื™ืœื•ืฆื™ื ื‘ืขืฆืžื•,
02:16
and thus gives us the most information when it turns out to be right or wrong.
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ื•ืœื›ืŸ ื ื•ืชืŸ ืœื ื• ืืช ื”ื›ื™ ื”ืจื‘ื” ืžื™ื“ืข ื›ืฉืžืชื‘ืจืจ ืฉื–ื” ื ื›ื•ืŸ ืื• ืœื.
02:21
Take, for example, Sumiโ€™s statement.
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ืงื—ื•, ืœื“ื•ื’ืžื”, ืืช ื”ื”ืฆื”ืจื” ืฉืœ ืกื•ืžื™.
02:23
If we assume sheโ€™s telling the truth,
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ืื ื ื ื™ื— ืฉื”ื™ื ืื•ืžืจืช ืืžืช,
02:26
weโ€™d know the identity of both truth tellers.
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ื ื“ืข ืœื–ื”ื•ืช ืืช ืฉื ื™ ืื•ืžืจื™ ื”ืืžืช.
02:29
Rikku would have the Water crystal, and since sheโ€™s not lying about him,
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ืœืจื™ืงื• ื™ื”ื™ื” ืืช ืงืจื™ืกื˜ืœ ื”ืžื™ื, ื•ืžืื—ืจ ืฉื”ื™ื ืœื ืžืฉืงืจืช ื‘ื ื•ื’ืข ืืœื™ื•,
02:33
Sumi would have Earth.
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ืœืกื•ืžื™ ื™ื”ื™ื” ืืช ื”ืื“ืžื”.
02:35
So Bella would have the Fire crystal, as Rikku says.
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ืื– ืœื‘ืœื” ื™ื”ื™ื” ืืช ืงืจื™ืกื˜ืœ ื”ืืฉ, ื›ืžื• ืฉืจื™ืงื• ืื•ืžืจ.
02:38
But then Bella would have to be lying about Jonah having the Air crystal.
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ืืœ ืื– ื‘ืœื” ื—ื™ื™ื‘ืช ืœืฉืงืจ ื‘ื ื•ื’ืข ืœื–ื” ืฉืœื’โ€™ื•ื ื” ื™ืฉ ืืช ืงืจื™ืกื˜ืœ ื”ืื•ื™ืจ.
02:43
And yet thatโ€™s the only remaining option.
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ื•ืขื“ื™ื™ืŸ ื–ื• ื”ืื•ืคืฆื™ื” ื”ืื—ืจื•ื ื” ืฉื ืฉืืจื”.
02:46
This is a contradiction, and it tells us our initial assumption was wrong.
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ื–ื• ืกืชื™ืจื”, ื•ื”ื™ื ืื•ืžืจืช ืœื ื• ืฉื”ื”ื ื—ื” ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื™ืช ืฉืœื ื• ื”ื™ืชื” ืฉื’ื•ื™ื”.
02:51
So now we can go back to the start,
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ืื– ืขื›ืฉื™ื• ืื ื—ื ื• ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœื—ื–ื•ืจ ืœื”ืชื—ืœื”,
02:53
but with the added knowledge that Sumi is lying.
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ืื‘ืœ ืขื ื”ื™ื“ืข ื”ื ื•ืกืฃ ืฉืกื•ืžื™ ืžืฉืงืจืช.
02:57
As a liar, Sumi must either have the Fire or Air crystal.
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ื›ืฉืงืจื ื™ืช, ืœืกื•ืžื™ ื—ื™ื™ื‘ ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืืช ืงืจื™ืกื˜ืœ ื”ืืฉ ืื• ื”ืื•ื™ืจ.
03:01
That means Jonah was telling the truth about her,
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ื–ื” ืื•ืžืจ ืฉื’'ื•ื ื” ืกื™ืคืจ ืืช ื”ืืžืช ืœื’ื‘ื™ื”,
03:04
so he canโ€™t have taken either of those.
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ืื– ื”ื•ื ืœื ื™ื›ืœ ืœืงื—ืช ืื—ื“ ืžืืœื”.
03:07
And that means Bella was lying about him,
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ื•ื–ื” ืื•ืžืจ ืฉื‘ืœื” ืฉื™ืงืจื” ื‘ื ื•ื’ืข ืืœื™ื•,
03:10
so she must also have either Fire or Air.
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ืื– ื’ื ืœื” ื—ื™ื™ื‘ ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืื• ืืฉ ืื• ืื•ื™ืจ.
03:13
Since Sumi was lying, Rikku canโ€™t have taken the Water crystalโ€”
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ืžืื—ืจ ื•ืกื•ืžื™ ืฉื™ืงืจื”, ืจื™ืงื• ืœื ื™ื›ืœ ืœืงื—ืช ืืช ืงืจื™ืกื˜ืœ ื”ืžื™ื --
03:17
the only one left who could have it is Jonah.
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ื•ื”ื™ื—ื™ื“ ืฉื ืฉืืจ ืฉื™ื›ืœ ืœืงื—ืช ืื•ืชื• ื”ื•ื ื’'ื•ื ื”.
03:20
And because weโ€™ve already identified the two liars,
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ื•ื‘ื’ืœืœ ืฉื›ื‘ืจ ื–ื™ื”ื™ื ื• ืืช ืฉื ื™ ื”ืฉืงืจื ื™ื,
03:23
Rikku must have the Earth crystal.
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ืœืจื™ืงื• ื—ื™ื™ื‘ ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืืช ืงืจื™ืกื˜ืœ ื”ืื“ืžื”.
03:26
That means Bella has the Fire crystal and Sumi has Air.
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ื–ื” ืื•ืžืจ ืฉืœื‘ืœื” ืืช ืืช ืงืจื™ืกื˜ืœ ื”ืืฉ ื•ืœืกื•ืžื™ ืืช ื”ืื•ื™ืจ.
03:30
You manage to get them all in the proper containment fields
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ืืชื ืžืฆืœื™ื—ื™ื ืœืฉื™ื ืืช ื›ื•ืœื ื‘ืฉื“ื” ื”ื”ื›ืœื” ื”ืžืชืื™ื
03:33
just as the crystalsโ€™ magic begins to manifest.
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ืžืžืฉ ื›ืฉืงืกื ื”ืงืจื™ืกื˜ืœ ืžืชื—ื™ืœ ืœื”ืชื’ืฉื.
03:37
Compared with the difficult task of training these kids
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ื™ื—ืกื™ืช ืœืžืฉื™ืžื” ื”ืงืฉื” ืฉืœ ืื™ืžื•ืŸ ื”ื™ืœื“ื™ื ื”ืืœื”
03:39
to control their new powers,
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ืœืฉืœื•ื˜ ื‘ื›ื•ื—ื•ืช ื”ื—ื“ืฉื™ื,
03:41
figuring out who had which crystal was elementary.
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ืœื”ื‘ื™ืŸ ืœืžื™ ื™ืฉ ืืช ืื™ื–ื” ืงืจื™ืกื˜ืœ ื”ื™ื” ืืœืžื ื˜ืจื™.
ืขืœ ืืชืจ ื–ื”

ืืชืจ ื–ื” ื™ืฆื™ื’ ื‘ืคื ื™ื›ื ืกืจื˜ื•ื ื™ YouTube ื”ืžื•ืขื™ืœื™ื ืœืœื™ืžื•ื“ ืื ื’ืœื™ืช. ืชื•ื›ืœื• ืœืจืื•ืช ืฉื™ืขื•ืจื™ ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืขื‘ืจื™ื ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืžื•ืจื™ื ืžื”ืฉื•ืจื” ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื” ืžืจื—ื‘ื™ ื”ืขื•ืœื. ืœื—ืฅ ืคืขืžื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืฆื’ื•ืช ื‘ื›ืœ ื“ืฃ ื•ื™ื“ืื• ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ ืžืฉื. ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื’ื•ืœืœื•ืช ื‘ืกื ื›ืจื•ืŸ ืขื ื”ืคืขืœืช ื”ื•ื•ื™ื“ืื•. ืื ื™ืฉ ืœืš ื”ืขืจื•ืช ืื• ื‘ืงืฉื•ืช, ืื ื ืฆื•ืจ ืื™ืชื ื• ืงืฉืจ ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ื˜ื•ืคืก ื™ืฆื™ืจืช ืงืฉืจ ื–ื”.

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