Could comets be the source of life on Earth? - Justin Dowd

131,878 views ใƒป 2014-10-28

TED-Ed


ืื ื ืœื—ืฅ ืคืขืžื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ืœืžื˜ื” ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ.

ืชืจื’ื•ื: Ido Dekkers ืขืจื™ื›ื”: Tal Dekkers
00:06
Humans have observed comets for thousands of years
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ื”ืื ื•ืฉื•ืช ื”ื‘ื—ื™ื ื” ื‘ืฉื‘ื™ื˜ื™ื ื‘ืžืฉืš ืืœืคื™ ืฉื ื™ื
00:09
as their orbits have brought them within visible distance of Earth.
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ื›ืฉืžืกืœื•ืœื™ ื”ื”ืงืคื” ืฉืœื”ื ื”ื‘ื™ืื• ืื•ืชื ืœืžืจื—ืง ื ืจืื” ืžื›ื“ื•ืจ ื”ืืจืฅ.
00:13
Appearing throughout historical records,
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ืžื•ืคื™ืขื™ื ืœืื•ืจืš ื”ืชืขื•ื“ ื”ื”ืกื˜ื•ืจื™,
00:15
these mysterious lights that came out of nowhere
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ื”ืื•ืจื•ืช ื”ืžืกืชื•ืจื™ื™ื ื”ืืœื” ืฉื”ื’ื™ืขื• ืžืฉื•ื ืžืงื•ื
00:17
and disappeared after a short while
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ื•ื ืขืœืžื• ืื—ืจื™ ื–ืžืŸ ืงืฆืจ
00:19
were thought to be ill omens of war and famine,
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ื ื—ืฉื‘ื• ืœืžื‘ืฉืจื™ ืžืœื—ืžื” ื•ืจืขื‘,
00:22
or the wrath of gods.
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ืื• ื”ื–ืขื ืฉืœ ื”ืืœื™ื.
00:24
But recent research has revealed that comets may be even more deeply connected
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ืื‘ืœ ืžื—ืงืจื™ื ืื—ืจื•ื ื™ื ื’ื™ืœื• ืฉืฉื‘ื™ื˜ื™ื ืื•ืœื™ ืžื—ื•ื‘ืจื™ื ื‘ืฆื•ืจื” ื™ื•ืชืจ ืขืžื•ืงื”
00:28
to humanity and our presence on Earth
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ืœืื ื•ืฉื•ืช ื•ืœื ื•ื›ื—ื•ืช ืฉืœื ื• ืขืœ ื›ื“ื•ืจ ื”ืืจืฅ
00:30
than any of these mythical explanations suggested.
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ืžืืฉืจ ืื•ืชื ื”ืกื‘ืจื™ื ืžื™ืชื™ื™ื™ื ืฉื”ื•ืฆืขื•.
00:34
When you think of our Solar System, you probably imagine the nine,
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ื›ืฉืืชื ื—ื•ืฉื‘ื™ื ืขืœ ืžืขืจื›ืช ื”ืฉืžืฉ, ืืชื ื›ื ืจืื” ืžื“ืžื™ื™ื ื™ื ืชืฉืขื”,
00:37
sorry eight, planets orbiting the Sun.
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ืกืœื™ื—ื” ืฉืžื•ื ื”, ืคืœื ื˜ื•ืช ืฉืžืงื™ืคื•ืช ืืช ื”ืฉืžืฉ.
00:40
But beyond Neptune, far from the heat of the Sun,
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ืื‘ืœ ืžืขื‘ืจ ืœื ืคื˜ื•ืŸ, ื”ืจื—ืง ืžื—ื•ื ื”ืฉืžืฉ,
00:43
there is a sparse ring found formed by icy chunks
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ื™ืฉื ื” ื—ื’ื•ืจื” ื“ืœื™ืœื” ืฉื ื•ืฆืจื” ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื’ื•ืฉื™ ืงืจื—
00:46
ranging from the size of marbles to that of small planets.
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ืฉื ืขื™ื ื‘ื’ื•ื“ืœื ืžื’ื•ื“ืœ ืฉืœ ื’ื•ืœื•ืช ืœื’ื•ื“ืœ ืฉืœ ืคืœื ื˜ื•ืช ืงื˜ื ื•ืช.
00:50
And thousands of times farther at the outer reaches of the Solar System
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ื•ื‘ืžืจื—ืง ืืœืคื™ ืžื•ื ื™ื ืจื—ื•ืง ื™ื•ืชืจ ื‘ืงืฆื•ื•ืช ืžืขืจื›ืช ื”ืฉืžืฉ
00:54
lies a spherical cloud of small fragments and gases.
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ื ืžืฆื ืขื ืŸ ื›ื“ื•ืจื™ ืฉืœ ื—ืœืงื™ื ืงื˜ื ื™ื ื•ื’ื–.
00:57
Many of these ancient clumps of stardust are leftovers from the formation
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ื”ืจื‘ื” ืžื”ื’ื•ืฉื™ื ื”ืขืชื™ืงื™ื ื”ืืœื” ืฉืœ ืื‘ืง ื›ื•ื›ื‘ื™ื ื”ื ืฉืืจื™ื•ืช ืฉืœ ื”ื”ื•ื•ืฆืจื•ืช
01:01
of the Solar System 4.6 billion years ago,
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ืฉืœ ืžืขืจื›ืช ื”ืฉืžืฉ ืœืคื ื™ 4.6 ืžื™ืœื™ืืจื“ ืฉื ื™ื,
01:05
while some of the most distant may even come from a neighboring system.
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ื‘ืขื•ื“ ื›ืžื” ืžื”ืจื—ื•ืงื™ื ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ืื•ืœื™ ืืคื™ืœื• ื”ื’ื™ืขื• ืžืžืขืจื›ื•ืช ืงืจื•ื‘ื•ืช.
01:09
But sometimes the gravity from passing planets or stars
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ืื‘ืœ ืœืคืขืžื™ื ื”ื›ื‘ื™ื“ื” ืžืคืœื ื˜ื•ืช ืื• ื›ื•ื›ื‘ื™ื ืขื•ื‘ืจื™ื
01:12
pulls them toward our sun,
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ืžื•ืฉื›ืช ืื•ืชื ืœื›ื™ื•ื•ืŸ ื”ืฉืžืฉ,
01:14
beginning a journey that can take up to millions of years.
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ื•ื”ื ืžืชื—ื™ืœื™ื ืžืกืข ืฉื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœืงื—ืช ืขื“ ืžืœื™ื•ื ื™ ืฉื ื™ื.
01:17
As the frozen object travels further into the Solar System,
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ื›ืฉื”ื’ื•ืคื™ื ื”ืงืคื•ืื™ื ื ืขื™ื ืขืžื•ืง ื™ื•ืชืจ ืœืชื•ืš ืžืขืจื›ืช ื”ืฉืžืฉ,
01:21
the sun grows from a distant spark to an inferno,
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ื”ืฉืžืฉ ื”ื•ืคื›ืช ืžื ื™ืฆื•ืฅ ืžืจื•ื—ืง ืœื›ื‘ืฉืŸ,
01:24
melting the ice for the first time in billions of years.
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ืžืžื™ืกื” ืืช ื”ืงืจื— ื‘ืคืขื ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื” ื–ื” ืžื™ืœื™ืืจื“ื™ ืฉื ื™ื.
01:27
Gas and steam eject dust into space,
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ื’ื– ื•ืงื™ื˜ื•ืจ ืคื•ืœื˜ื™ื ืื‘ืง ืœื—ืœืœ,
01:29
forming a bright surrounding cloud, called a coma,
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ื•ื™ื•ืฆืจื™ื ืขื ืŸ ื‘ื•ื”ืง ืžืกื‘ื™ื‘, ืฉื ืงืจื ืงื•ืžื”,
01:32
that can grow even larger than the sun itself.
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ืฉื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื’ื“ื•ืœ ืœื’ื•ื“ืœ ื’ื“ื•ืœ ืžื”ืฉืžืฉ ืขืฆืžื”.
01:35
Meanwhile, the intense stream of high-energy particles
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ื‘ื™ื ืชื™ื™ื, ื”ื–ืจื ื”ื—ื–ืง ืฉืœ ื—ืœืงื™ืงื™ื ื‘ืขืœื™ ืื ืจื’ื™ื” ื’ื‘ื•ื”ื”
01:38
constantly emitted by the Sun, known as the solar wind,
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ืฉืžื•ืคืฅ ื‘ืงื‘ื™ืขื•ืช ืžื”ืฉืžืฉ, ืฉื™ื“ื•ืข ื›ืจื•ื— ืกื•ืœืจื™ืช,
01:42
blows particles away from the comet's core,
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ืžืขื™ืฃ ืืช ื”ื—ืœืงื™ืงื™ื ื”ืจื—ืง ืžืœื™ื‘ืช ื”ืฉื‘ื™ื˜,
01:45
forming a trail of debris up to millions of miles long.
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ื™ื•ืฆืจ ืฉื•ื‘ืœ ืฉืœ ืฉืืจื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื•ืจืš ืฉืœ ืขื“ ืžืœื™ื•ื ื™ ืงื™ืœื•ืžื˜ืจื™ื.
01:48
The ice, gas and dust reflect light glowing brightly.
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ื”ืงืจื—, ื”ื’ื– ื•ื”ืื‘ืง ืžืฉืงืคื™ื ืื•ืจ ืฉื–ื•ื”ืจ ื‘ืขื•ืฆืžื”.
01:52
A comet is born, now orbiting the sun along with the rest of the objects
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ืฉื‘ื™ื˜ ื ื•ืœื“, ื•ืžืงื™ืฃ ืขื›ืฉื™ื• ืืช ื”ืฉืžืฉ ื™ื—ื“ ืขื ืฉืืจ ื”ืขืฆืžื™ื
01:56
in our Solar System.
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ื‘ืžืขืจื›ืช ื”ืฉืžืฉ ืฉืœื ื•.
01:58
But as the comet travels through the Solar System,
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ืื‘ืœ ื›ืฉื”ืฉื‘ื™ื˜ ืžืจื—ืฃ ื“ืจืš ืžืขืจื›ืช ื”ืฉืžืฉ,
02:01
the solar wind tears apart and recombines molecules into various compounds.
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ื”ืจื•ื— ื”ืกื•ืœืจื™ืช ืงื•ืจืขืช ื•ืžืจื›ื™ื‘ื” ืžื•ืœืงื•ืœื•ืช ืœืชืจื›ื•ื‘ื•ืช ืฉื•ื ื•ืช.
02:06
In some of the compounds that scientists found,
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ื‘ื›ืžื” ืžื”ืชืจื›ื•ื‘ื•ืช ืฉืžื“ืขื ื™ื ืžืฆืื•,
02:09
first in the rubble left by a meteorite that disintegrated above northern Canada,
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ืจืืฉื™ืช ื‘ืฉื‘ืจื™ื ืฉื”ื•ืฉืืจื• ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืžื˜ืื•ืจื™ื˜ ืฉื”ืชืคื•ืจืจ ืžืขืœ ืฆืคื•ืŸ ืงื ื“ื”,
02:13
and then in samples collected by a space craft from a passing comet's tail,
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ื•ืื– ื‘ื“ื•ื’ืžื™ื•ืช ืฉื ืืกืคื• ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื—ืœืœื™ืช ืฉืขื‘ืจื” ื‘ื–ื ื‘ ืฉื‘ื™ื˜,
02:17
were nothing less important than amino acids.
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ื”ื™ื• ืชืจื›ื•ื‘ื•ืช ื—ืฉื•ื‘ื•ืช ืœื ืคื—ื•ืช ืžื—ื•ืžืฆื•ืช ืืžื™ื ื•.
02:21
Coming together to form proteins according to the instructs encoded in DNA,
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ืžืชื—ื‘ืจื•ืช ื›ื“ื™ ืœื™ืฆื•ืจ ื—ืœื‘ื•ื ื™ื ืœืคื™ ื”ื”ื•ืจืื•ืช ืฉืžืงื•ื“ื“ื•ืช ื‘ DNA,
02:25
these are the main active components in all living cells,
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ืืœื” ื”ื ื”ืžืจื›ื™ื‘ื™ื ื”ืคืขื™ืœื™ื ื”ืขื™ืงืจื™ื™ื ื‘ื›ืœ ื”ืชืื™ื ื—ื™ื™ื,
02:29
from bacteria to blue whales.
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ืžื‘ืงื˜ืจื™ื•ืช ืœืœื•ื•ื™ืชื ื™ื ื›ื—ื•ืœื™ื.
02:31
If comets are where these building blocks of life were first formed,
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ืื ืฉื‘ื™ื˜ื™ื ื”ื ื”ืžืงื•ืจ ื‘ื• ืื‘ื ื™ ื”ื‘ื ื™ื™ืŸ ื”ืืœื” ืฉืœ ื”ื—ื™ื™ื ื ื•ืฆืจื•,
02:35
then they are the ultimate source of life on Earth,
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ืื– ื”ื ื”ืžืงื•ืจ ื”ืื•ืœื˜ื™ืžื˜ื™ื‘ื™ ืฉืœ ื”ื—ื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื›ื“ื•ืจ ื”ืืจืฅ,
02:37
and, perhaps, some of the other places they visited as well.
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ื•ืื•ืœื™, ื’ื ื›ืžื” ืžื”ืžืงื•ืžื•ืช ื”ืื—ืจื™ื ืฉื”ื ื‘ื™ืงืจื•.
02:41
We know that planets orbit nearly every star in the night sky,
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ืื ื—ื ื• ื™ื•ื“ืขื™ื ืฉืคืœื ื˜ื•ืช ืžืงื™ืคื•ืช ื›ืžืขื˜ ื›ืœ ื›ื•ื›ื‘ ื‘ืฉืžื™ ื”ืœื™ืœื”,
02:44
with one in five having a planet similar to Earth in size and temperature.
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ื›ืฉืœืื—ื“ ืžื—ืžื™ืฉื” ื™ืฉ ืคืœื ื˜ื” ื“ื•ืžื” ืœื›ื“ื•ืจ ื”ืืจืฅ ื‘ื’ื•ื“ืœ ื•ื˜ืžืคืจื˜ื•ืจื”.
02:49
If Earth-like planets and the molecules found in DNA are not anomalies,
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ืื ืคืœื ื˜ื•ืช ื“ืžื•ื™ื™ื•ืช ืืจืฅ ื•ื”ืžื•ืœืงื•ืœื•ืช ืฉื ืžืฆืืช ื‘ DNA ื”ืŸ ืœื ื—ืจื™ื’ื•ืช,
02:53
we may be only one example of what's possible
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ืื ื—ื ื• ืื•ืœื™ ืจืง ืื—ืช ืžื”ื“ื•ื’ืžืื•ืช ืœืžื” ืฉืืคืฉืจื™
02:56
when a planet under the right conditions is seeded with organic molecules
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ื›ืฉืคืœื ื˜ื•ืช ื‘ืชื ืื™ื ื”ืžืชืื™ืžื™ื ื ื–ืจืขื•ืช ื‘ืžื•ืœืงื•ืœื•ืช ืื•ืจื’ื ื™ื•ืช
03:00
by a passing comet.
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ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืฉื‘ื™ื˜ื™ื ืขื•ื‘ืจื™ื.
03:02
So, rather than an omen of death,
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ืื–, ื‘ืžืงื•ื ืกืžืŸ ืœืžื•ื•ืช,
03:04
the comet that first brought amino acids to Earth
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ื”ืฉื‘ื™ื˜ ืฉื”ื‘ื™ื ืืช ื—ื•ืžืฆื•ืช ื”ืืžื™ื ื• ืœืจืืฉื•ื ื” ืœื›ื“ื•ืจ ื”ืืจืฅ
03:06
could have been a portent of life,
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ื”ื™ื” ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ื”ื’ื•ืจื ืœื—ื™ื™ื,
03:09
a prediction of a distant future, where creatures of stardust
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ืชื—ื–ื™ืช ืœืขืชื™ื“ ืจื—ื•ืง, ื‘ื• ื™ืฆื•ืจื™ื ืขืฉื•ื™ื™ ืื‘ืง ื›ื•ื›ื‘ื™ื
03:12
would return to space to find the mysteries of where they came from.
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ื™ื—ื–ืจื• ืœื—ืœืœ ื›ื“ื™ ืœืžืฆื•ื ืืช ื”ืžืกืชื•ืจื™ืŸ ืฉืœ ื”ืžืงื•ื ืžืžื ื• ื”ื’ื™ืขื•.
ืขืœ ืืชืจ ื–ื”

ืืชืจ ื–ื” ื™ืฆื™ื’ ื‘ืคื ื™ื›ื ืกืจื˜ื•ื ื™ YouTube ื”ืžื•ืขื™ืœื™ื ืœืœื™ืžื•ื“ ืื ื’ืœื™ืช. ืชื•ื›ืœื• ืœืจืื•ืช ืฉื™ืขื•ืจื™ ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืขื‘ืจื™ื ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืžื•ืจื™ื ืžื”ืฉื•ืจื” ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื” ืžืจื—ื‘ื™ ื”ืขื•ืœื. ืœื—ืฅ ืคืขืžื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืฆื’ื•ืช ื‘ื›ืœ ื“ืฃ ื•ื™ื“ืื• ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ ืžืฉื. ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื’ื•ืœืœื•ืช ื‘ืกื ื›ืจื•ืŸ ืขื ื”ืคืขืœืช ื”ื•ื•ื™ื“ืื•. ืื ื™ืฉ ืœืš ื”ืขืจื•ืช ืื• ื‘ืงืฉื•ืช, ืื ื ืฆื•ืจ ืื™ืชื ื• ืงืฉืจ ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ื˜ื•ืคืก ื™ืฆื™ืจืช ืงืฉืจ ื–ื”.

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