Can you outsmart a troll (by thinking like one)? - Claire Wardle

778,038 views ใƒป 2020-10-29

TED-Ed


ืื ื ืœื—ืฅ ืคืขืžื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ืœืžื˜ื” ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ.

ืชืจื’ื•ื: Ido Dekkers ืขืจื™ื›ื”: Alsa Saal
00:07
Your town is holding a mayoral election and the stakes have never been higher:
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ื”ืขื™ืจ ืฉืœื›ื ืขื•ืจื›ืช ื‘ื—ื™ืจื•ืช ืœืจืืฉื•ืช ื”ืขื™ืจ ื•ื”ื”ื™ืžื•ืจ ืžืขื•ืœื ืœื ื”ื™ื” ื›ืœ ื›ืš ื’ื‘ื•ื”:
00:12
the outcome will decide the fate of a local movement
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ื”ืชื•ืฆืื” ืชืงื‘ืข ืืช ื’ื•ืจืœ ื”ืชื ื•ืขื” ื”ืžืงื•ืžื™ืช
00:15
to rely on 100% renewable energy.
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ืœื”ืกืชืžื›ื•ืช ืžืœืื” ืขืœ ืื ืจื’ื™ื” ืžืชื—ื“ืฉืช.
00:18
One mayoral nominee, Joanna B. Greene, is a champion of this movement,
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ืžื•ืขืžื“ืช ืื—ืช ืœืจืืฉื•ืช ื”ืขื™ืจ, ื’'ื•ืื ื” ื’ืจื™ืŸ, ื”ื™ื ืจืืฉ ื”ืชื ื•ืขื”,
00:23
while the other, Stannis Quo, staunchly opposes it.
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ื‘ืขื•ื“ ื”ืื—ืจ, ืกื˜ืื ื™ืก ืงื•ื•, ืžืชื ื’ื“ ืœื” ื‘ื—ื–ืงื”.
00:27
Heโ€™s announced heโ€™ll use whatever tactics are necessary to win the election.
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ื”ื™ื ื”ื›ืจื™ื– ืฉื”ื•ื ื™ืฉืชืžืฉ ื‘ื›ืœ ื˜ืงื˜ื™ืงื” ืฉื“ืจื•ืฉื” ื›ื“ื™ ืœื–ื›ื•ืช ื‘ื‘ื—ื™ืจื•ืช.
00:32
As the municipal cybersecurity expert, youโ€™re on high alert.
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ื›ืžื•ืžื—ื™ ืื‘ื˜ื—ืช ื”ืžื™ื“ืข ืฉืœ ื”ืขื™ืจื™ื”, ืืชื ื‘ื›ื•ื ื ื•ืช ื’ื‘ื•ื”ื”.
00:37
Election day is near and you suspect that Quo
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ื™ื•ื ื”ื‘ื—ื™ืจื•ืช ืžืชืงืจื‘ ื•ืืชื ื—ื•ืฉื“ื™ื ืฉืงื•ื•
00:40
will begin pushing false information to swing the election in his favor.
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ื™ืชื—ื™ืœ ืœืงื“ื ืžื™ื“ืข ื›ื•ื–ื‘ ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ื˜ื•ืช ืืช ื”ื‘ื—ื™ืจื•ืช ืœื˜ื•ื‘ืชื•.
00:45
Your job is to inoculate the townspeople against false information
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ื”ืขื‘ื•ื“ื” ืฉืœื›ื ื”ื™ื ืœื—ืกืŸ ืืช ืื ืฉื™ ื”ืขื™ืจ ื ื’ื“ ืžื™ื“ืข ื›ื•ื–ื‘
00:49
before the election.
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ืœืคื ื™ ื”ื‘ื—ื™ืจื•ืช.
00:51
One of the most effective ways to tackle disinformation
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ืื—ืช ื”ื“ืจื›ื™ื ื”ื›ื™ ื™ืขื™ืœื•ืช ืœื”ืชืžื•ื“ื“ ืขื ืžื™ื“ืข ื›ื•ื–ื‘
00:54
is to encourage people to think about the strategies
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ื”ื™ื ืœืขื•ื“ื“ ืื ืฉื™ื ืœื—ืฉื•ื‘ ืขืœ ื”ืืกื˜ืจื˜ื’ื™ื•ืช
00:57
used by those who create and spread it.
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ื‘ืฉื™ืžื•ืฉ ืฉืœ ืืœื• ืฉื™ื•ืฆืจื™ื ื•ืžืคื™ืฆื™ื ืื•ืชื•.
01:00
This might seem counter-intuitiveโ€” and potentially dangerousโ€”
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ื–ื” ืื•ืœื™ ื ืจืื” ืžื ื•ื’ื“ ืœืื™ื ื˜ื•ืื™ืฆื™ื” --? ื•ืื•ืœื™ ื’ื ืžืกื•ื›ืŸ --
01:04
but as long as you donโ€™t create a โ€œhow-to manual,โ€
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ืื‘ืœ ื›ืœ ืขื•ื“ ืืชื ืœื ื™ื•ืฆืจื™ื "ืžื“ืจื™ืš,"
01:07
active inoculation is an effective option.
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ื—ื™ืกื•ืŸ ืคืขื™ืœ ื”ื•ื ืื•ืคืฆื™ื” ืืคืงื˜ื™ื‘ื™ืช.
01:10
A study conducted in 2019 used an online game to train people
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ืžื—ืงืจ ืฉื ืขืจืš ื‘ 2019 ื”ืฉืชืžืฉ ื‘ืžืฉื—ืง ืžืงื•ื•ืŸ ื›ื“ื™ ืœืืžืŸ ืื ืฉื™ื
01:15
to think like a disinformation producer.
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ืœื—ืฉื•ื‘ ื›ืžื• ื™ืฆืจืŸ ืžื™ื“ืข ื›ื•ื–ื‘.
01:18
When the participants were next shown the disinformation,
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ื›ืฉื”ืจืื• ืœืžืฉืชืชืคื™ื ืžื™ื“ืข ื›ื•ื–ื‘ ืœืื—ืจ ืžื›ืŸ,
01:21
their perception of its reliability dropped significantly.
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ื”ืชืคื™ืฉื” ืฉืœื”ื ืฉืœ ื”ืืžื™ื ื•ืช ืฉืœื• ื™ืจื“ื” ืžืฉืžืขื•ืชื™ืช.
01:26
But before you can teach your own townspeople,
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ืื‘ืœ ืœืคื ื™ ืฉืชื•ื›ืœื• ืœืœืžื“ ืืช ืื ืฉื™ ื”ืขื™ืจ ืฉืœื›ื,
01:28
you need to figure it out for yourself.
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ืืชื ืฆืจื™ื›ื™ื ืœื”ื‘ื™ืŸ ืืช ื–ื” ื‘ืขืฆืžื›ื.
01:31
What strategies would you employ if you were Stannis Quo?
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ื‘ืื™ืœื• ืืกื˜ืจื˜ื’ื™ื•ืช ื”ื™ื™ืชื ืžืฉืชืžืฉื™ื ืื™ืœื• ื”ื™ื™ืชื ืกื˜ื ื™ืก ืงื•ื•?
01:36
In order to launch a successful disinformation campaign,
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ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืฉื™ืง ืงืžืคื™ื™ืŸ ืžื•ืฆืœื— ืฉืœ ืžื™ื“ืข ื›ื•ื–ื‘,
01:39
you must use evocative, and convincing content that will spread quickly
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ืืชื ืฆืจื™ื›ื™ื ืœื”ืฉืชืžืฉ ื‘ืชื•ื›ืŸ ืžื˜ืจื™ื“ ื•ืžืฉื›ื ืข ืฉื™ืชืคืฉื˜ ื‘ืžื”ื™ืจื•ืช
01:44
and create confusion.
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ื•ื™ืฆื•ืจ ื‘ืœื‘ื•ืœ.
01:46
Itโ€™ll also help to take advantage of confirmation bias.
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ื™ื”ื™ื” ืžื•ืขื™ืœ ื’ื ืœื”ืฉืชืžืฉ ื‘ื”ื˜ื™ืช ืื™ืฉื•ืจ.
01:50
People are intuitively more inclined to believe information
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ืื ืฉื™ื ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ืื™ื ื˜ื•ืื™ื˜ื™ื‘ื™ ื ื•ื˜ื™ื ื™ื•ืชืจ ืœื”ืืžื™ืŸ ืœืžื™ื“ืข
01:53
that supports a worldview they already have.
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ืฉืชื•ืžืš ื‘ื”ืฉืงืคืช ืขื•ืœืžื.
01:56
Many young voters in your town are in favor
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ื”ืจื‘ื” ื‘ื•ื—ืจื™ื ืฆืขื™ืจื™ื ื‘ืขื™ืจื›ื ื‘ืขื“
01:59
of transitioning to renewable energy and sympathize with Greene.
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ืžืขื‘ืจ ืœืื ืจื’ื™ื•ืช ืžืชื—ื“ืฉื•ืช ื•ื™ืฉ ืœื”ื ืกื™ืžืคื˜ื™ื” ืœื’ืจื™ืŸ.
02:03
Rather than trying to change their minds,
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ื‘ืžืงื•ื ืœื ืกื•ืช ืœืฉื ื•ืช ืืช ื“ืขืชื,
02:05
Quo will likely focus on suppressing the youth vote.
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ืงื•ื• ื›ื ืจืื” ื™ืชืžืงื“ ื‘ื“ื™ื›ื•ื™ ื”ืงื•ืœ ื”ืฆืขื™ืจ.
02:09
If you were him, how would you start?
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ืื ื”ื™ื™ืชื ื”ื•ื, ืื™ืš ื”ื™ื™ืชื ืžืชื—ื™ืœื™ื?
02:12
You might create fake user accounts to spread disinformation
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ืืชื ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœื™ืฆื•ืจ ืคืจื•ืคื™ืœื™ ืžืฉืชืžืฉ ืžื–ื•ื™ื™ืคื™ื ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคื™ืฅ ืžื™ื“ืข ื›ื•ื–ื‘
02:16
on popular social media platforms.
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ื‘ืคืœื˜ืคื•ืจืžื•ืช ืžื“ื™ื” ื—ื‘ืจืชื™ืช ืคื•ืคื•ืœืจื™ื•ืช.
02:18
You could even make one that impersonates a trusted figure.
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ืืชื ืชื•ื›ืœื• ืืคื™ืœื• ืœื™ืฆื•ืจ ืื—ื“ ืฉื™ื—ืงื” ื“ืžื•ืช ืžื•ืขืจื›ืช.
02:22
From these accounts, you can deliver highly shareable, engaging visual content,
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ืžื”ื—ืฉื‘ื•ื ื•ืช ื”ืืœื•, ืืชื ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœืกืคืง ืชื•ื›ืŸ ืžืฉืชืฃ ื•ื™ื–ื•ืืœื™ืช ื•ืงืœ ืœืฉื™ืชื•ืฃ
02:28
like memes relating to the imminent election.
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ื›ืžื• ืžืžื™ื ืฉืžืชื™ื™ื—ืกื™ื ืœื‘ื—ื™ืจื•ืช ื”ืงืจื‘ื•ืช.
02:31
Thatโ€™s how you would like to go about spreading disinformation,
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ื›ืš ื”ื™ื™ืชื ืจื•ืฆื™ื ืœืฆืืช ืœืคื–ืจ ืžื™ื“ืข ื›ื•ื–ื‘,
02:35
but what kind of disinformation would be effective
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ืื‘ืœ ืื™ื–ื” ืกื•ื’ ืฉืœ ืžื™ื“ืข ื›ื•ื–ื‘ ื™ื”ื™ื” ืืคืงื˜ื™ื‘ื™
02:39
in manipulating young Greene supporters?
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ื‘ืžื ื™ืคื•ืœืฆื™ื” ืฉืœ ืชื•ืžื›ื™ ื’ืจื™ืŸ ืฆืขื™ืจื™ื?
02:42
First, you could direct people to vote via text, a webpage, or an app,
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ืจืืฉื™ืช, ืชื•ื›ืœื• ืœื”ืคื ื•ืช ืื ืฉื™ื ืœื”ืฆื‘ื™ืข ื“ืจืš ื˜ืงื˜ืก, ื“ืฃ ืื™ื ื˜ืจื ื˜, ืื• ืืคืœื™ืงืฆื™ื”,
02:48
none of which are viable voting platforms in your town.
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ืฉืืฃ ืื—ืช ืžื”ืŸ ื”ื™ื ืœื ื“ืจืš ื”ืฆื‘ืขื” ื—ื•ืงื™ืช ื‘ืขื™ืจื›ื.
02:51
The claim isnโ€™t too far-fetched.
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ื”ื˜ืขื ื” ืœื ื›ืœ ื›ืš ืžื•ื–ืจื”.
02:53
An encrypted digital platform could actually seem safer to young people
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ืคืœื˜ืคื•ืจืžื” ื“ื™ื’ื™ื˜ืœื™ืช ืžื•ืฆืคื ืช ืชื•ื›ืœ ืœืžืขืฉื” ืœื”ืจืื•ืช ื‘ื˜ื•ื—ื” ื™ื•ืชืจ ืœืื ืฉื™ื ืฆืขื™ืจื™ื
02:58
than the traditional ballot system.
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ืžืฉื™ื˜ืช ื”ืงืœืคื™ื•ืช ื”ืžืกื•ืจืชื™ื•ืช.
03:00
Perhaps you could also tell them that the voting day
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ืื•ืœื™ ืชื•ื›ืœื• ื’ื ืœืกืคืจ ืœื”ื ืฉื™ื•ื ื”ื‘ื—ื™ืจื”
03:02
is one day after it actually is.
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ื”ื•ื ื™ื•ื ืื—ื“ ืื—ืจื™ ื”ื™ื•ื ื”ืืžื™ืชื™.
03:05
You could then pair this approach with a more emotion-driven one.
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ืชื•ื›ืœื• ืœื—ื‘ืจ ืืช ื”ื’ื™ืฉื” ื”ื–ื• ืขื ืื—ืช ื™ื•ืชืจ ืจื’ืฉื™ืช.
03:09
How about vilifying Greene and appealing to the young votersโ€™ values?
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ืžื” ื‘ื ื•ื’ืข ืœื”ืฉื—ืจืชื” ืฉืœ ื’ืจื™ืŸ ื•ืคื ื™ื” ืœืขืจื›ื™ื ืฉืœ ื”ื‘ื•ื—ืจื™ื ื”ืฆืขื™ืจื™ื?
03:14
You want to share information that taps into peopleโ€™s sense of civic duty
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ืืชื ืจื•ืฆื™ื ืœื—ืœื•ืง ืžื™ื“ืข ืฉืžืชื—ื‘ืจ ืœืชื—ื•ืฉื” ืฉืœ ืื ืฉื™ื ืฉืœ ื—ื•ื‘ื” ืื–ืจื—ื™ืช
03:18
and makes them feel that the election depends on their sharing it
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ื•ืœื’ืจื•ื ืœื”ื ืœื”ืจื’ื™ืฉ ืฉื”ื‘ื—ื™ืจื•ืช ืชืœื•ื™ื•ืช ื‘ื–ื” ืฉื™ืฉืชืคื• ืื•ืชื•
03:22
as widely as possible.
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ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ื”ื›ื™ ื ืจื—ื‘ ืฉืืคืฉืจ.
03:24
Your fake accounts could circulate false accusations that Greene takes money
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ื”ื—ืฉื‘ื•ื ื•ืช ื”ืžื–ื•ื™ื™ืคื™ื ืฉืœื›ื ื™ื›ื•ืœื• ืœื”ืคื™ืฅ ื”ืืฉืžื•ืช ืฉื•ื•ื ืฉื’ืจื™ืŸ ืœื•ืงื—ืช ื›ืกืฃ
03:29
from local, somehow corrupt renewable energy facilities;
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ืžืžืชืงื ื™ ืื ืจื’ื™ื” ืžืชื—ื“ืฉืช ืžืงื•ืžื™ื™ื ืฉื”ื ื‘ืฆื•ืจื” ื›ืœืฉื”ื™ ืžื•ืฉื—ืชื™ื;
03:34
treats her staff poorly; or abuses stray kittens for fun.
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ืฉื”ื™ื ืžืชื™ื™ื—ืกืช ืœืฆื•ื•ืช ืฉืœื” ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ื’ืจื•ืข; ืื• ืžืชืขืœืœืช ื‘ื—ืชื•ืœื™ื ืžืฉื•ื˜ื˜ื™ื ื‘ืฉื‘ื™ืœ ื”ื›ื™ืฃ.
03:38
These inflammatory claims could lead people to question
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ื”ื˜ืขื ื•ืช ื”ืžืฉื—ื™ืจื•ืช ื”ืืœื• ื™ื›ื•ืœื•ืช ืœื”ื•ื‘ื™ืœ ืื ืฉื™ื ืœืคืงืคืง
03:41
Greeneโ€™s integrity as a leader and even initiate further conspiracy theories.
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ื‘ื™ื•ืฉืจื” ืฉืœ ื’ืจื™ืŸ ื›ืžื ื”ื™ื’ื” ื•ืืคื™ืœื• ืœืขื•ื“ื“ ืชืื•ืจื™ื•ืช ืงื•ื ืกืคื™ืจืฆื™ื” ื ื•ืกืคื•ืช.
03:47
After youโ€™ve introduced these disinformation campaigns,
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ืื—ืจื™ ืฉื”ืฆื’ืชื ืืช ื”ืงืžืคื™ื™ื ื™ื ื”ืืœื” ืœืžื™ื“ืข ื›ื•ื–ื‘,
03:50
your fake users should keep repeating them so they stick in peopleโ€™s minds.
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ื”ืžืฉืชืžืฉื™ื ื”ืžื–ื•ื™ื™ืคื™ื ืฉืœื›ื ืฆืจื™ื›ื™ื ืœื”ืžืฉื™ืš ืœื—ื–ื•ืจ ืขืœื™ื”ื ื›ืš ืฉื™ืฉืืจื• ื‘ืžื•ื—ื ืฉืœ ืื ืฉื™ื.
03:55
Finally, media coverage would further spread your claims
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ืœื‘ืกื•ืฃ, ื›ื™ืกื•ื™ ื”ืžื“ื™ื” ื™ืคื™ืฅ ืขื•ื“ ืืช ื”ื˜ืขื ื•ืช ืฉืœื›ื
03:59
and give them perceived legitimacy.
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ื•ื™ืชืŸ ืœื”ืŸ ืœื’ื™ื˜ื™ืžื™ื•ืช ื ืชืคืกืช.
04:01
You could message a few local journalists
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ืชื•ื›ืœื• ืœืฉืœื•ื— ืžืกืจื™ื ืœืขื™ืชื•ื ืื™ื ืžืงื•ืžื™ื™ื
04:03
asking whether these rumors are true and express your concerns.
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ื•ืœืฉืื•ืœ ืื ื”ืฉืžื•ืขื•ืช ื”ืืœื• ื ื›ื•ื ื•ืช ื•ืœื”ื‘ื™ืข ืืช ื”ื“ืื’ื•ืช ืฉืœื›ื.
04:08
By the time an article comes out debunking the rumors,
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ืขื“ ืฉื”ืžืืžืจ ื™ืฆื ื•ื™ืคืจื™ืš ืืช ื”ืฉืžื•ืขื•ืช,
04:11
peopleโ€™s experiences of the truth will have become so warped
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ืชื—ื•ืฉืช ื”ืืžืช ืฉืœ ืื ืฉื™ื ืชื”ืคื•ืš ืœื›ืœ ื›ืš ืžืขื•ื•ืชืช
04:15
that convincing them otherwise will be difficult.
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ืฉืฉื›ื ื•ืข ืฉืœื”ื ืื—ืจืช ื™ื”ื™ื” ืงืฉื”.
04:19
A disinformation campaign like this would pit citizens against one another
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ืงืžืคื™ื™ืŸ ืžื™ื“ืข ื›ื•ื–ื‘ ื›ืžื• ื–ื” ื™ื’ืจื•ื ืœืื–ืจื—ื™ื ืœืขืžื•ื“ ืื—ื“ ืžื•ืœ ื”ืฉื ื™
04:23
and exploit their values and fears.
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ื•ื™ื ืฆืœ ืืช ื”ืขืจื›ื™ื ื•ื”ืคื—ื“ื™ื ืฉืœื”ื.
04:26
You can't personally protect each individual from disinformation,
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ืืชื ืœื ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืื™ืฉื™ืช ืœื”ื’ืŸ ืขืœ ื›ืœ ืื“ื ืžืžื™ื“ืข ื›ื•ื–ื‘,
04:30
but you can equip them with the insights you haveโ€”
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ืื‘ืœ ืืชื ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœืฆื™ื™ื“ ืื•ืชื ื‘ืชื•ื‘ื ื•ืช ืฉื™ืฉ ืœื›ื --
04:34
and encourage them to pass these tools further along.
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ื•ืœืขื•ื“ื“ ืื•ืชื ืœื”ืขื‘ื™ืจ ืืช ื”ื›ืœื™ื ื”ืืœื” ื”ืœืื”.
04:37
After all, community organizing is what elections often call for.
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ืื—ืจื™ ื”ื›ืœ, ืืจื’ื•ืŸ ืงื”ื™ืœืชื™ ื”ื•ื ืžื” ืฉื‘ื—ื™ืจื•ืช ืงื•ืจืื•ืช ืœื•.
ืขืœ ืืชืจ ื–ื”

ืืชืจ ื–ื” ื™ืฆื™ื’ ื‘ืคื ื™ื›ื ืกืจื˜ื•ื ื™ YouTube ื”ืžื•ืขื™ืœื™ื ืœืœื™ืžื•ื“ ืื ื’ืœื™ืช. ืชื•ื›ืœื• ืœืจืื•ืช ืฉื™ืขื•ืจื™ ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืขื‘ืจื™ื ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืžื•ืจื™ื ืžื”ืฉื•ืจื” ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื” ืžืจื—ื‘ื™ ื”ืขื•ืœื. ืœื—ืฅ ืคืขืžื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืฆื’ื•ืช ื‘ื›ืœ ื“ืฃ ื•ื™ื“ืื• ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ ืžืฉื. ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื’ื•ืœืœื•ืช ื‘ืกื ื›ืจื•ืŸ ืขื ื”ืคืขืœืช ื”ื•ื•ื™ื“ืื•. ืื ื™ืฉ ืœืš ื”ืขืจื•ืช ืื• ื‘ืงืฉื•ืช, ืื ื ืฆื•ืจ ืื™ืชื ื• ืงืฉืจ ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ื˜ื•ืคืก ื™ืฆื™ืจืช ืงืฉืจ ื–ื”.

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