How a few scientists transformed the way we think about disease - Tien Nguyen

705,338 views ・ 2015-10-20

TED-Ed


μ•„λž˜ μ˜λ¬Έμžλ§‰μ„ λ”λΈ”ν΄λ¦­ν•˜μ‹œλ©΄ μ˜μƒμ΄ μž¬μƒλ©λ‹ˆλ‹€.

λ²ˆμ—­: JY Kang κ²€ν† : Jihyeon J. Kim
00:06
What if I told you that all illnesses,
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λ§Œμ•½μ— 감기, 독감, 인후염 같은 μ§ˆλ³‘μ΄
00:08
things like the cold, the flu, strep throat,
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00:11
came from wandering clouds of poisonous vapor?
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λ– λ‹€λ‹ˆλŠ” μœ λ…μ„± 수증기둜 된 ꡬ름이 원인이라면
μ–΄λ–€ 생각이 λ“œμ‹œκ² μ–΄μš”?
00:15
You'd probably think that absurd, and, don't worry, it's completely wrong.
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μ•„λ§ˆλ„ ν„°λ¬΄λ‹ˆ μ—†λ‹€κ³  μƒκ°ν•˜κ³ , 걱정말라 μ ˆλŒ€ ν‹€λ Έλ‹€κ³  ν•˜κ² μ£ .
00:19
Yet that's actually what people thought caused diseases for several centuries.
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ν•˜μ§€λ§Œ 수 λ°±λ…„μ „ κΉŒμ§€λ§Œ 해도 λ‹€λ“€ μ‹€μ œλ‘œ κ·Έλ ‡λ‹€κ³  μƒκ°ν–ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
00:25
They called it miasma theory,
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이λ₯Έλ°”, 'λ―Έμ•„μ¦ˆλ§ˆμ„€' 인데,
00:26
and everyone from the public to the medical establishment accepted it.
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일반 λŒ€μ€‘μ—μ„œ μ˜ν•™κ³„μ— 이λ₯΄κΈ°κΉŒμ§€ λͺ¨λ‘κ°€ κ·Έ 가섀을 λ°›μ•„λ“€μ˜€μŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
00:30
But by the 1840s, in the midst of devastating cholera outbreaks in London,
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ν•˜μ§€λ§Œ 1840λ…„λŒ€μ— μ™€μ„œ, λŸ°λ˜μ— μ½œλ ˆλΌκ°€ μ°½κΆν•˜λ˜ μ‹œκΈ°μ—
00:35
a small group of scientists had grown skeptical.
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일뢀 κ³Όν•™μžλ“€μ΄ μ˜λ¬Έμ„ κ°–κΈ° μ‹œμž‘ν–ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
00:39
Early microscopes had revealed the existence of tiny microorganisms,
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초창기 ν˜„λ―Έκ²½μœΌλ‘œ λ―Έμƒλ¬Όμ˜ 쑴재λ₯Ό λ°ν˜€λ‚΄κ³ 
00:43
and they proposed that it was actually these germs that cause diseases,
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κ·Έ 병원균이 λ°”λ‘œ μ§ˆλ³‘μ˜ 원인이라고 μ£Όμž₯ν–ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
00:48
hence the name germ theory.
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'μ„Έκ· μ„€'의 μœ λž˜κ°€ 된 것이죠.
00:50
Though most people held onto their assumptions
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ν•˜μ§€λ§Œ λŒ€λ‹€μˆ˜λŠ” μžμ‹ λ“€μ˜ 가섀을 κ³ μ§‘ν–ˆκ³ 
00:53
and strongly resisted this theory,
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세균섀을 κ°•ν•˜κ²Œ κ±°λΆ€ν–ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
00:55
its supporters were determined to prove them wrong
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μ„Έκ· μ„€ μ§€μ§€μžλ“€μ€ κΈ°μ‘΄ 가섀이 ν‹€λ ΈμŒμ„ μž…μ¦ν•˜κΈ° μœ„ν•΄
00:58
by collecting compelling data.
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λ°˜λ°• μžλ£Œλ“€μ„ λͺ¨μœΌκΈ° μ‹œμž‘ν–ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
01:00
Leading the charge was a physician named Dr. John Snow.
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λ‚΄κ³Όμ˜μ‚¬μΈ μ‘΄ μŠ€λ…Έμš° 박사가 κ·Έ 일을 λ– λ§‘μ•˜μ£ .
01:04
Dr. Snow observed that cholera-infected patients
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μŠ€λ…Έμš° λ°•μ‚¬λŠ” 콜레라 ν™˜μžλ“€μ„ κ΄€μ°°ν–ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
01:07
experienced severe vomiting and diarrhea,
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ν™˜μžλ“€μ΄ κ·Ήμ‹¬ν•œ ꡬ토와 섀사λ₯Ό κ²ͺκ³  μžˆμ—ˆκ³ ,
01:11
symptoms of the gut as opposed to the lungs,
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폐가 μ•„λ‹ˆλΌ μž₯에 증상이 μžˆλŠ” 것을 보고
01:14
and thought that perhaps the disease was transmitted through food or drink,
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ν˜Ήμ‹œ μŒμ‹λ¬Όμ„ ν†΅ν•΄μ„œ κ°μ—Όλ˜λŠ” 건 μ•„λ‹κΉŒ μΆ”μΈ‘ν–ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
01:18
not the air.
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곡기λ₯Ό ν†΅ν•˜μ§€ μ•Šκ³  말이죠.
01:20
After investigating previous outbreaks,
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κ³Όκ±° 사둀듀을 μ‘°μ‚¬ν•œ 뒀에
01:22
he became convinced
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μ˜€μ—Όλœ μ‹μˆ˜μ›μ΄ 콜레라 μ „νŒŒμ˜ μ›μΈμ΄λΌλŠ” 확신을 κ°€μ‘ŒμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
01:23
that cholera was spread through contaminated water sources.
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01:28
Then, late in the summer of 1854
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κ·Έ ν›„, 1854λ…„ λŠ¦μ—¬λ¦„μ—
01:30
when cholera suddenly struck the Soho district,
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그의 μ§‘μ—μ„œ κ°€κΉŒμš΄ 런던 인근의
01:34
a neighborhood in London very close to his own,
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μ†Œν˜Έ 지역에 μ½œλ ˆλΌκ°€ κΈ‰κ²©νžˆ 퍼쑌고,
01:36
Dr. Snow was hot on its trail.
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μŠ€λ…Έμš° λ°•μ‚¬λŠ” κ·Έ κ°μ—Όκ²½λ‘œ 좔적에 μ—΄μ€‘ν–ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
01:39
He requested the records for the deceased,
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κ·Έκ°€ μš”μ²­ν•œ ν™˜μž κΈ°λ‘μ—λŠ”
01:41
and within the first week, there had already been 83 deaths.
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일 주일 λ§Œμ— 83λͺ…이 μ‚¬λ§ν•œ κ²ƒμœΌλ‘œ λ˜μ–΄ μžˆμ—ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
01:46
He mapped out where each of the deceased had lived
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κ·ΈλŠ” ν™˜μžκ°€ μ‚¬λŠ” 곳을 지도에 ν‘œμ‹œν•΄ λ³΄μ•˜κ³ ,
01:49
and found that 73 of them resided close to the water pump on Broad Street.
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ν™˜μžλ“€ 쀑 73λͺ…이 λΈŒλ‘œλ“œκ°€μ˜ κΈ‰μˆ˜μž₯ κ·Όμ²˜μ— μ‚΄μ•˜μŒμ„ μ•Œμ•„λƒˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
01:55
Dr. Snow strongly recommended shutting down the pump,
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μŠ€λ…Έμš° λ°•μ‚¬λŠ” κΈ‰μˆ˜ νŽŒν”„λ₯Ό 멈좜 것을 κ°•λ ₯히 κΆŒκ³ ν–ˆκ³ ,
01:58
and because he knew how unpopular germ theory was,
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세균섀이 아직 널리 μ•Œλ €μ§€μ§€ μ•Šμ€ κ±Έ μ•Œμ•˜κΈ°μ—
02:02
he suggested that cholera was spread through a poison in the water
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정뢀에 사건보고λ₯Ό ν•˜λŠ” μžλ¦¬μ—μ„œλŠ”
02:05
instead of microorganisms,
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콜레라 전염이 μ„Έκ·  λ•Œλ¬Έμ΄ μ•„λ‹ˆλΌ
02:07
when presenting his case to governmental officials.
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μ‹μˆ˜μ˜ λ…μ„±λ¬Όμ§ˆμ΄ 원인이라고 λ³΄κ³ ν–ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
02:11
They were unconvinced,
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μ •λΆ€ κ΄€λ£Œλ“€μ€ 믿지 μ•Šμ•˜μ§€λ§Œ,
02:12
but agreed to shut down the pump as an extra precaution.
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μ˜ˆλ°©μ±…μœΌλ‘œ μƒκ°ν•˜κ³  νŽŒν”„ 가동을 μ€‘λ‹¨μ‹œμΌ°μŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
02:16
Almost immediately, new cases of infection subsided.
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κ·Έ 직후, μƒˆλ‘œμš΄ κ°μ—Όμ‚¬λ‘€λŠ” μ—†μ–΄μ‘Œμ£ .
02:21
Bolstered by his success,
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κ·Έ 성과에 νž˜μ„ μ–»μ–΄μ„œ
02:22
Dr. Snow was determined to connect the contaminated pump water
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μŠ€λ…Έμš° λ°•μ‚¬λŠ” μ˜€μ—Όλœ κΈ‰μˆ˜μž₯κ³Ό μ§ˆλ³‘κ³Όμ˜ 관계λ₯Ό
02:26
to the disease.
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μ•Œμ•„λ‚΄κΈ°λ‘œ λ§ˆμŒλ¨Ήμ—ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
02:28
He found the story of a widow who had died of cholera
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κ·ΈλŠ” μ†Œν˜Έμ—μ„œ 멀리 떨어진 지역에 μ‚¬λŠ” ν•œ 미망인이
02:31
and lived far away from Soho,
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콜레라둜 μ‚¬λ§ν•œ 사둀λ₯Ό μ°Ύμ•„λƒˆκ³ ,
02:33
but had a servant bring her water from the Broad Street pump daily
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ν•˜μΈμ—κ²Œ 맀일 κ·Έ κΈ‰μˆ˜μž₯의 물을 κΈΈλŸ¬μ˜€λ„λ‘ ν–ˆλ‹€λŠ” κ±Έ μ•Œμ•„λƒˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
02:38
because she liked the taste.
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κ·Έ 곳의 λ¬Ό 맛이 μ’‹λ‹€λŠ” 게 μ΄μœ μ˜€μ£ .
02:40
He also discovered a workhouse
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κ·ΈλŠ” λ˜ν•œ λΈŒλ‘œλ“œκ°€ κΈ‰μˆ˜μž₯의
02:41
located around the corner from the Broad Street pump
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λ°”λ‘œ λͺ¨ν‰μ΄μ— 빈민 λ³΄ν˜Έμ†Œκ°€ μžˆμŒμ„ μ•Œμ•„ λƒˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
02:44
that housed hundreds of people, but only a handful had become infected,
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κ·Έ λ³΄ν˜Έμ†Œμ—λŠ” 수 λ°±λͺ…이 μžˆμ—ˆμ§€λ§Œ κ°μ—ΌμžλŠ” 손에 꼽을 μ •λ„μ˜€μŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
02:49
which Dr. Snow attributed to the fact
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μŠ€λ…Έμš° 박사가 μ•Œμ•„λ‚Έ λ°”λ‘œλŠ”
02:51
that the workhouse had its own private well.
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κ·Έ λ³΄ν˜Έμ†Œμ— μ „μš© 우물이 μžˆμ—ˆκΈ° λ•Œλ¬Έμ΄μ—ˆμ£ .
02:54
Finally, Dr. Snow heard of an infant
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κ²°κ΅­, μŠ€λ…Έμš° λ°•μ‚¬λŠ” ν•œ κ°“λ‚œμ•„μ΄κ°€
02:57
who may have been one of the earliest victims of the outbreak.
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콜레라 λ°œλ³‘μ˜ 졜초 ν¬μƒμžμ˜€μŒμ„ μ•Œκ²Œ λ˜μ—ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
03:01
He learned that the child's dirty diapers
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κ·Έ μ•„μ΄μ˜ μ˜€μ—Όλœ κΈ°μ €κ·€κ°€
03:03
had been thrown into a cesspool
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곡곡 κΈ‰μˆ˜μž₯ λ°”λ‘œ μ˜†μ— μžˆλŠ”
03:05
right next to the public water pump on Broad Street.
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μ €μˆ˜μ§€μ— λ²„λ €μ‘Œλ‹€λŠ” 것을 μ•Œκ²Œ λ˜μ—ˆμ£ .
03:09
Again, Dr. Snow presented his case,
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μŠ€λ…Έμš° λ°•μ‚¬λŠ” 이 사둀듀도 λ³΄κ³ ν–ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
03:12
but even then, city officials spurned his theory,
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κ·ΈλŸΌμ—λ„ μ‹œκ³΅λ¬΄μ›λ“€μ€ 그의 가섀을 일좕해버렸죠.
03:15
not wanting to admit that there was human waste in London's water supply,
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런던 κΈ‰μˆ˜μ‹œμ„€μ— 였물이 μžˆμ—ˆμŒμ„ μΈμ •ν•˜κ³  싢지 μ•Šμ•˜κ±°λ‚˜
03:20
or that they were wrong about miasma theory,
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수 λ°±λ…„κ°„ λ°›μ•„ λ“€μ—¬μ™”λ˜ λ―Έμ•„μ¦ˆλ§ˆμ„€μ΄
03:22
which was, after all, hundreds of years old.
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ν‹€λ ΈμŒμ„ μΈμ •ν•˜κ³  싢지 μ•Šμ•˜μ„ κ²λ‹ˆλ‹€.
03:25
It wasn't until 1884 that Dr. Snow's efforts
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μŠ€λ…Έμš° λ°•μ‚¬μ˜ λ…Έλ ₯은 1884년이 λ˜μ–΄μ„œμ•Ό
03:29
were vindicated by Dr. Robert Koch,
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λ‘œλ²„νŠΈ 코흐 박사에 μ˜ν•΄ μž…μ¦λ˜μ—ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
03:32
who isolated the cholera-causing bacterium.
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κ·Έκ°€ 콜레라 원인균을 μ°Ύμ•„λ‚Έ κ²ƒμ΄μ—ˆμ£ .
03:35
Koch developed a technique to grow pure cultures,
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코흐 λ°•μ‚¬λŠ” 세균을 μˆœμˆ˜λ°°μ–‘ν•˜λŠ” κΈ°μˆ μ„ κ°œλ°œν•˜κ³ 
03:39
and through a series of experiments,
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일련의 μ‹€ν—˜μ„ ν†΅ν•΄μ„œ
03:40
definitively proved that a specific bacterium
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μ§ˆλ³‘μ„ μœ λ°œν•˜λŠ” νŠΉμ • 병원균이 μžˆμŒμ„
03:44
directly cause disease.
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증λͺ…ν•΄λƒˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
03:46
Major contributions to germ theory
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μ„Έκ· μ„€μ˜ μ£Όμš” κ³΅ν—Œμžμ€‘μ—λŠ”
03:48
also came from prolific scientist Louis Pasteur,
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μ™•μ„±ν•œ ν™œλ™μ˜ κ³Όν•™μž 루이 νŒŒμŠ€ν‡΄λ₯΄λ„ μžˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
03:52
whose study of microorganisms led to the development of the first vaccines.
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κ·ΈλŠ” 미생물 연ꡬλ₯Ό ν†΅ν•΄μ„œ 처음으둜 백신을 κ°œλ°œν•΄ λƒˆμ£ .
03:57
By challenging assumptions with data-driven research,
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이듀 κ³Όν•™μžλ“€μ΄ μžλ£Œμ— κ·Όκ±°λ₯Ό λ‘” 도전적인 가섀을 μ œμ‹œν•˜κ³ 
04:00
these scientists discredited an age-old theory
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케케묡은 가섀에 λŒ€ν•œ λ―ΏμŒμ„ 깸으둜써
04:03
and sparked a revolution that was incredibly beneficial to public health.
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곡곡보건에 λ†€λΌμš΄ 이읡을 μ£ΌλŠ” 혁λͺ…을 일으켰던 κ²ƒμž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
04:08
But all of this raises the question,
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ν•˜μ§€λ§Œ ν•œ 가지 ꢁ금증이 μƒκΈ°λ„€μš”.
04:10
what are the widely held scientific beliefs of today
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ν˜„μž¬ 널리 μ•Œλ €μ§„ 과학적 λ―ΏμŒλ“€μ΄ ν„°λ¬΄λ‹ˆμ—†μŒμ„
04:14
that our descendants will find ridiculous?
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우리 후손듀이 λ°ν˜€λ‚Έλ‹€λ©΄ μ–΄λ–»κ²Œ λ κΉŒμš”?
04:17
And as any scientist would tell you,
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κ³Όν•™μžλ“€μ€ λ‹€λ“€ μ΄λ ‡κ²Œ λ§ν•˜μ£ .
04:19
a question is an excellent place to start.
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μ˜λ¬Έμ„ κ°€μ§ˆ λ•Œκ°€ κ°€μž₯ 쒋은 μΆœλ°œμ μ΄λΌκ³ μš”.
이 μ›Ήμ‚¬μ΄νŠΈ 정보

이 μ‚¬μ΄νŠΈλŠ” μ˜μ–΄ ν•™μŠ΅μ— μœ μš©ν•œ YouTube λ™μ˜μƒμ„ μ†Œκ°œν•©λ‹ˆλ‹€. μ „ 세계 졜고의 μ„ μƒλ‹˜λ“€μ΄ κ°€λ₯΄μΉ˜λŠ” μ˜μ–΄ μˆ˜μ—…μ„ 보게 될 κ²ƒμž…λ‹ˆλ‹€. 각 λ™μ˜μƒ νŽ˜μ΄μ§€μ— ν‘œμ‹œλ˜λŠ” μ˜μ–΄ μžλ§‰μ„ 더블 ν΄λ¦­ν•˜λ©΄ κ·Έκ³³μ—μ„œ λ™μ˜μƒμ΄ μž¬μƒλ©λ‹ˆλ‹€. λΉ„λ””μ˜€ μž¬μƒμ— 맞좰 μžλ§‰μ΄ μŠ€ν¬λ‘€λ©λ‹ˆλ‹€. μ˜κ²¬μ΄λ‚˜ μš”μ²­μ΄ μžˆλŠ” 경우 이 문의 양식을 μ‚¬μš©ν•˜μ—¬ λ¬Έμ˜ν•˜μ‹­μ‹œμ˜€.

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