A day in the life of an Aztec midwife - Kay Read

1,383,722 views ใƒป 2020-05-12

TED-Ed


ืื ื ืœื—ืฅ ืคืขืžื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ืœืžื˜ื” ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ.

ืชืจื’ื•ื: Ido Dekkers ืขืจื™ื›ื”: Alsa Saal
00:06
Lord Sun dawns on the day called 7-Monkey,
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ืœื•ืจื“ ืฉืžืฉ ืžืคืฆื™ืข ืขืœ ื™ื•ื ืฉื ืงืจื ืงื•ืฃ 7,
00:10
his fingers slowly spreading a rosy sheen
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ื”ืืฆื‘ืขื•ืช ืฉืœื• ืžืคื™ืฆื•ืช ื‘ืื™ื˜ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืจืง ืื“ืžื“ื
00:13
that mixes softly with smoke rising from Tenochtitlanโ€™s many hearth fires.
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ืฉืžืชืขืจื‘ื‘ ื‘ืื™ื˜ื™ื•ืช ืขื ืขืฉืŸ ืฉืขื•ืœื” ืžื”ืžื“ื•ืจื•ืช ื”ืจื‘ื•ืช ืฉืœ ื˜ื ื•ืฆ'ื˜ื™ื˜ืœืืŸ.
00:19
The midwife, Xoquauhtli, has a difficult choice to make.
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ืœืžื™ื™ืœื“ืช ืฉื•ืงื•ื•ืื•ื•ื˜ืœื™, ื™ืฉ ื‘ื—ื™ืจื” ืงืฉื”.
00:23
A momentous shift from rainy season to dry season is underway.
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ืฉื™ื ื•ื™ ืžืฉืžืขื•ืชื™ ืžืขื•ื ื” ื’ืฉื•ืžื” ืœืขื•ื ื” ื™ื‘ืฉื” ื‘ื“ืจืš.
00:28
All summer, the gods have kept the people fed with corn,
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ื›ืœ ื”ืงื™ืฅ, ื”ืืœื™ื ืฉืžืจื• ืขืœ ื”ืื ืฉื™ื ืฉื‘ืขื™ื ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ืชื™ืจืก,
00:31
but the fertile summer months are disappearing.
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ืื‘ืœ ื—ื•ื“ืฉื™ ื”ืงื™ืฅ ื”ืคื•ืจื™ื ื ืขืœืžื™ื.
00:35
This day occurs during the festival that marks the shift
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ื”ื™ื•ื ื”ื–ื” ืžืชืจื—ืฉ ื‘ืžื”ืœืš ื”ืคืกื˜ื™ื‘ืœ ืฉืžืกืžืœ ืืช ื”ืžืขื‘ืจ
00:38
between the summer season, when the gods feed the people,
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ื‘ื™ืŸ ืขื•ื ืช ื”ืงื™ืฅ, ื›ืฉื”ืืœื™ื ืžืื›ื™ืœื™ื ืืช ื”ืื ืฉื™ื,
00:42
and the winter season, when the people feed the gods in return.
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ื•ืขื•ื ืช ื”ื—ื•ืจืฃ, ื›ืฉื”ืื ืฉื™ื ืžืื›ื™ืœื™ื ืืช ื”ืืœื™ื ื‘ืชืžื•ืจื”.
00:46
Xoquauhtli owes a debt to her patron, Teteoinnan,
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ืฉื•ืงื•ื•ืื•ื•ื˜ืœื™ ื—ื™ื™ื‘ืช ืœืคื˜ืจื•ื ื™ืช ืฉืœื”, ื˜ื˜ืื•ืื™ื ืŸ,
00:50
the female warrior goddess at the center of this festival.
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ืืœืช ื”ืžืœื—ืžื” ื‘ืžืจื›ื– ื”ืคืกื˜ื™ื‘ืœ ื”ื–ื”.
00:53
Teteoinnan wages war both on womenโ€™s battlefields of birth
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ื˜ื˜ืื•ืื™ื ืŸ ืคื•ืฆื—ืช ื‘ืžืœื—ืžื” ื’ื ืขืœ ืฉื“ื•ืช ืžืœื—ืžืช ื”ืœื™ื“ื” ืฉืœ ื ืฉื™ื
00:58
and in menโ€™s battles with Tenochtilanโ€™s enemies.
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ื•ื‘ืงืจื‘ื•ืช ื”ื’ื‘ืจื™ื ืขื ืื•ื™ื‘ื™ ื˜ื ื•ืฆ'ื™ื˜ื™ืœืืŸ.
01:02
She must be kept happy or she will bring bad luck.
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ื—ื™ื™ื‘ื™ื ืœืฉืžื•ืจ ืขืœื™ื” ืฉืžื—ื” ืื• ืฉื”ื™ื ืชื‘ื™ื ืžื–ืœ ืจืข.
01:05
The midwife should participate in the festival today,
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ื”ืžื™ื™ืœื“ืช ืฆืจื™ื›ื” ืœื”ืฉืชืชืฃ ื‘ืคืกื˜ื™ื‘ืœ ื”ื™ื•ื,
01:08
but one of her patients could go into labor any minute.
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ืื‘ืœ ืื—ืช ื”ืžื˜ื•ืคืœื•ืช ืฉืœื” ื™ื›ื•ืœื” ืœืœื“ืช ื›ืœ ืจื’ืข.
01:12
Xoquauhtli decides to check on her patient first.
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ืฉื•ืงื•ื•ืื•ื•ื˜ืœื™ ืžื—ืœื™ื˜ื” ืœื‘ื“ื•ืง ืืช ื”ืžื˜ื•ืคืœืช ืฉืœื” ืงื•ื“ื.
01:15
The expecting mother hasnโ€™t worked too hard, chewed gum,
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ื”ืื ื”ืžืฆืคื” ืœื ืขื‘ื“ื” ื›ืœ ื›ืš ืงืฉื”, ืœืขืกื” ืžืกื˜ื™ืง,
01:18
or lifted heavy things.
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ืื• ื”ืจื™ืžื” ืžืฉืื•ืช ื›ื‘ื“ื™ื.
01:20
Her family is taking good care of her.
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ื”ืžืฉืคื—ื” ืฉืœื” ืžื˜ืคืœืช ื‘ื” ื”ื™ื˜ื‘.
01:22
Surely Xoquauhtli can take a little time to honor her goddess.
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ืฉื•ืงื•ื•ืื•ื•ื˜ืœื™ ื‘ื”ื—ืœื˜ ื™ื›ื•ืœื” ืœืงื—ืช ืžืขื˜ ื–ืžืŸ ื›ื“ื™ ืœื›ื‘ื“ ืืช ื”ืืœื” ืฉืœื”.
01:26
She leaves her apprentice in charge and heads to the center of the city.
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ื”ื™ื ืžืฉืื™ืจื” ืืช ื”ืžืชืžื—ื” ืฉืœื” ืžืžื•ื ื” ื•ื”ื•ืœื›ืช ืœืžืจื›ื– ื”ืขื™ืจ.
01:30
Along the way, she sees women sweeping the roads and hanging gourds
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ื‘ื“ืจืš, ื”ื™ื ืจื•ืื” ื ืฉื™ื ืžื˜ืื˜ืื•ืช ืืช ื”ืจื—ื•ื‘ื•ืช ื•ืชื•ืœื•ืช ื“ืœืขื•ืช
01:34
in preparation for the festival.
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ื‘ื”ื›ื ื” ืœืคืกื˜ื™ื‘ืœ.
01:36
Finally, she reaches the Great Pyramid.
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ืœื‘ืกื•ืฃ, ื”ื™ื ืžื’ื™ืขื” ืœืคื™ืจืžื™ื“ื” ื”ื’ื“ื•ืœื”.
01:40
On top are two temples: the north,
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ื‘ืจืืฉื” ืฉื ื™ ืžืงื“ืฉื™ื: ื”ืฆืคื•ื ื™,
01:42
where rituals honor the rain god in the summer,
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ื‘ื• ื˜ื›ืกื™ื ืžื›ื‘ื“ื™ื ืืช ืืœ ื”ื’ืฉื ื‘ืงื™ืฅ,
01:45
and the south one is where rituals honor the war god in the winter.
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ื•ื‘ื“ืจื•ืžื™ ื”ื˜ื›ืกื™ื ืžื›ื‘ื“ื™ื ืืช ืืœ ื”ืžืœื—ืžื” ืฉืœ ื”ื—ื•ืจืฃ.
01:49
On the equinox, the sun rises between the two sides.
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ื‘ื ืงื•ื“ืช ื”ืฉื•ื•ื™ื•ืŸ, ื”ืฉืžืฉ ืขื•ืœื” ื‘ื™ืŸ ืฉื ื™ ื”ืฆื“ื“ื™ื.
01:53
The ceremony begins with a mock battle between the midwives
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ื”ื˜ืงืก ืžืชื—ื™ืœ ืขื ืงืจื‘ ืžื“ื•ืžื” ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ืžื™ื™ืœื“ื•ืช
01:57
and the other physicians.
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ืœื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ืจื•ืคืื™ื ื”ืื—ืจื™ื.
01:58
Xoquauhtliโ€™s team battles heartily, throwing nochtles, marigolds,
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ื”ืฆื•ื•ืช ืฉืœ ืฉื•ืงื•ื•ืื•ื•ื˜ืœื™ ื ืœื—ื ื‘ืžืจืฅ, ืžืฉืœื™ืš ืฆื™ืคื•ืจื ื™ ื—ืชื•ืœ,
02:03
and balls made of reed and moss.
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ื•ื›ื“ื•ืจื™ื ืขืฉื•ื™ื™ื ืžื–ืจื“ื™ื ื•ื˜ื—ื‘.
02:06
They joke, call their rivals names, and laugh.
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ื”ื ืžืชื‘ื“ื—ื™ื, ืงื•ืจืื™ื ืœื™ืจื™ื‘ื™ื”ื ื‘ืฉืžื•ืช ื•ืฆื•ื—ืงื™ื.
02:09
But then, a girl comes running with a message for Xoquauhtli.
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ืื‘ืœ ืื–, ื™ืœื“ื” ืจืฆื” ืขื ืžืกืจ ืœืฉื•ืงื•ื•ืื•ื•ื˜ืœื™.
02:12
Her patient is in labor!
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ื”ืžื˜ื•ืคืœืช ืฉืœื” ื™ื•ืœื“ืช!
02:15
She hurries back to the house.
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ื”ื™ื ืžืžื”ืจืช ื—ื–ืจื” ืœื‘ื™ืช.
02:17
All the old women from the extended family
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ื›ืœ ื”ื ืฉื™ื ื”ืžื‘ื•ื’ืจื•ืช ืžื”ืžืฉืคื—ื” ื”ืžื•ืจื—ื‘ืช
02:19
have already gathered for the birthโ€”
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ื›ื‘ืจ ื”ืชืืกืคื• ืœืœื™ื“ื” --
02:21
their experience is very valuable if anything goes wrong.
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ื”ื ื™ืกื™ื•ืŸ ืฉืœื”ืŸ ืžืื•ื“ ืžื•ืขื™ืœ ืื ืžืฉื”ื• ื™ืฉืชื‘ืฉ.
02:24
She readies herself with a prayer praising her most important tools, her fingers.
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ื”ื™ื ืžื›ื™ื ื” ืืช ืขืฆืžื” ืขื ืชืคื™ืœื” ืฉืžืฉื‘ื—ืช ืืช ื”ื›ืœื™ื ื”ื›ื™ ื—ืฉื•ื‘ื™ื ืฉืœื”, ื”ืืฆื‘ืขื•ืช ืฉืœื”.
02:30
Then she doses the patient with cihuapatli to help expel the baby,
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ืื– ื”ื™ื ืื•ืคืคืช ืืช ื”ืžื˜ื•ืค-ืœืช ืฉืœื” ืขื ืฆ'ื™ื”ื•ืืคืื˜ืœื™ ื›ื“ื™ ืœืขื–ื•ืจ ืœื—ืœืฅ ืืช ื”ืชื™ื ื•ืง,
02:35
massages her in the sweathouse, and rubs her stomach with tobacco.
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ืžืขืกื” ืื•ืชื” ื‘ื‘ื™ืช ื”ื”ื–ืขื”, ื•ืžืฉืคืฉืคืช ืืช ื‘ื˜ื ื” ืขื ื˜ื‘ืง.
02:39
Offering Teteoinnan a short prayer,
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ืžืฆื™ืขื” ืœื˜ื˜ืื•ืื™ื ืืŸ ืชืคื™ืœื” ืงืฆืจื”,
02:42
she urges her patient to act like a warrior.
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ื”ื™ื ืžืขื•ื“ื“ืช ืืช ื”ืžื˜ื•ืคืœืช ืฉืœื” ืœืคืขื•ืœ ื›ืžื• ืœื•ื—ืžืช.
02:45
A strong baby girl slips into her waiting hands
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ืชื™ื ื•ืงืช ื—ื–ืงื” ืžื—ืœื™ืงื” ืœืชื•ืš ื™ื“ื™ื” ื”ืžืžืชื™ื ื•ืช
02:48
and the old women shout triumphant cries.
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ื•ื”ื ืฉื™ื ื”ืžื‘ื•ื’ืจื•ืช ืคื•ืฆื—ื•ืช ื‘ืงืจื™ืื•ืช ื ื™ืฆื—ื•ืŸ.
02:52
Xoquauhtli takes a few drops of water from a jade bowl, breaths on them,
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ืฉื•ืงื•ื•ืื•ื•ื˜ืœื™ ืœื•ืงื—ืช ื›ืžื” ื˜ื™ืคื•ืช ืžื™ื ืžืงืขืจืช ื™ืจืงืŸ, ื ื•ืฉืคืช ืขืœื™ื”ืŸ,
02:57
and places them on the babyโ€™s tiny tongue.
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ื•ืฉืžื” ืื•ืชืŸ ืขืœ ืœืฉื•ื ื” ื”ื–ืขื™ืจื” ืฉืœ ื”ืชื™ื ื•ืงืช.
02:59
She calls her a precious greenstone, a little warrior,
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ื”ื™ื ืงื•ืจืืช ืœื” ืื‘ืŸ ื™ืจื•ืงื” ื™ืงืจื”, ืœื•ื—ืžืช ื–ืขื™ืจื”,
03:03
and tells her how the Lord and Lady of the Ninth Sky
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ื•ืžืกืคืจืช ืœื” ืื™ืš ื”ืœื•ืจื“ ื•ื”ืœื™ื™ื“ื™ ืฉืœ ื”ืจืงื™ืข ื”ืชืฉื™ืขื™
03:05
breathed life into her, sending her to this place of burden and torment.
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ื ืฉืคื• ืœืชื•ื›ื” ื—ื™ื™ื, ืฉืœื—ื• ืื•ืชื” ืœืžืงื•ื ื”ื–ื” ืฉืœ ืžืขืžืกื” ื•ืขื™ื ื•ื™.
03:11
She then turns to the new mother, praising her,
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ื”ื™ื ืคื•ื ื” ืื– ืœืื ื”ื—ื“ืฉื”, ืžืฉื‘ื—ืช ืื•ืชื”,
03:14
telling her she acted like an eagle warrior, a jaguar warrior.
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ืžืกืคืจืช ืœื” ืฉื”ื™ื ืคืขืœื” ื›ืžื• ืœื•ื—ื ืขื™ื˜, ืœื•ื—ื ื™ื’ื•ืืจ.
03:20
By the time they finish, itโ€™s late, and the flames of the fire have died down.
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ืขื“ ืฉื”ื ืžืกื™ื™ืžื™ื, ื›ื‘ืจ ืžืื•ื—ืจ, ื•ื”ืœื”ื‘ื•ืช ืฉืœ ื”ืืฉ ืฉื›ื—ื•.
03:25
Xoquauhtli piles the remaining hot coals in the center of the hearth,
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ืฉื•ืงื•ื•ืื•ื•ื˜ืœื™ ืขื•ืจืžืช ืืช ื”ืคื—ืžื™ื ื”ืœื•ื”ื˜ื•ืช ื‘ืžืจื›ื– ื”ืžื“ื•ืจื”,
03:29
stoking them to keep them going.
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ืžืœื‘ื” ืื•ืชืŸ ื›ื“ื™ ืœืฉืžื•ืจ ืขืœื™ื”ืŸ ื“ื•ืœืงื•ืช.
03:31
She lays the baby in a woven basket, head facing the warming fire.
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ื”ื™ื ืžื ื™ื—ื” ืืช ื”ืชื™ื ื•ืงืช ื‘ืกืœ ืืจื•ื’, ืขื ื”ืคื ื™ื ืœืืฉ ื”ืžื—ืžืžืช.
03:36
This will warm her tonalli, an important โ€œsoulโ€ center in the body
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ื–ื” ื™ื—ืžื ืืช ื”ื˜ื•ื ืœื™ ืฉืœื”, ืžืจื›ื– "ื ืฉืžื”" ื—ืฉื•ื‘ ื‘ืžืจื›ื– ื”ื’ื•ืฃ
03:41
central to health and well-being.
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ืžืจื›ื–ื™ ืœื‘ืจื™ืื•ืช.
03:43
Itโ€™s almost midnightโ€” if Xoquauhtli hurries,
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ื›ื‘ืจ ื›ืžืขื˜ ื—ืฆื•ืช -- ืื ืฉื•ืงื•ื•ืื•ื•ื˜ืœื™ ืชืžื”ืจ,
03:46
she can get back to the temple for the culmination of the festival.
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ื”ื™ื ืชื•ื›ืœ ืœื—ื–ื•ืจ ืœืžืงื“ืฉ ืœืฉื™ื ื”ืคืกื˜ื™ื‘ืœ.
03:50
She makes her way to the city center, where a priest carries a woman on his back
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ื”ื™ื ืขื•ืฉื” ืืช ื“ืจื›ื” ืœืžืจื›ื– ื”ืขื™ืจ, ืฉื ื”ื›ื•ื”ืŸ ืœื•ืงื— ืื™ืฉื” ืขืœ ื’ื‘ื•
03:55
to the top of the pyramid.
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ืœืจืืฉ ื”ืคื™ืจืžื™ื“ื”.
03:56
To begin the new season and feed the gods, she will be beheaded,
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ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืชื—ื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืขื•ื ื” ื”ื—ื“ืฉื” ื•ืœื”ืื›ื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืืœื™ื, ืจืืฉื” ื™ื›ืจืช,
04:00
symbolizing how corn is cut in the fields.
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ืžื” ืฉืžืกืžืœ ืื™ืš ืชื™ืจืก ื ืงืฆืจ ื‘ืฉื“ื•ืช.
04:04
Afterward, she will be reborn as Lady Teteoinnan,
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ืœืื—ืจ ืžื›ืŸ, ื”ื™ื ืชื™ื•ื•ืœื“ ืžื—ื“ืฉ ื›ืœื™ื™ื“ื™ ื˜ื˜ืื•ืื™ื ืืŸ,
04:08
and preside over the induction of new warriors.
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ื•ืชืžืœื•ืš ืขืœ ื”ื”ืฆื˜ืจืคื•ืช ืฉืœ ืœื•ื—ืžื™ื ื—ื“ืฉื™ื.
ืขืœ ืืชืจ ื–ื”

ืืชืจ ื–ื” ื™ืฆื™ื’ ื‘ืคื ื™ื›ื ืกืจื˜ื•ื ื™ YouTube ื”ืžื•ืขื™ืœื™ื ืœืœื™ืžื•ื“ ืื ื’ืœื™ืช. ืชื•ื›ืœื• ืœืจืื•ืช ืฉื™ืขื•ืจื™ ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืขื‘ืจื™ื ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืžื•ืจื™ื ืžื”ืฉื•ืจื” ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื” ืžืจื—ื‘ื™ ื”ืขื•ืœื. ืœื—ืฅ ืคืขืžื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืฆื’ื•ืช ื‘ื›ืœ ื“ืฃ ื•ื™ื“ืื• ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ ืžืฉื. ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื’ื•ืœืœื•ืช ื‘ืกื ื›ืจื•ืŸ ืขื ื”ืคืขืœืช ื”ื•ื•ื™ื“ืื•. ืื ื™ืฉ ืœืš ื”ืขืจื•ืช ืื• ื‘ืงืฉื•ืช, ืื ื ืฆื•ืจ ืื™ืชื ื• ืงืฉืจ ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ื˜ื•ืคืก ื™ืฆื™ืจืช ืงืฉืจ ื–ื”.

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