How brass instruments work - Al Cannon

689,161 views ใƒป 2015-04-07

TED-Ed


ืื ื ืœื—ืฅ ืคืขืžื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ืœืžื˜ื” ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ.

ืชืจื’ื•ื: Ido Dekkers ืขืจื™ื›ื”: Tal Dekkers
00:09
What gives the trumpet its clarion ring
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ืžื” ื ื•ืชืŸ ืœื—ืฆื•ืฆืจื” ืืช ื”ืฆืœื™ืœ ื”ื ืงื™ ืฉืœื”
00:12
and the tuba its gut-shaking "omm pah pah?"
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ื•ืœื˜ื•ื‘ื” ืืช ื”"ืื•ื-ืคื”-ืคื”" ืžืจืขื™ื“ ื”ื‘ื˜ืŸ ืฉืœื”?"
00:17
And what makes the trombone so jazzy?
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ื•ืžื” ื’ื•ืจื ืœื˜ืจื•ืžื‘ื•ืŸ ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ื›ืœ ื›ืš ื’'ืื–ื™?
00:21
The answer lies not in the brass these instruments are made of,
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ื”ืชืฉื•ื‘ื” ื ืžืฆืืช ืœื ื‘ืคืœื™ื– ืžืžื ื• ืขืฉื•ื™ื™ื ื”ื›ืœื™ื ื”ืืœื”,
00:24
but in the journey air takes
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ืืœื ื‘ืžืกืข ืื•ืชื• ืขื•ื‘ืจ ื”ืื•ื™ืจ
00:26
from the musician's lungs to the instrument's bell.
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ืžืจื™ืื•ืช ื”ืžื•ื–ื™ืงืื™ ืœืคืขืžื•ืŸ ื”ื›ืœื™.
00:30
Like any sound, music consists of vibrations traveling through air.
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ื›ืžื• ื›ืœ ืฆืœื™ืœ, ืžื•ื–ื™ืงื” ืžื•ืจื›ื‘ืช ืžืจืขื™ื“ื•ืช ื”ื ืขื•ืช ื‘ืื•ื™ืจ.
00:35
Instruments are classified based on how those vibrations are produced.
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ื›ืœื™ื ืžื•ื’ื“ืจื™ื ื‘ื”ืชื‘ืกืก ืขืœ ืื™ืš ื”ืจืขื™ื“ื•ืช ื”ืืœื• ืžื™ื•ืฆืจื•ืช.
00:40
Percussion instruments are struck.
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ื›ืœื™ ื”ืงืฉื” ืžื•ื›ื™ื.
00:42
String instruments are plucked or bowed.
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ื›ืœื™ ืžื™ืชืจ ื ืคืจื˜ื™ื ืื• ืžื•ืงืฉืชื™ื.
00:45
Woodwinds have air blown against a reed or sharp edge.
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ื›ืœื™ ื ืฉื™ืคื” ืžืขืฅ ื ื ืฉืคื™ื ืžื•ืœ ืœืฉื•ื ื™ืช ืื• ืงืฆื” ื—ื“.
00:49
For brass instruments, however,
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ืœื›ืœื™ ื ืฉื™ืคื” ืžืคืœื™ื– ืขื ื–ืืช,
00:51
the vibration come directly from the musician's mouth.
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ื”ืจืขื™ื“ื•ืช ืžื’ื™ืขื•ืช ื™ืฉื™ืจื•ืช ืžืคื™ ื”ืžื•ื–ื™ืงืื™.
00:55
One of the first things a brass player must learn is to breathe in deeply,
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ืื—ื“ ื”ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื™ื ืฉื ื’ืŸ ื›ืœื™ ื ืฉื™ืคื” ืฆืจื™ืš ืœืœืžื•ื“ ื–ื” ืœื ืฉื•ื ืœืขื•ืžืง,
01:00
until every possible particle of air is crammed into the lungs.
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ืขื“ ืฉื›ืœ ื—ืœืงื™ืง ืฉืœ ืื•ื™ืจ ื ื“ื—ืก ืœืชื•ืš ื”ืจื™ืื•ืช.
01:05
Once all that air is inside, it must come out through the mouth,
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ื‘ืจื’ืข ืฉื›ืœ ื”ืื•ื™ืจ ื‘ืคื ื™ื, ื”ื•ื ื—ื™ื™ื‘ ืœืฆืืช ื”ื—ื•ืฆื” ื“ืจืš ื”ืคื”,
01:09
but there, an internal battle takes place
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ืื‘ืœ ืฉื, ืงืจื‘ ืคื ื™ืžื™ ืžืชืจื—ืฉ
01:12
as the musician simultaneously tries to hold their lips firmly closed
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ื›ืฉื”ืžื•ื–ื™ืงืื™ ื‘ืื•ืชื• ื”ื–ืžืŸ ืžื ืกื” ืœื”ื—ื–ื™ืง ืืช ื”ืฉืคืชื™ื™ื ืกื’ื•ืจื•ืช ื‘ื—ื•ื–ืงื”
01:16
while blowing enough air to force them open.
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ื‘ืขื•ื“ื• ื ื•ืฉืฃ ืžืกืคื™ืง ืื•ื™ืจ ื›ื“ื™ ืœืคืชื•ื— ืื•ืชืŸ ื‘ื›ื•ื—.
01:21
The escaping air meets resistance from the lip muscles,
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ื”ืื•ื™ืจ ื”ื‘ื•ืจื— ืคื•ื’ืฉ ื”ืชื ื’ื“ื•ืช ืžืฉืจื™ืจื™ ื”ืฉืคื”,
01:24
forms an opening called the aperture
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ื•ื™ื•ืฆืจ ืคืชื— ืฉื ืงืจื ืžืคืชื—
01:27
and creates the vibration that brass players call "the buzz."
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ื•ื™ื•ืฆืจ ืืช ื”ืจืขื™ื“ื•ืช ืฉื ื’ื ื™ ื›ืœื™ ื ืฉื™ืคื” ืžืคืœื™ื– ืงื•ืจืื™ื ืœื• "ื”ื‘ืื–."
01:32
When a mouthpiece is held up to those vibrating lips,
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ื›ืฉืคื™ื” ืžื•ื—ื–ืงืช ื‘ืฉืคืชื™ื™ื ื”ืจื•ื˜ื˜ื•ืช ื”ืืœื•,
01:35
it slightly refines the buzz,
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ื”ื™ื ืžืขื“ื ืช ืงืœื•ืช ืืช ื”ื‘ืื–,
01:37
amplifying the vibration at certain frequencies.
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ื•ืžื’ื‘ื™ืจื” ืืช ื”ืจื˜ื™ื˜ื•ืช ื‘ืชื“ื™ืจื•ื™ื•ืช ืžืกื•ื™ื™ืžื•ืช.
01:41
But things get really interesting
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ืื‘ืœ ื”ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ื ืขืฉื™ื ื‘ืืžืช ืžืขื ื™ื™ื ื™ื
01:42
depending on what instrument is attached to that mouthpiece.
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ืชืœื•ื™ ื‘ืื™ื–ื” ื›ืœื™ ืžื—ื•ื‘ืจ ืœืคื™ื” ื”ื–ื•.
01:46
A brass instrument's body is essentially a tube
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ื”ื’ื•ืฃ ืฉืœ ื›ืœื™ ื ืฉื™ืคื” ื”ื•ื ื‘ืขื™ืงืจื•ืŸ ืฆื™ื ื•ืจ
01:49
that resonates with the air column blowing through it.
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ืฉืจื•ื˜ื˜ ืขื ืขืžื•ื“ ื”ืื•ื™ืจ ืฉื ื ืฉืฃ ื“ืจื›ื•.
01:52
The way that sound waves travel through this column
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ื”ื“ืจืš ื‘ื” ื’ืœื™ ืงื•ืœ ื ืขื™ื ื“ืจืš ืขืžื•ื“ ื”ืื•ื™ืจ
01:54
forms a limited pattern of pitches known as the harmonic series,
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ื™ื•ืฆืจืช ืชื‘ื ื™ืช ืžื•ื’ื‘ืœืช ืฉืœ ืฆืœื™ืœื™ื ืฉื™ื“ื•ืขื™ื ื›ืกื“ืจื•ืช ื”ืจืžื•ื ื™ื•ืช,
01:59
with notes spaced far apart at the lower end,
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ืขื ืชื•ื™ื ืžืจื•ื•ื—ื™ื ื”ืจื—ืง ื‘ืฆื“ ื”ื ืžื•ืš,
02:02
but coming closer together as the pitch increases.
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ืื‘ืœ ื›ืฉืžืชืงืจื‘ื™ื ื’ื•ื‘ื” ื”ืฆืœื™ืœ ื’ื“ืœ.
02:06
The musician can alter the pitch of the note
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ื”ืžื•ื–ื™ืงืื™ ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœืฉื ื•ืช ืืช ื’ื•ื‘ื” ื”ืฆืœื™ืœ ืฉืœ ื”ืชื•
02:08
through slight contractions of the lips and alterations to air volume and speed.
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ื“ืจืš ื›ื™ื•ื•ืฅ ืงืœ ืฉืœ ื”ืฉืคืชื™ื™ื ื•ืฉื™ื ื•ื™ื™ื ื‘ื ืคื— ื”ืื•ื™ืจ ื•ื”ืžื”ื™ืจื•ืช.
02:14
Slower, warm sighing air produces lower pitches,
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ืื•ื™ืจ ืื™ื˜ื™ ื•ื—ื ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžื™ื™ืฆืจ ื’ื•ื‘ื” ืฆืœื™ืœ ื ืžื•ืš ื™ื•ืชืจ,
02:18
and faster, cool, flowing air produces higher pitches in the series.
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ื•ืื•ื™ืจ ืžื”ื™ืจ ื•ืงืจ ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžื™ื™ืฆืจ ื’ื•ื‘ื” ืฆืœื™ืœ ื’ื‘ื•ื” ื™ื•ืชืจ ื‘ืกื“ืจื”.
02:23
But any single harmonic series has gaps where pitches are missing
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ืื‘ืœ ื‘ื›ืœ ืกื“ืจื” ื”ืจืžื•ื ื™ืช ื™ื—ื™ื“ื” ื™ืฉ ืžืจื•ื•ื—ื™ื ื‘ื”ื ื’ื•ื‘ื” ื”ืฆืœื™ืœ ื—ืกืจ
02:28
and the versatility of brass instruments
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ื•ื”ืžื’ื•ื•ืŸ ืฉืœ ื›ืœื™ ื”ื ื’ื™ื ื” ื‘ืคืœื™ื–
02:30
lies in their ability to switch between multiple series.
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ื ืžืฆื ื‘ื™ื›ื•ืœืช ืฉืœื”ื ืœื”ื—ืœื™ืฃ ื‘ื™ืŸ ืกื“ืจื•ืช ืžืจื•ื‘ื•ืช.
02:34
On instruments like the trumpet, valves can be lowered
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ื‘ื›ืœื™ื ื›ืžื• ื”ื—ืฆื•ืฆืจื”, ื ื™ืชืŸ ืœื”ื•ืจื™ื“ ืฉืกืชื•ืžื™ื
02:37
to increase the length of tubing the air travels through,
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ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ื’ื‘ื™ืจ ืืช ืื•ืจืš ื”ืฆื™ื ื•ืจื•ืช ื‘ื”ื ื”ืื•ื™ืจ ื ืข,
02:41
while on a trombone, this is done by extending its slide.
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ื‘ืขื•ื“ ื‘ื˜ืจื•ืžื‘ื•ืŸ, ื–ื” ื ืขืฉื” ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื”ืืจื›ืช ื”ืžืกื™ืœื”.
02:46
Lengthening the tube stretches the vibrating air column,
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ื”ืืจื›ืช ื”ืฆื™ื ื•ืจื•ืช ืžืืจื™ื›ื” ืืช ืขืžื•ื“ ื”ืื•ื™ืจ ื”ืจื•ื˜ื˜,
02:49
reducing the frequency of vibrations and resulting in a lower pitch.
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ื•ืžืคื—ื™ืช ืืช ื”ืชื“ื™ืจื•ืช ืฉืœ ื”ืจื˜ื™ื˜ื•ืช ื•ื”ืชื•ืฆืื” ื”ื™ื ื’ื•ื‘ื” ืฆืœื™ืœ ื ืžื•ืš ื™ื•ืชืจ.
02:53
This is why the tuba, the largest brass instrument,
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ืœื›ืŸ ื”ื˜ื•ื‘ื”, ื›ืœื™ ื”ื ืฉื™ืคื” ืžืคืœื™ื– ื”ื›ื™ ื’ื“ื•ืœ,
02:56
is also the one capable of playing the lowest notes.
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ื”ื•ื ื’ื ื–ื” ืฉืžืกื•ื’ืœ ืœื ื’ืŸ ืืช ื”ืชื•ื™ื ื”ื ืžื•ื›ื™ื ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ.
03:00
So changing the instrument length shifts its harmonic series,
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ืื– ืœืฉื ื•ืช ืืช ืื•ืจืš ื”ื›ืœื™ื ืžืฉื ื” ืืช ื”ืกื“ืจื” ื”ื”ืจืžื•ื ื™ืช,
03:04
while slight variations of the air flow and the player's lips
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ื‘ืขื•ื“ ืฉื™ื ื•ื™ื™ื ืงืœื™ื ืฉืœ ื–ืจื™ืžืช ื”ืื•ื™ืจ ื•ืฉืคืชื™ ื”ื ื’ืŸ
03:08
produce the different notes within it.
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ื™ื•ืฆืจื™ื ืืช ื”ืชื•ื™ื ื”ืฉื•ื ื™ื ื‘ืชื•ื›ื•.
03:10
And those notes finally emerge through the flared bell opening at the end.
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ื•ื”ืชื•ื™ื ื”ืืœื” ื‘ื•ืงืขื™ื ืœื‘ืกื•ืฃ ื“ืจืš ืคืชื— ื”ืคืขืžื•ืŸ ื”ืžืชืจื—ื‘ ื‘ืงืฆื”.
03:16
What started as a deep breath and a vibrating buzz on the lips
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ืžื” ืฉื”ืชื—ื™ืœ ืขื ื ืฉื™ืžื” ืขืžื•ืงื” ื•ื‘ืื– ืจื•ื˜ื˜ ืขืœ ื”ืฉืคืชื™ื™ื
03:20
has now been transformed into a bold and brassy tune.
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ืขื›ืฉื™ื• ื”ืคืš ืœืžื ื’ื™ื ื” ื ื•ืขื–ืช ื•ืคืœื™ื–ื™ืช.
03:24
The musician's skillful manipulation of every part of the process
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ื”ืฉื™ื ื•ื™ ื”ืžื™ื•ืžืŸ ืฉืœ ื”ืžื•ื–ื™ืงืื™ ืฉืœ ื›ืœ ื—ืœืง ื‘ืชื”ืœื™ืš
03:27
from lungs,
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ืžื”ืจื™ืื•ืช,
03:29
to lips,
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ืœืฉืคืชื™ื™ื,
03:30
to the mouthpiece,
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ืœืคื•ืžื™ืช,
03:31
to the instrument itself creates an amazing palette of pitches
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ืœื›ืœื™ ืขืฆืžื• ื™ื•ืฆืจ ืคืœื˜ื” ืžื“ื”ื™ืžื” ืฉืœ ื’ื‘ื”ื™ ืฆืœื™ืœ
03:35
that can be heard in musical genres across the globe.
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ืฉื™ื›ื•ืœื” ืœื”ืฉืžืข ื‘ื–'ื ืจื™ื ืžื•ื–ื™ืงืœื™ื™ื ื‘ืจื—ื‘ื™ ื”ืขื•ืœื.
03:38
By harnessing the power of natural resonance
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ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืจืชื™ืžืช ื”ื›ื•ื— ืฉืœ ืชื”ื•ื“ื” ื˜ื‘ืขื™ืช
03:41
in a flexible and controllable way,
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ื‘ื“ืจืš ื’ืžื™ืฉื” ื•ื ืฉืœื˜ืช,
03:44
brass instruments are great examples of the fusion of human creativity
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ื›ืœื™ ืคืœื™ื– ื”ื ื“ื•ื’ืžืื•ืช ืžืขื•ืœื•ืช ืœื—ื™ื‘ื•ืจ ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ื™ืฆื™ืจืชื™ื•ืช ื”ืื ื•ืฉื™ืช
03:48
with the physics of our world.
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ืขื ื”ืคื™ื–ื™ืงื” ืฉืœ ื”ืขื•ืœื.
ืขืœ ืืชืจ ื–ื”

ืืชืจ ื–ื” ื™ืฆื™ื’ ื‘ืคื ื™ื›ื ืกืจื˜ื•ื ื™ YouTube ื”ืžื•ืขื™ืœื™ื ืœืœื™ืžื•ื“ ืื ื’ืœื™ืช. ืชื•ื›ืœื• ืœืจืื•ืช ืฉื™ืขื•ืจื™ ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืขื‘ืจื™ื ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืžื•ืจื™ื ืžื”ืฉื•ืจื” ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื” ืžืจื—ื‘ื™ ื”ืขื•ืœื. ืœื—ืฅ ืคืขืžื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืฆื’ื•ืช ื‘ื›ืœ ื“ืฃ ื•ื™ื“ืื• ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ ืžืฉื. ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื’ื•ืœืœื•ืช ื‘ืกื ื›ืจื•ืŸ ืขื ื”ืคืขืœืช ื”ื•ื•ื™ื“ืื•. ืื ื™ืฉ ืœืš ื”ืขืจื•ืช ืื• ื‘ืงืฉื•ืช, ืื ื ืฆื•ืจ ืื™ืชื ื• ืงืฉืจ ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ื˜ื•ืคืก ื™ืฆื™ืจืช ืงืฉืจ ื–ื”.

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