How a few scientists transformed the way we think about disease - Tien Nguyen

715,429 views ใƒป 2015-10-20

TED-Ed


ืื ื ืœื—ืฅ ืคืขืžื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ืœืžื˜ื” ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ.

ืชืจื’ื•ื: Ido Dekkers ืขืจื™ื›ื”: Sigal Tifferet
00:06
What if I told you that all illnesses,
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ืžื” ืื ื”ื™ื™ืชื™ ืื•ืžืจ ืœื›ื ืฉืžื—ืœื•ืช ืฉืœื›ื,
00:08
things like the cold, the flu, strep throat,
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ื›ืžื• ื”ืฆื˜ื ื ื•ืช, ืฉืคืขืช, ื“ืœืงืช ื’ืจื•ืŸ,
00:11
came from wandering clouds of poisonous vapor?
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ื”ื’ื™ืขื• ืžืขื ื ื™ื ื ื•ื“ื“ื™ื ืฉืœ ืื“ื™ื ืจืขื™ืœื™ื?
00:15
You'd probably think that absurd, and, don't worry, it's completely wrong.
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ื›ื ืจืื” ื”ื™ื™ืชื ื—ื•ืฉื‘ื™ื ืฉื–ื” ืื‘ืกื•ืจื“ื™, ื•ืืœ ืชื“ืื’ื•, ื–ื” ืœื’ืžืจื™ ืฉื’ื•ื™.
00:19
Yet that's actually what people thought caused diseases for several centuries.
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ื•ืขื“ื™ื™ืŸ ื–ื” ืœืžืขืฉื” ืžื” ืฉืื ืฉื™ื ื—ืฉื‘ื• ืฉื’ื•ืจื ืœืžื—ืœื•ืช ื‘ืžืฉืš ืžืกืคืจ ืžืื•ืช.
00:25
They called it miasma theory,
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ื”ื ืงืจืื• ืœื–ื” ืชืื•ืจื™ื™ืช ื”ืžื™ืื–ืžื”,
00:26
and everyone from the public to the medical establishment accepted it.
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ื•ื›ื•ืœื ืžื”ืฆื™ื‘ื•ืจ ื•ืœืžืžืกื“ ื”ืจืคื•ืื™ ืงื™ื‘ืœื• ืืช ื–ื”.
00:30
But by the 1840s, in the midst of devastating cholera outbreaks in London,
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ืื‘ืœ ืขื“ 1840, ื‘ืืžืฆืข ื”ืชืคืจืฆื•ืช ื”ื›ื•ืœืจื” ื”ืงื˜ืœื ื™ืช ืฉืœ ืœื•ื ื“ื•ืŸ,
00:35
a small group of scientists had grown skeptical.
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ืงื‘ื•ืฆื” ืงื˜ื ื” ืฉืœ ืžื“ืขื ื™ื ื”ืคื›ื” ืœืกืงืคื˜ื™ืช.
00:39
Early microscopes had revealed the existence of tiny microorganisms,
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ืžื™ืงืจื•ืกืงื•ืคื™ื ืžื•ืงื“ืžื™ื ื’ื™ืœื• ืืช ืงื™ื•ืžื ืฉืœ ืžื™ืงืจื• ืื•ืจื’ื ื™ื–ืžื™ื,
00:43
and they proposed that it was actually these germs that cause diseases,
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ื•ื”ืฆื™ืขื• ืฉืœืžืขืฉื” ื—ื™ื™ื“ืงื™ื ื’ื•ืจืžื™ื ืœืžื—ืœื•ืช,
00:48
hence the name germ theory.
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ื•ืœื›ืŸ ื”ืฉื ืชืื•ืจื™ื™ืช ื”ื—ื™ื™ื“ืงื™ื.
00:50
Though most people held onto their assumptions
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ืœืžืจื•ืช ืฉืจื•ื‘ ื”ืื ืฉื™ื ื”ื—ื–ื™ืงื• ื‘ื”ื ื—ื•ืช ืฉืœื”ื
00:53
and strongly resisted this theory,
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ื•ื”ืชื ื’ื“ื• ื‘ื ื—ืจืฆื•ืช ืœืชืื•ืจื™ื” ื”ื–ื•,
00:55
its supporters were determined to prove them wrong
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ืชื•ืžื›ื™ื” ื”ื™ื• ื ื—ื•ืฉื™ื ืœื”ื•ื›ื™ื— ืฉื”ื ื˜ื•ืขื™ื
00:58
by collecting compelling data.
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ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืื™ืกื•ืฃ ืžื™ื“ืข ืžืชืื™ื.
01:00
Leading the charge was a physician named Dr. John Snow.
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ื”ื•ื‘ื™ืœ ืืช ื”ื”ืชืงืคื” ืจื•ืคื ื‘ืฉื ื“ืจ' ื’'ื•ืŸ ืกื ื•ืื•.
01:04
Dr. Snow observed that cholera-infected patients
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ื“ืจ' ืกื ื•ืื• ื”ื‘ื—ื™ืŸ ืฉื—ื•ืœื™ื ืฉื ื“ื‘ืงื• ื‘ื›ื•ืœืจื”
01:07
experienced severe vomiting and diarrhea,
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ื—ื•ื• ืฉื™ืœืฉื•ืœื™ื ื•ื”ืงืื•ืช ื—ืžื•ืจื™ื,
01:11
symptoms of the gut as opposed to the lungs,
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ื”ืกื™ืžืคื˜ื•ืžื™ื ืฉืœ ื”ืžืขื™ื™ื ื‘ื ื™ื’ื•ื“ ืœืจื™ืื•ืช,
01:14
and thought that perhaps the disease was transmitted through food or drink,
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ื•ื—ืฉื‘ ืฉืื•ืœื™ ื”ืžื—ืœื” ื”ื•ืขื‘ืจื” ื“ืจืš ืื•ื›ืœ ืื• ืžืฉืงื”,
01:18
not the air.
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ืœื ื”ืื•ื™ืจ.
01:20
After investigating previous outbreaks,
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ืื—ืจื™ ืฉื—ืงืจื• ื”ืชืคืจืฆื•ื™ื•ืช ืงื•ื“ืžื•ืช,
01:22
he became convinced
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ื”ื•ื ื”ืฉืชื›ื ืข
01:23
that cholera was spread through contaminated water sources.
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ืฉื›ื•ืœืจื” ื”ื•ืคืฆื” ื“ืจืš ืžืงื•ืจื•ืช ืžื™ื ืžื–ื•ื”ืžื™ื.
01:28
Then, late in the summer of 1854
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ืื–, ื‘ืกื•ืฃ ืงื™ื™ืฅ 1854
01:30
when cholera suddenly struck the Soho district,
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ื›ืฉื”ื›ื•ืœืจื” ืคืชืื•ื ืคืจืฆื” ื‘ืื–ื•ืจ ื”ืกื•ื”ื•,
01:34
a neighborhood in London very close to his own,
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ืฉื›ื•ื ื” ืงืจื•ื‘ื” ืœืฉืœื• ื‘ืœื•ื ื“ื•ืŸ,
01:36
Dr. Snow was hot on its trail.
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ื“ืจ' ืกื ื•ืื• ื”ื™ื” ื—ื ืขืœ ืขืงื‘ื•ืชื™ื”.
01:39
He requested the records for the deceased,
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ื”ื•ื ื‘ื™ืงืฉ ืืช ืชืขื•ื“ ื”ืžืชื™ื,
01:41
and within the first week, there had already been 83 deaths.
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ื•ื‘ืฉื‘ื•ืข ื”ืจืืฉื•ืŸ, ื”ื™ื• ื›ื‘ืจ 83 ืžื™ืชื•ืช.
01:46
He mapped out where each of the deceased had lived
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ื”ื•ื ืžื™ืคื” ืื™ืคื” ื›ืœ ืื—ื“ ืžื”ืžืชื™ื ื—ื™
01:49
and found that 73 of them resided close to the water pump on Broad Street.
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ื•ื’ื™ืœื” ืฉ 73 ืžืชื•ื›ื ื’ืจื• ืงืจื•ื‘ ืœืžืฉืื‘ืช ืžื™ื ื‘ืจื—ื•ื‘ ื‘ืจื•ื“.
01:55
Dr. Snow strongly recommended shutting down the pump,
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ื“ืจ' ืกื ื•ืื• ื”ืžืœื™ืฅ ื‘ื—ื•ื ืœืกื’ื•ืจ ืืช ื”ืžืฉืื‘ื”,
01:58
and because he knew how unpopular germ theory was,
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ื•ื‘ื’ืœืœ ืฉื”ื•ื ื™ื“ืข ืฉืชืื•ืจื™ื™ืช ื”ื—ื™ื™ื“ืงื™ื ืฉืœื• ืœื ืคื•ืคื•ืœืจื™ืช,
02:02
he suggested that cholera was spread through a poison in the water
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ื”ื•ื ื”ืฆื™ืข ืฉื”ื›ื•ืœืจื” ื”ื•ืคืฆื” ื“ืจืš ืจืขืœ ื‘ืžื™ื
02:05
instead of microorganisms,
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ื‘ืžืงื•ื ืžื™ืงืจื• ืื•ืจื’ื ื™ื–ืžื™ื,
02:07
when presenting his case to governmental officials.
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ื›ืฉื”ืฆื™ื’ ืืช ื”ื˜ืขื•ืŸ ืœืคืงื™ื“ื™ ื”ืžืžืฉืœ.
02:11
They were unconvinced,
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ื”ื ืœื ืฉื•ื›ื ืขื•,
02:12
but agreed to shut down the pump as an extra precaution.
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ืื‘ืœ ื”ืกื›ื™ืžื• ืœืกื’ื•ืจ ืืช ื”ืžืฉืื‘ื” ืœื™ืชืจ ื‘ื˜ื—ื•ืŸ.
02:16
Almost immediately, new cases of infection subsided.
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ื›ืžืขื˜ ืžื™ื™ื“, ื™ืจื“ ืžืกืคืจ ื”ืžืงืจื™ื ื”ื—ื“ืฉื™ื.
02:21
Bolstered by his success,
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ืžืขื•ื“ื“ ืžื”ืฆืœื—ืชื•,
02:22
Dr. Snow was determined to connect the contaminated pump water
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ื“ืจ' ืกื ื•ืื• ื”ื™ื” ื ื—ื•ืฉ ืœื—ื‘ืจ ืืช ืžื™ ื”ืžืฉืื‘ื” ื”ืžื–ื•ื”ืžื™ื
02:26
to the disease.
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ืœืžื—ืœื”.
02:28
He found the story of a widow who had died of cholera
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ื”ื•ื ื’ื™ืœื” ืกื™ืคื•ืจ ืขืœ ืืœืžื ื” ืฉืžืชื” ืžื›ื•ืœืจื”
02:31
and lived far away from Soho,
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ื•ื’ืจื” ื”ืจื—ืง ืžืกื•ื”ื•,
02:33
but had a servant bring her water from the Broad Street pump daily
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ืื‘ืœ ื”ื™ืชื” ืœื” ืžืฉืจืชืช ืฉื”ื‘ื™ืื” ืœื” ืžื™ื ืžืžืฉืื‘ืช ืจื—ื•ื‘ ื‘ืจื•ื“ ื›ืœ ื™ื•ื
02:38
because she liked the taste.
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ืžืคื ื™ ืฉื”ื™ื ืื”ื‘ื” ืืช ื”ื˜ืขื.
02:40
He also discovered a workhouse
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ื”ื•ื ื’ื ื’ื™ืœื” ืžื—ืกืŸ
02:41
located around the corner from the Broad Street pump
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ืฉืžืžื•ืงื ืžืกื‘ื™ื‘ ืœืคื™ื ื” ืžืžืฉืื‘ืช ืจื—ื•ื‘ ื‘ืจื•ื“
02:44
that housed hundreds of people, but only a handful had become infected,
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ืฉืื™ื›ืœืก ืžืื•ืช ืื ืฉื™ื, ืื‘ืœ ืจืง ืžืกืคืจ ืงื˜ืŸ ืžื”ื ื ื“ื‘ืงื•,
02:49
which Dr. Snow attributed to the fact
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ื•ื“ืจ' ืกื ื•ืื• ื™ื™ื—ืก ื–ืืช ืœื›ืš
02:51
that the workhouse had its own private well.
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ืฉืœืžื—ืกืŸ ื”ื™ืชื” ื‘ืืจ ืคืจื˜ื™ืช ืžืฉืœื•.
02:54
Finally, Dr. Snow heard of an infant
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ืœื‘ืกื•ืฃ, ื“ืจ' ืกื ื•ืื• ืฉืžืข ืขืœ ืชื™ื ื•ืง
02:57
who may have been one of the earliest victims of the outbreak.
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ืฉื”ื™ื” ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ืงื•ืจื‘ื ื•ืช ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื™ื ืฉืœ ื”ื”ืชืคืจืฆื•ืช.
03:01
He learned that the child's dirty diapers
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ื”ื•ื ื’ื™ืœื” ืฉื”ื—ื™ืชื•ืœื™ื ื”ืžืœื•ื›ืœื›ื™ื ืฉืœ ื”ื™ืœื“
03:03
had been thrown into a cesspool
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ื”ื•ืฉืœื›ื• ืœื‘ื™ื•ื‘
03:05
right next to the public water pump on Broad Street.
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ืžืžืฉ ืœื™ื“ ืžืฉืื‘ืช ื”ืžื™ื ื”ืฆื™ื‘ื•ืจื™ืช ืฉืœ ืจื—ื•ื‘ ื‘ืจื•ื“.
03:09
Again, Dr. Snow presented his case,
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ืฉื•ื‘, ื“ืจ' ืกื ื•ืื• ื”ืฆื™ื’ ืืช ื”ืžืงืจื” ืฉืœื•,
03:12
but even then, city officials spurned his theory,
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ืื‘ืœ ืืคื™ืœื• ืื–, ืื ืฉื™ ื”ืขื™ืจื™ื” ื”ืชื›ื—ืฉื• ืœืชืื•ืจื™ื” ืฉืœื•,
03:15
not wanting to admit that there was human waste in London's water supply,
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ื•ืœื ืจืฆื• ืœื”ื•ื“ื•ืช ืฉื”ื™ืชื” ืคืกื•ืœืช ืื ื•ืฉื™ืช ื‘ืืกืคืงืช ื”ืžื™ื ืฉืœ ืœื•ื ื“ื•ืŸ,
03:20
or that they were wrong about miasma theory,
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ืื• ืฉื”ื ื˜ืขื• ื‘ื ื•ื’ืข ืœืชืื•ืจื™ื™ืช ื”ืžื™ืื–ืžื”,
03:22
which was, after all, hundreds of years old.
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ืฉื”ื™ืชื” ืื—ืจื™ ื”ื›ืœ, ื‘ืช ืžืื•ืช ืฉื ื™ื.
03:25
It wasn't until 1884 that Dr. Snow's efforts
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ืจืง ื‘ืฉื ืช 1884 ืžืืžืฆื™ื• ืฉืœ ื“ืจ' ืกื ื•ืื•
03:29
were vindicated by Dr. Robert Koch,
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ืื•ืฉืจืจื• ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื“ืจ' ืจื•ื‘ืจื˜ ืงื•ืš,
03:32
who isolated the cholera-causing bacterium.
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ืฉื‘ื•ื“ื“ ืืช ื”ื‘ืงื˜ืจื™ื” ื’ื•ืจืžืช ื”ื›ื•ืœืจื”.
03:35
Koch developed a technique to grow pure cultures,
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ืงื•ืš ืคื™ืชื— ื˜ื›ื ื™ืงื” ืœื’ื™ื“ื•ืœ ืชืจื‘ื™ื•ืช ื˜ื”ื•ืจื•ืช,
03:39
and through a series of experiments,
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ื•ื“ืจืš ืกื™ื“ืจื” ืฉืœ ื ื™ืกื•ื™ื™ื,
03:40
definitively proved that a specific bacterium
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ื”ื•ื›ื™ื— ืฉื”ื‘ืงื˜ืจื™ื” ื”ืกืคืฆื™ืคื™ืช
03:44
directly cause disease.
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ื’ืจืžื” ื™ืฉื™ืจื•ืช ืœืžื—ืœื”.
03:46
Major contributions to germ theory
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ืชืจื•ืžื•ืช ื—ืฉื•ื‘ื•ืช ืœืชืื•ืจื™ื™ืช ื”ื—ื™ื™ื“ืงื™ื
03:48
also came from prolific scientist Louis Pasteur,
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ื”ื’ื™ืขื• ื’ื ืžื”ืžื“ืขืŸ ื”ืคื•ืจื” ืœื•ืื™ ืคืกื˜ืจ,
03:52
whose study of microorganisms led to the development of the first vaccines.
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ืฉื—ืงืจ ื”ืื•ืจื’ื ื™ื–ืžื™ื ืฉืœื• ื”ื•ื‘ื™ืœ ืœืคื™ืชื•ื— ื”ื—ื™ืกื•ื ื™ื ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื™ื.
03:57
By challenging assumptions with data-driven research,
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ืžื“ืขื ื™ื ืืœื” ืขืจืขืจื• ื”ื ื—ื•ืช ืงื™ื™ืžื•ืช ื‘ืขื–ืจืช ืžื—ืงืจ,
04:00
these scientists discredited an age-old theory
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ื”ืคืจื™ื›ื• ืืช ื”ืชืื•ืจื™ื” ื”ืขืชื™ืงื”
04:03
and sparked a revolution that was incredibly beneficial to public health.
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ื•ื”ืฆื™ืชื• ืžื”ืคื›ื” ืฉื”ื•ืขื™ืœื” ื‘ืฆื•ืจื” ืื“ื™ืจื” ืœื‘ืจื™ืื•ืช ื”ืฆื™ื‘ื•ืจ.
04:08
But all of this raises the question,
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ืื‘ืœ ื›ืœ ื–ื” ืžืขืœื” ืืช ื”ืฉืืœื”,
04:10
what are the widely held scientific beliefs of today
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ืžื”ืŸ ื”ืืžื•ื ื•ืช ื”ืžื“ืขื™ื•ืช ื”ืงื™ื™ืžื•ืช ื›ื™ื•ื
04:14
that our descendants will find ridiculous?
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ืฉื™ืœื“ื™ื ื• ื™ืฆื—ืงื• ืžื”ืŸ?
04:17
And as any scientist would tell you,
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ื•ื›ืžื• ืฉื›ืœ ืžื“ืขืŸ ื™ื’ื™ื“ ืœื›ื,
04:19
a question is an excellent place to start.
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ืฉืืœื” ื”ื™ื ืžืงื•ื ื˜ื•ื‘ ืœื”ืชื—ื™ืœ ื‘ื•.
ืขืœ ืืชืจ ื–ื”

ืืชืจ ื–ื” ื™ืฆื™ื’ ื‘ืคื ื™ื›ื ืกืจื˜ื•ื ื™ YouTube ื”ืžื•ืขื™ืœื™ื ืœืœื™ืžื•ื“ ืื ื’ืœื™ืช. ืชื•ื›ืœื• ืœืจืื•ืช ืฉื™ืขื•ืจื™ ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืขื‘ืจื™ื ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืžื•ืจื™ื ืžื”ืฉื•ืจื” ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื” ืžืจื—ื‘ื™ ื”ืขื•ืœื. ืœื—ืฅ ืคืขืžื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืฆื’ื•ืช ื‘ื›ืœ ื“ืฃ ื•ื™ื“ืื• ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ ืžืฉื. ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื’ื•ืœืœื•ืช ื‘ืกื ื›ืจื•ืŸ ืขื ื”ืคืขืœืช ื”ื•ื•ื™ื“ืื•. ืื ื™ืฉ ืœืš ื”ืขืจื•ืช ืื• ื‘ืงืฉื•ืช, ืื ื ืฆื•ืจ ืื™ืชื ื• ืงืฉืจ ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ื˜ื•ืคืก ื™ืฆื™ืจืช ืงืฉืจ ื–ื”.

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