The deadliest thing in your kitchen - George Zaidan

258,640 views ใƒป 2024-09-12

TED-Ed


ืื ื ืœื—ืฅ ืคืขืžื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ืœืžื˜ื” ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ.

ืชืจื’ื•ื: zeeva livshitz ืขืจื™ื›ื”: Ido Dekkers
00:07
Avocados may seem innocent,
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ืื‘ื•ืงื“ื• ืื•ืœื™ ื ืจืื™ื ืชืžื™ืžื™ื,
00:09
but these oblong fruits sent almost 9,000 people to US emergency rooms
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ืืš ื”ืคื™ืจื•ืช ื”ืžืื•ืจื›ื™ื ื”ืœืœื• ืฉืœื—ื• ื›ืžืขื˜ 9,000 ืื™ืฉ ืœื—ื“ืจื™ ืžื™ื•ืŸ ื‘ืืจื”โ€œื‘
00:14
in 2018 alone.
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ื‘ืฉื ืช 2018 ื‘ืœื‘ื“.
00:16
Injuries sustained by hacking at the pit or slicing while holding the fruit
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ืคืฆื™ืขื•ืช ืฉื ื’ืจืžื• ื›ืชื•ืฆืื” ืžื—ื™ืชื•ืš ื”ื’ืœืขื™ืŸ ืื• ื—ื™ืชื•ืš ื‘ื–ืžืŸ ื”ื—ื–ืงืช ื”ืคืจื™
00:20
have become so common, doctors have dubbed them avocado hand.
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ื”ืคื›ื• ื›ืœ ื›ืš ื ืคื•ืฆื•ืช, ืฉืจื•ืคืื™ื ื›ื™ื ื• ืื•ืชืŸ โ€œื™ื“ ืื‘ื•ืงื“ื•โ€œ.
00:24
Of course, there is a safer way to cut avocados.
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ื›ืžื•ื‘ืŸ, ื™ืฉ ื“ืจืš ื‘ื˜ื•ื—ื” ื™ื•ืชืจ ืœื—ืชื•ืš ืื‘ื•ืงื“ื•.
00:26
But knives are just one of the hazards kitchens harbor.
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ืื‘ืœ ืกื›ื™ื ื™ื ื”ื ืจืง ืื—ืช ื”ืกื›ื ื•ืช ืฉื ืžืฆืื•ืช ื‘ืžื˜ื‘ื—ื™ื.
00:30
In the US, between 2011 and 2022,
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ื‘ืืจื”โ€œื‘, ื‘ื™ืŸ 2011 ืœ- 2022,
00:33
the deadliest kitchen appliances were ovens and rangesโ€”
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ืžื›ืฉื™ืจื™ ื”ืžื˜ื‘ื— ื”ืงื˜ืœื ื™ื™ื ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ื”ื™ื• ืชื ื•ืจื™ื ื•ื›ื™ืจื™ื™ื -
00:37
appliances that are stoves and ovens in one.
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ืžื›ืฉื™ืจื™ ื—ืฉืžืœ ืฉื”ื ื›ื™ืจื™ื™ื ื•ืชื ื•ืจื™ื ื‘ืื—ื“.
00:40
They took lives by causing fires and leaking carbon monoxide,
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ื”ื ืœืงื—ื• ื—ื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื’ืจื™ืžืช ืฉืจื™ืคื•ืช ื•ื“ืœื™ืคืช ืคื—ืžืŸ ื—ื“ ื—ืžืฆื ื™,
00:43
a gas that can cause suffocation at high concentrations.
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ื’ื– ืฉืขืœื•ืœ ืœื’ืจื•ื ืœื—ื ืง ื‘ืจื™ื›ื•ื–ื™ื ื’ื‘ื•ื”ื™ื.
00:47
These kinds of sudden, catastrophic fatalities are thankfully rare.
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ืžืงืจื™ ืžื•ื•ืช ืคืชืื•ืžื™ื™ื ื•ืงื˜ืกื˜ืจื•ืคืœื™ื™ื ืžืกื•ื’ ื–ื” ื”ื ืœืžืจื‘ื” ื”ืžื–ืœ ื ื“ื™ืจื™ื.
00:51
But the kitchen dangers that cause the most casualties
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ืื‘ืœ ื”ืกื›ื ื•ืช ื‘ืžื˜ื‘ื— ืฉื’ื•ืจืžื•ืช ืœืจื•ื‘ ื”ื ืคื’ืขื™ื
00:54
may actually be less immediate and more gradualโ€”
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ืขืฉื•ื™ื•ืช ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืคื—ื•ืช ืžื™ื™ื“ื™ื•ืช ื•ื”ื“ืจื’ืชื™ื•ืช ื™ื•ืชืจ -
00:57
involving constant exposures, like stuff in the air we breathe.
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ื›ืจื•ื›ื•ืช ื‘ื—ืฉื™ืคื•ืช ืงื‘ื•ืขื•ืช, ื›ืžื• ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ื‘ืื•ื•ื™ืจ ืฉืื ื• ื ื•ืฉืžื™ื.
01:01
Ovens and stoves remain a major culprit here.
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ืชื ื•ืจื™ื ื•ื›ื™ืจื™ื™ื™ื ื ื•ืชืจื™ื ืืฉืžื™ื ืžืจื›ื–ื™ื™ื ื›ืืŸ.
01:04
Indeed, the fourth leading cause of years of life lost globally is air pollution.
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ื•ืื›ืŸ, ื”ื’ื•ืจื ื”ืจื‘ื™ืขื™ ื”ืžื•ื‘ื™ืœ ืœืฉื ื•ืช ื—ื™ื™ื ืฉืื‘ื“ื• ื‘ืจื—ื‘ื™ ื”ืขื•ืœื ื”ื•ื ื–ื™ื”ื•ื ืื•ื•ื™ืจ.
01:08
This includes indoor air pollution, most of which comes from cooking.
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ื–ื” ื›ื•ืœืœ ื–ื™ื”ื•ื ืื•ื•ื™ืจ ืคื ื™ืžื™, ืฉืจื•ื‘ื• ื ื•ื‘ืข ืžื‘ื™ืฉื•ืœ.
01:13
Over 2 billion people cook using a solid fuel, like charcoal and wood.
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ืžืขืœ 2 ืžื™ืœื™ืืจื“ ืื ืฉื™ื ืžื‘ืฉืœื™ื ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ื“ืœืง ืžื•ืฆืง, ื›ืžื• ืคื—ื ื•ืขืฅ.
01:17
As it burns, fire and oxygen canโ€™t reach all of the fuel source,
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ื›ืฉื”ื•ื ื ืฉืจืฃ, ืืฉ ื•ื—ืžืฆืŸ ืื™ื ื ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœื”ื’ื™ืข ืœื›ืœ ืžืงื•ืจ ื”ื“ืœืง,
01:21
leading to incomplete combustion.
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ืžื” ืฉืžื•ื‘ื™ืœ ืœื‘ืขื™ืจื” ืœื ืฉืœืžื”.
01:23
This produces pollutants like soot, carbon monoxide, nitrogen oxides,
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ื–ื” ืžื™ื™ืฆืจ ืžื–ื”ืžื™ื ื›ืžื• ืคื™ื—, ืคื—ืžืŸ ื—ื“ ื—ืžืฆื ื™, ืชื—ืžื•ืฆื•ืช ื—ื ืงืŸ
01:27
and lots of particulate matterโ€”
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ื•ื”ืจื‘ื” ื—ืœืงื™ืงื™ื -
01:29
that is, solid and liquid particles that have become airborne
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ื›ืœื•ืžืจ ื—ืœืงื™ืงื™ื ืžื•ืฆืงื™ื ื•ื ื•ื–ืœื™ื™ื ืฉืžืขื•ืคืคื™ื
01:33
and small enough to inhale.
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ื•ืงื˜ื ื™ื ืžืกืคื™ืง ื›ื“ื™ ืœืฉืื•ืฃ.
01:34
A single particle can contain many different chemicals.
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ื—ืœืงื™ืง ื‘ื•ื“ื“ ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื”ื›ื™ืœ ื›ื™ืžื™ืงืœื™ื ืจื‘ื™ื ื•ืฉื•ื ื™ื.
01:37
And especially tiny particles can penetrate deep into the lungs,
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ื•ื‘ืžื™ื•ื—ื“ ื—ืœืงื™ืงื™ื ื–ืขื™ืจื™ื ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœื—ื“ื•ืจ ืขืžื•ืง ืœืชื•ืš ื”ืจื™ืื•ืช,
01:40
enter the bloodstream, and irritate tissues,
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ืœื”ื™ื›ื ืก ืœื–ืจื ื”ื“ื ืœืคื’ื•ืข ื‘ืจืงืžื•ืช,
01:43
cause inflammation, and bring about more systemic problems.
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ืœื’ืจื•ื ืœื“ืœืงืช ื•ืœื’ืจื•ื ืœื‘ืขื™ื•ืช ืžืขืจื›ืชื™ื•ืช ื ื•ืกืคื•ืช.
01:47
Itโ€™s estimated that about 3 million people die prematurely each year
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ื”ื”ืขืจื›ื” ื”ื™ื ืฉื›-3 ืžื™ืœื™ื•ืŸ ื‘ื ื™ ืื“ื ืžืชื™ื ื‘ื˜ืจื ืขืช ืžื“ื™ ืฉื ื”
01:51
from illnesses caused by burning solid fuels.
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ืžืžื—ืœื•ืช ื”ื ื’ืจืžื•ืช ื›ืชื•ืฆืื” ืžืฉืจื™ืคืช ื“ืœืงื™ื ืžื•ืฆืงื™ื.
01:54
Stoves and ovens that donโ€™t use solid fuels produce far less pollutionโ€”
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ื›ื™ืจื™ื™ื ื•ืชื ื•ืจื™ื ืฉืื™ื ื ืžืฉืชืžืฉื™ื ื‘ื“ืœืงื™ื ืžื•ืฆืงื™ื ืžื™ื™ืฆืจื™ื ื”ืจื‘ื” ืคื—ื•ืช ื–ื™ื”ื•ื -
01:58
but still a considerable amount.
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ืืš ืขื“ื™ื™ืŸ ื›ืžื•ืช ื ื™ื›ืจืช.
02:00
There are two basic types: gas and electric.
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ื™ืฉื ื ืฉื ื™ ืกื•ื’ื™ื ื‘ืกื™ืกื™ื™ื: ื’ื– ื•ื—ืฉืžืœ.
02:03
Gas stoves primarily burn methane to create an open flame for cooking.
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ื›ื™ืจื™ื™ื ื’ื– ืฉื•ืจืคื™ื ื‘ืขื™ืงืจ ืžืชืืŸ ืœื™ืฆื™ืจืช ืœื”ื‘ื” ืคืชื•ื—ื” ืœื‘ื™ืฉื•ืœ.
02:07
Traditional electric stoves use metal elements that radiate heat
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ื›ื™ืจื™ื™ื ื—ืฉืžืœื™ื™ื ืžืกื•ืจืชื™ื™ื ืžืฉืชืžืฉื™ื ื‘ืืœืžื ื˜ื™ื ืžืชื›ืชื™ื™ื ื”ืžืงืจื™ื ื™ื ื—ื•ื
02:11
when an electrical current is forced through them.
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ื›ืืฉืจ ื–ืจื ื—ืฉืžืœื™ ืžึฐืึปืœึผึธืฅ ื“ืจื›ื.
02:14
Theyโ€™re different from modern induction electric stoves,
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ื”ื ืฉื•ื ื™ื ืžื›ื™ืจื™ื™ื ืื™ื ื“ื•ืงืฆื™ื” ืžื•ื“ืจื ื™ื™ื ื—ืฉืžืœื™ื™ื,
02:17
which use electromagnetic waves to induce currents
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ื”ืžืฉืชืžืฉื™ื ื‘ื’ืœื™ื ืืœืงื˜ืจื•ืžื’ื ื˜ื™ื™ื ื›ื“ื™ ืœื’ืจื•ื ืœื–ืจืžื™ื
02:20
that heat iron and steel cookware directly.
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ื”ืžื—ืžืžื™ื ื™ืฉื™ืจื•ืช ื›ืœื™ ื‘ื™ืฉื•ืœ ืžื‘ืจื–ืœ ื•ืคืœื“ื”.
02:22
Gas stoves pollute more than electric ones.
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ื›ื™ืจื™ื™ื ื’ื– ืžื–ื”ืžื™ื ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžืืฉืจ ื—ืฉืžืœื™ื™ื.
02:25
That's because natural gas combustion produces byproducts like carbon monoxide,
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ื”ืกื™ื‘ื” ืœื›ืš ื”ื™ื ืฉื‘ืขื™ืจื” ื‘ื’ื– ื˜ื‘ืขื™ ืžื™ื™ืฆืจืช ืชื•ืฆืจื™ ืœื•ื•ืื™ ื›ืžื• ืคื—ืžืŸ ื—ื“ ื—ืžืฆื ื™,
02:30
nitrogen oxides, and formaldehyde.
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ืชื—ืžื•ืฆื•ืช ื—ื ืงืŸ ื•ืคื•ืจืžืœื“ื”ื™ื“.
02:32
Unravelling the causes of chronic diseases is incredibly difficult,
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ืœื—ืฉื•ืฃ ืืช ื”ื’ื•ืจืžื™ื ืœืžื—ืœื•ืช ื›ืจื•ื ื™ื•ืช ื–ื” ืงืฉื” ืžืื•ื“,
02:36
but accumulating evidence suggests that gas stoves exacerbate asthma symptoms
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ืืš ืขื“ื•ื™ื•ืช ืžืฆื˜ื‘ืจื•ืช ืžืฆื‘ื™ืขื•ืช ืขืœ ื›ืš ืฉื›ื™ืจื™ื™ื ื’ื– ืžื—ืžื™ืจื™ื ืืช ืชืกืžื™ื ื™ ื”ืืกื˜ืžื”
02:41
and put children at increased risk of developing the condition.
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ื•ืžืขืžื™ื“ื™ื ื™ืœื“ื™ื ื‘ืกื™ื›ื•ืŸ ืžื•ื’ื‘ืจ ืœืคืชื— ืืช ื”ืžืฆื‘.
02:44
Electric ranges are cleaner than gas ones,
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ื›ื™ืจื™ื™ื ื—ืฉืžืœื™ื™ื ื ืงื™ื™ื ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžืืœื• ืฉืœ ื’ื–,
02:47
but theyโ€™re still not totally pollution-freeโ€” no ranges are.
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ืื‘ืœ ื”ื ืขื“ื™ื™ืŸ ืœื ืœื’ืžืจื™ ื ื˜ื•ืœื™ ื–ื™ื”ื•ื -ืฉื•ื ื›ื™ืจื™ื™ื ืื™ื ืŸ.
02:50
At least some air pollution is inevitable from the cooking process,
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ืœืคื—ื•ืช ืงืฆืช ื–ื™ื”ื•ื ืื•ื•ื™ืจ ื”ื•ื ื‘ืœืชื™ ื ืžื ืข ืžืชื”ืœื™ืš ื”ื‘ื™ืฉื•ืœ,
02:54
no matter the fuel type.
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ืœื ืžืฉื ื” ืกื•ื’ ื”ื“ืœืง.
02:56
High-heat cooking generally releases more pollutants
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ื‘ื™ืฉื•ืœ ื‘ื—ื•ื ื’ื‘ื•ื” ื‘ื“ืจืš ื›ืœืœ ืžืฉื—ืจืจ ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžื–ื”ืžื™ื
02:58
than lower heat methods;
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ืžืฉื™ื˜ื•ืช ื—ื•ื ื ืžื•ื›ื•ืช ื™ื•ืชืจ
03:00
after all, charring a steak isnโ€™t all that different from burning a solid fuel.
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ืื—ืจื™ ื”ื›ืœ, ื—ืจื™ื›ืช ืกื˜ื™ื™ืง ืื™ื ื” ืฉื•ื ื” ื›ืœ ื›ืš ืžืฉืจื™ืคืช ื“ืœืง ืžื•ืฆืง.
03:04
And substances like oil and dust can accumulate
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ื•ื—ื•ืžืจื™ื ื›ืžื• ืฉืžืŸ ื•ืื‘ืง ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœื”ืฆื˜ื‘ืจ
03:07
and release pollutants when heated.
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ื•ืœืฉื—ืจืจ ืžื–ื”ืžื™ื ื›ืืฉืจ ื”ื ืžื—ื•ืžืžื™ื.
03:09
Transitioning away from solid fuels is critical to improving indoor air qualityโ€”
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ืžืขื‘ืจ ื”ืจื—ืง ืžื“ืœืงื™ื ืžื•ืฆืงื™ื ื”ื•ื ืงืจื™ื˜ื™ ืœืฉื™ืคื•ืจ ืื™ื›ื•ืช ื”ืื•ื•ื™ืจ ื‘ืชื•ืš ื”ื‘ื™ืช -
03:14
and consequently, extending peopleโ€™s lives.
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ื•ื›ืชื•ืฆืื” ืžื›ืš ืœื”ืืจื›ืช ื—ื™ื™ื”ื ืฉืœ ืื ืฉื™ื.
03:16
Cooking with proper ventilationโ€”
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ื‘ื™ืฉื•ืœ ืขื ืื•ื•ืจื•ืจ--
03:18
ideally, from a powerful range hood that vents to the outdoorsโ€”
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ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ืื™ื“ื™ืืœื™, ืžืงื•ืœื˜ ืื“ื™ื ืขื ืžื ื•ืข ื—ื–ืง ืฉืžืื•ื•ืจืจ ื”ื—ื•ืฆื” -
03:22
and switching from gas to electric will also go a long way.
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ื•ืžืขื‘ืจ ืžื’ื– ืœื—ืฉืžืœ ื’ื ื›ืŸ ื™ืขื–ื•ืจ ืžืื•ื“.
03:25
Electric appliances are less dangerous by another significant metric:
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ืžื›ืฉื™ืจื™ ื—ืฉืžืœ ืžืกื•ื›ื ื™ื ืคื—ื•ืช ื‘ืžื“ื“ ืžืฉืžืขื•ืชื™ ื ื•ืกืฃ:
03:29
the global climate.
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ื”ืืงืœื™ื ื”ืขื•ืœืžื™.
03:31
Burning fossil fuels like natural gas
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ืฉืจื™ืคืช ื“ืœืงื™ื ืžืื•ื‘ื ื™ื ื›ืžื• ื’ื– ื˜ื‘ืขื™
03:33
releases atmosphere-warming carbon dioxide,
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ืžืฉื—ืจืจืช ืคื—ืžืŸ ื“ื• ื—ืžืฆื ื™ ืœืื˜ืžื•ืกืคื™ืจื”
03:36
and gas ranges can also leak methane, an even more potent greenhouse gas.
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ื•ื›ื™ืจื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื’ื– ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ื’ื ืœื“ืœื•ืฃ ืžืชืืŸ, ืฉื”ื•ื ื’ื– ื—ืžืžื” ื—ื–ืง ืขื•ื“ ื™ื•ืชืจ.
03:42
Electric appliances, meanwhile,
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ืžื›ืฉื™ืจื™ ื—ืฉืžืœ, ื‘ื™ื ืชื™ื™ื,
03:43
should only become more and more climate-compatible
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ืฆืจื™ื›ื™ื ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ื™ื•ืชืจ ื•ื™ื•ืชืจ ืชื•ืืžื™ื ืœืืงืœื™ื
03:45
as grids transition to renewable energy sources.
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ื›ื›ืœ ืฉืจืฉืชื•ืช ืขื•ื‘ืจื•ืช ืœืžืงื•ืจื•ืช ืื ืจื’ื™ื” ืžืชื—ื“ืฉื™ื.
03:49
In addition to being better for the climate and public health,
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ื‘ื ื•ืกืฃ ืœื”ื™ื•ืชืŸ ื˜ื•ื‘ื•ืช ื™ื•ืชืจ ืœืืงืœื™ื ื•ืœื‘ืจื™ืื•ืช ื”ืฆื™ื‘ื•ืจ,
03:52
electric induction stoves tend to rival or outperform all other stove typesโ€”
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ื›ื™ืจื™ื™ื ืื™ื ื“ื•ืงืฆื™ื” ื—ืฉืžืœื™ื™ื ื ื•ื˜ื™ื ืœื”ืชื—ืจื•ืช ืื• ืœืขืœื•ืช ืขืœ ื›ืœ ืกื•ื’ื™ ื”ื›ื™ืจื™ื™ื ื”ืื—ืจื™ื -
03:56
electric and gasโ€” when it comes to cooking efficiency and ease of cleaning.
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ื—ืฉืžืœื™ื™ื ื•ื’ื– - ื‘ื›ืœ ื”ื ื•ื’ืข ืœื™ืขื™ืœื•ืช ื”ื‘ื™ืฉื•ืœ ื•ืงืœื•ืช ื”ื ื™ืงื•ื™.
04:00
Induction stovetops also only heat things
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ื›ื™ืจื™ื™ื ืื™ื ื“ื•ืงืฆื™ื” ื’ื ืžื—ืžืžื•ืช ืจืง ื“ื‘ืจื™ื
04:02
that respond strongly to their magnetic fields,
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ื”ืžื’ื™ื‘ื™ื ื—ื–ืง ืœืฉื“ื•ืช ื”ืžื’ื ื˜ื™ื™ื ืฉืœื”ื,
04:04
so you canโ€™t burn yourself on them directly.
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ื›ืš ืฉืœื ืชื•ื›ืœื• ืœืฉืจื•ืฃ ืืช ืขืฆืžื›ื ืขืœื™ื”ื ื™ืฉื™ืจื•ืช.
04:07
Given the considerable health and climate concerns around gas appliances,
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ื‘ื”ืชื—ืฉื‘ ื‘ื—ืฉืฉื•ืช ื”ื‘ืจื™ืื•ืช ื•ื”ืืงืœื™ื ื”ื ื™ื›ืจื™ื ืกื‘ื™ื‘ ืžื›ืฉื™ืจื™ ื’ื–,
04:11
some governments have banned them from new developments
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ื›ืžื” ืžืžืฉืœื•ืช ืืกืจื• ืขืœ ืคื™ืชื•ื—ื™ื ื—ื“ืฉื™ื ืฉืœื”ื
04:13
and many are helping subsidize the transition from gas to electric.
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ื•ืจื‘ื•ืช ืžืกื™ื™ืขื•ืช ืœืกื‘ืกื“ ืืช ื”ืžืขื‘ืจ ืžื’ื– ืœื—ืฉืžืœ.
04:17
Knives will probably be staying the same, though,
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ื”ืกื›ื™ื ื™ื ื›ื ืจืื” ื™ื™ืฉืืจื• ื–ื”ื™ื,
04:19
so please stop stabbing at avocados while theyโ€™re in your hand.
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ืื– ื‘ื‘ืงืฉื” ืชืคืกื™ืงื• ืœื“ืงื•ืจ ืืช ื”ืื‘ื•ืงื“ื• ื‘ื–ืžืŸ ืฉื”ื ื‘ื™ื“ื›ื.
ืขืœ ืืชืจ ื–ื”

ืืชืจ ื–ื” ื™ืฆื™ื’ ื‘ืคื ื™ื›ื ืกืจื˜ื•ื ื™ YouTube ื”ืžื•ืขื™ืœื™ื ืœืœื™ืžื•ื“ ืื ื’ืœื™ืช. ืชื•ื›ืœื• ืœืจืื•ืช ืฉื™ืขื•ืจื™ ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืขื‘ืจื™ื ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืžื•ืจื™ื ืžื”ืฉื•ืจื” ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื” ืžืจื—ื‘ื™ ื”ืขื•ืœื. ืœื—ืฅ ืคืขืžื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืฆื’ื•ืช ื‘ื›ืœ ื“ืฃ ื•ื™ื“ืื• ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ ืžืฉื. ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื’ื•ืœืœื•ืช ื‘ืกื ื›ืจื•ืŸ ืขื ื”ืคืขืœืช ื”ื•ื•ื™ื“ืื•. ืื ื™ืฉ ืœืš ื”ืขืจื•ืช ืื• ื‘ืงืฉื•ืช, ืื ื ืฆื•ืจ ืื™ืชื ื• ืงืฉืจ ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ื˜ื•ืคืก ื™ืฆื™ืจืช ืงืฉืจ ื–ื”.

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