What happened to antimatter? - Rolf Landua

1,599,646 views ใƒป 2013-05-03

TED-Ed


ืื ื ืœื—ืฅ ืคืขืžื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ืœืžื˜ื” ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ.

00:00
Translator: Andrea McDonough Reviewer: Jessica Ruby
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ืชืจื’ื•ื: Ido Dekkers ืขืจื™ื›ื”: Sigal Tifferet
00:15
Is it possible to create something out of nothing?
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ื”ืื ืืคืฉืจ ืœื™ืฆื•ืจ ืžืฉื”ื• ืžื›ืœื•ื?
00:19
Or, more precisely, can energy be made into matter?
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ืื• ืœื™ืชืจ ื“ื™ื•ืง, ื”ืื ืื ืจื’ื™ื” ื™ื›ื•ืœื” ืœื”ืคื•ืš ืœื—ื•ืžืจ?
00:22
Yes, but only when it comes together
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ื›ืŸ, ืื‘ืœ ืจืง ื›ืฉื”ื™ื ืžืชื—ื‘ืจืช
00:24
with its twin, antimatter.
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ืขื ื”ืชืื•ื ืฉืœื”, ืื ื˜ื™ ื—ื•ืžืจ.
00:27
And there's something pretty mysterious about antimatter:
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ื•ื™ืฉ ืžืฉื”ื• ื“ื™ ืžืกืชื•ืจื™ ื‘ืื ื˜ื™ ื—ื•ืžืจ:
00:31
there's way less of it out there than there should be.
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ื™ืฉ ื”ืจื‘ื” ืคื—ื•ืช ืžืžื ื• ื‘ื™ืงื•ื ืžืฉืฆืจื™ืš ืœื”ื™ื•ืช.
00:35
Let's start with the most famous physics formula ever:
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ื‘ื•ืื• ื ืชื—ื™ืœ ืขื ื”ื ื•ืกื—ื” ื”ืžื“ืขื™ืช ื”ื›ื™ ืžืคื•ืจืกืžืช ืื™ ืคืขื:
00:38
E equals m c squared.
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E ืฉื•ื•ื” m ื›ืคื•ืœ c ื‘ืจื™ื‘ื•ืข.
00:40
It basically says that mass is concentrated energy,
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ื–ื” ืื•ืžืจ ื‘ืขื™ืงืจื•ืŸ ืฉื”ืžืกื” ื”ื™ื ืื ืจื’ื™ื” ืžืจื•ื›ื–ืช,
00:43
and mass and energy are exchangeable,
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ื•ืžืืกื” ื•ืื ืจื’ื™ื” ื”ืŸ ื—ืœื•ืคื™ื•ืช,
00:46
like two currencies with a huge exchange rate.
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ื›ืžื• ืฉื ื™ ืžื˜ื‘ืขื•ืช ืขื ื™ื—ืก ื”ืžืจื” ืขืฆื•ื.
00:50
90 trillion Joules of energy
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90 ื˜ืจื™ืœื™ื•ืŸ ื’'ืื•ืœ ืฉืœ ืื ืจื’ื™ื”
00:51
are equivalent to 1 gram of mass.
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ืฉื•ื•ื™ื ืœื’ืจื ืื—ื“ ืฉืœ ืžืืกื”.
00:54
But how do I actually transform energy into matter?
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ืื‘ืœ ืื™ืš ื‘ืขืฆื ื”ื•ืคื›ื™ื ืื ืจื’ื™ื” ืœื—ื•ืžืจ?
00:57
The magic word is <i>energy density</i>.
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ื”ืงืกื ื”ื•ื ื‘ื“ื—ื™ืกื•ืช ืื ืจื’ื™ื”.
01:01
If you concentrate a huge amount
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ืื ืืชื ืžืจื›ื–ื™ื ื›ืžื•ืช ืขืฆื•ืžื”
01:03
of energy in a tiny space,
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ืฉืœ ืื ืจื’ื™ื” ื‘ื—ืœืœ ืงื˜ื ื˜ืŸ,
01:05
new particles will come into existence.
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ื—ืœืงื™ืงื™ื ื—ื“ืฉื™ื ื™ื•ื•ืฆืจื•.
01:08
If we look closer,
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ืื ืชื‘ื™ื˜ื• ืžืงืจื•ื‘ ื™ื•ืชืจ,
01:09
we see that these particles always come in pairs,
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ืื ื—ื ื• ืจื•ืื™ื ืฉื”ื—ืœืงื™ืงื™ื ื”ืืœื” ืชืžื™ื“ ื‘ืื™ื ื‘ื–ื•ื’ื•ืช,
01:13
like twins.
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ื›ืžื• ืชืื•ืžื™ื.
01:14
That's because particles always have a counterpart,
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ื–ื” ื‘ื’ืœืœ ืฉืœื—ืœืงื™ืงื™ื ืชืžื™ื“ ื™ืฉ ืฉื•ืชืฃ,
01:17
an antiparticle,
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ืื ื˜ื™ ื—ืœืงื™ืง,
01:19
and these are always produced
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ื•ืืœื” ืชืžื™ื“ ื ื•ืฆืจื™ื
01:20
in exactly equal amounts: 50/50.
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ื‘ื“ื™ื•ืง ื‘ื›ืžื•ื™ื•ืช ืฉื•ื•ืช: 50/50.
01:24
This might sound like science fiction,
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ื–ื” ืื•ืœื™ ื ืฉืžืข ื›ืžื• ืžื“ืข ื‘ื“ื™ื•ื ื™,
01:25
but it's the daily life of particle accelerators.
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ืื‘ืœ ืืœื” ื”ื—ื™ื™ื ื”ื™ื•ื ื™ื•ืžื™ื™ื ืฉืœ ืžืื™ืฆื™ ื—ืœืงื™ืงื™ื.
01:29
In the collisions between two protons
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ื‘ื”ืชื ื’ืฉื•ื™ื•ืช ื‘ื™ืŸ ืฉื ื™ ืคืจื•ื˜ื•ื ื™ื
01:31
at CERN's Large Hadron Collider,
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ื‘ืžืจืกืง ื”ื”ื“ืจื•ื ื™ื ื”ื’ื“ื•ืœ ืฉืœ CERN,
01:34
billions of particles and antiparticles
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ืžื™ืœื™ืืจื“ื™ ื—ืœืงื™ืงื™ื ื•ืื ื˜ื™ ื—ืœืงื™ืงื™ื
01:36
are produced every second.
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ื ื•ืฆืจื™ื ื›ืœ ืฉื ื™ื”.
01:38
Consider, for example, the electron.
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ื—ื™ืฉื‘ื•, ืœื“ื•ื’ืžื”, ืขืœ ื”ืืœืงื˜ืจื•ืŸ.
01:40
It has a very small mass and negative electric charge.
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ื™ืฉ ืœื• ืžืืกื” ืงื˜ื ื” ื•ืžื˜ืขืŸ ื—ืฉืžืœื™ ืฉืœื™ืœื™.
01:44
It's antiparticle, the positron,
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ืœืื ื˜ื™ ื—ืœืงื™ืง ืฉืœื•, ื”ืคื•ื–ื™ื˜ืจื•ืŸ,
01:46
has exactly the same mass,
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ื™ืฉ ื‘ื“ื™ื•ืง ืืช ืื•ืชื” ืžืืกื”,
01:48
but a positive electric charge.
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ืื‘ืœ ืžื˜ืขืŸ ื—ืฉืžืœื™ ื—ื™ื•ื‘ื™.
01:51
But, apart from the opposite charges,
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ืื‘ืœ, ื—ื•ืฅ ืžื”ืžื˜ืขื ื™ื ื”ืžื ื•ื’ื“ื™ื,
01:53
both particles are identical and perfectly stable.
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ืฉื ื™ ื”ื—ืœืงื™ืงื™ื ื”ื ื–ื”ื™ื ืœื—ืœื•ื˜ื™ืŸ ื•ื™ืฆื™ื‘ื™ื ืœื’ืžืจื™.
01:56
And the same is true for their heavy cousins,
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ื•ืื•ืชื• ื”ื“ื‘ืจ ื ื›ื•ืŸ ืœื‘ื ื™ ื”ื“ื•ื“ื™ื ื”ื›ื‘ื“ื™ื ืฉืœื”ื,
01:59
the proton and the antiproton.
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ื”ืคืจื•ื˜ื•ืŸ ื•ื”ืื ื˜ื™ ืคืจื•ื˜ื•ืŸ.
02:01
Therefore, scientists are convinced
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ืœื›ืŸ, ืžื“ืขื ื™ื ืžืฉื•ื›ื ืขื™ื
02:03
that a world made of antimatter
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ืฉืขื•ืœื ืขืฉื•ื™ ืžืื ื˜ื™ ื—ื•ืžืจ
02:04
would look, feel, and smell just like our world.
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ื™ืจืื”, ื™ืจื’ื™ืฉ, ื•ื™ืจื™ื— ื‘ื“ื™ื•ืง ื›ืžื• ื”ืขื•ืœื ืฉืœื ื•.
02:09
In this antiworld,
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ื‘ืื ื˜ื™ ืขื•ืœื ื”ื–ื”,
02:11
we may find antiwater,
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ืื•ืœื™ ื ืžืฆื ืื ื˜ื™ ืžื™ื,
02:13
antigold,
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ืื ื˜ื™ ื–ื”ื‘,
02:14
and, for example,
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ื•ืœื“ื•ื’ืžื”,
02:16
an antimarble.
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ืื ื˜ื™ ื’ื•ืœื•ืช.
02:17
Now imagine that a marble and an antimarble
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ืขื›ืฉื™ื• ื“ืžื™ื™ื ื• ืฉื’ื•ืœื” ื•ืื ื˜ื™ ื’ื•ืœื”
02:19
are brought together.
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ืžืงื•ืจื‘ื•ืช ืื—ืช ืœืฉื ื™ื”.
02:21
These two apparently solid objects
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ืฉื ื™ ื”ื—ืคืฆื™ื ื”ืžื•ืฆืงื™ื ืœื›ืื•ืจื” ื”ืืœื”
02:23
would completely disappear
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ื™ืขืœืžื• ืœื—ืœื•ื˜ื™ืŸ
02:25
into a big flash of energy,
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ืœื”ื‘ื–ืง ื’ื“ื•ืœ ืฉืœ ืื ืจื’ื™ื”,
02:26
equivalent to an atomic bomb.
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ืฉืฉื•ื•ื” ืœืคืฆืฆื” ืื˜ื•ืžื™ืช.
02:29
Because combining matter and antimatter
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ืžื›ื™ื•ื•ืŸ ืฉื—ื™ื‘ื•ืจ ื—ื•ืžืจ ื•ืื ื˜ื™ ื—ื•ืžืจ
02:31
would create so much energy,
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ื™ื™ืฆื•ืจ ื›ืœ ื›ืš ื”ืจื‘ื” ืื ืจื’ื™ื”,
02:33
science fiction is full of ideas
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ื”ืžื“ืข ื”ื‘ื“ื™ื•ื ื™ ืžืœื ืจืขื™ื•ื ื•ืช
02:35
about harnessing the energy stored in antimatter,
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ืขืœ ืจืชื™ืžืช ื”ืื ืจื’ื™ื” ืฉืืฆื•ืจื” ื‘ืื ื˜ื™ ื—ื•ืžืจ,
02:38
for example, to fuel spaceships like Star Trek.
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ืœื“ื•ื’ืžื”, ืœืชื“ืœืง ื—ืœืœื™ื•ืช ื›ืžื• ื‘ืžืกืข ื‘ื™ืŸ ื›ื•ื›ื‘ื™ื.
02:41
After all, the energy content of antimatter
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ืื—ืจื™ ื”ื›ืœ, ื”ืื ืจื’ื™ื” ืฉืืฆื•ืจื” ื‘ืื ื˜ื™ ื—ื•ืžืจ
02:44
is a billion times higher than conventional fuel.
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ื’ื‘ื•ื”ื” ืคื™ ืžื™ืœื™ืืจื“ ืžื–ื• ืฉื‘ื“ืœืง ืจื’ื™ืœ.
02:47
The energy of one gram of antimatter would be enough
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ื”ืื ืจื’ื™ื” ืฉื‘ื’ืจื ืื—ื“ ืฉืœ ืื ื˜ื™ ื—ื•ืžืจ ืชืกืคื™ืง
02:49
for driving a car 1,000 times around the Earth,
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ืœื”ื ื™ืข ืžื›ื•ื ื™ืช 1,000 ืคืขืžื™ื ืžืกื‘ื™ื‘ ืœื›ื“ื•ืจ ื”ืืจืฅ,
02:53
or to bring the space shuttle into orbit.
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ืื• ืœื”ื‘ื™ื ืืช ืžืขื‘ื•ืจืช ื”ื—ืœืœ ืœืžืกืœื•ืœ.
02:56
So why don't we use antimatter for energy production?
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ืื– ืœืžื” ืื ื—ื ื• ืœื ืžืฉืชืžืฉื™ื ื‘ืื ื˜ื™ ื—ื•ืžืจ ืœื™ื™ืฆื•ืจ ืื ืจื’ื™ื”?
03:00
Well, antimatter isn't just sitting around,
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ื•ื‘ื›ืŸ, ืื ื˜ื™ ื—ื•ืžืจ ืœื ื™ื•ืฉื‘ ื•ืžื—ื›ื”,
03:04
ready for us to harvest.
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ืžื•ื›ืŸ ืฉื ืืกื•ืฃ ืื•ืชื•.
03:06
We have to make antimatter
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ืื ื—ื ื• ืฆืจื™ื›ื™ื ืœื™ืฆื•ืจ ืื ื˜ื™ ื—ื•ืžืจ
03:07
before we can combust antimatter,
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ืœืคื ื™ ืฉืื ื—ื ื• ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœืฉืจื•ืฃ ืื ื˜ื™ ื—ื•ืžืจ,
03:10
and it takes a billion times more energy
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ื•ื–ื” ืœื•ืงื— ืคื™ ืžื™ืœื™ืืจื“ ื™ื•ืชืจ ืื ืจื’ื™ื”
03:12
to make antimatter
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ืœื™ืฆื•ืจ ืื ื˜ื™ ื—ื•ืžืจ
03:14
than you get back.
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ืžืฉืืชื ืžืงื‘ืœื™ื ื—ื–ืจื”.
03:16
But, what if there was some antimatter in outer space
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ืื‘ืœ, ืžื” ืื ื”ื™ื” ืื ื˜ื™ ื—ื•ืžืจ ื‘ื—ื•ืฅ ื‘ื—ืœืœ
03:19
and we could dig it out one day
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ื•ื ื•ื›ืœ ืœื›ืจื•ืช ืื•ืชื• ื™ื•ื ืื—ื“
03:21
from an antiplanet somewhere.
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ืžืื ื˜ื™ ืคืœื ื˜ื” ื”ื™ื›ืŸ ืฉื”ื•ื.
03:24
A few decades ago, many scientists believed
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ืœืคื ื™ ื›ืžื” ืขืฉื•ืจื™ื, ื”ืจื‘ื” ืžื“ืขื ื™ื ื”ืืžื™ื ื•
03:26
that this could actually be possible.
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ืฉื–ื” ืืคืฉืจื™.
03:29
Today, observations have shown
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ื›ื™ื•ื, ืชืฆืคื™ื•ืช ื”ืจืื•
03:30
that there is no significant amount of antimatter
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ืฉืื™ืŸ ื›ืžื•ืช ืžืฉืžืขื•ืชื™ืช ืฉืœ ืื ื˜ื™ ื—ื•ืžืจ
03:33
anywhere in the visible universe,
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ื‘ืฉื•ื ืžืงื•ื ื‘ื™ืงื•ื ื”ื ืฆืคื” ืœืขื™ืŸ,
03:35
which is weird because, like we said before,
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ืฉื–ื” ืžื•ื–ืจ ืžืคื ื™, ืฉื›ืžื• ืฉืืžืจื ื• ืงื•ื“ื,
03:37
there should be just as much antimatter
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ืฆืจื™ื›ื” ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ื‘ื“ื™ื•ืง ืื•ืชื” ื›ืžื•ืช ืฉืœ ืื ื˜ื™ ื—ื•ืžืจ
03:39
as there is matter in the universe.
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ื›ืžื• ืฉื™ืฉ ื—ื•ืžืจ ื‘ื™ืงื•ื.
03:41
Since antiparticles and particles
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ืžืื—ืจ ื•ืื ื˜ื™ ื—ืœืงื™ืงื™ื ื•ื—ืœืงื™ืงื™ื
03:44
should exist in equal numbers,
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ืฆืจื™ื›ื™ื ืœื”ืชืงื™ื™ื ื‘ืžืกืคืจื™ื ืฉื•ื•ื™ื,
03:47
this missing antimatter?
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ื”ืื ื˜ื™ ื—ื•ืžืจ ื”ื—ืกืจ ื”ื–ื”?
03:48
Now that is a real mystery.
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ืขื›ืฉื™ื• ื–ื• ื‘ืืžืช ืชืขืœื•ืžื”.
03:51
To understand what might be happening,
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ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ื‘ื™ืŸ ืžื” ืื•ืœื™ ืงื•ืจื”,
03:53
we must go back to the Big Bang.
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ืื ื—ื ื• ื—ื™ื™ื‘ื™ื ืœื—ื–ื•ืจ ืœืžืคืฅ ื”ื’ื“ื•ืœ.
03:55
In the instant the universe was created,
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ื‘ืจื’ืข ืฉื”ื™ืงื•ื ื ื•ืฆืจ,
03:57
a huge amount of energy was transformed into mass,
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ื›ืžื•ืช ืื“ื™ืจื” ืฉืœ ืื ืจื’ื™ื” ื”ืคื›ื” ืœืžืืกื”,
04:01
and our initial universe contained
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ื•ื”ื™ืงื•ื ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื™ ืฉืœื ื• ื”ื›ื™ืœ
04:03
equal amounts of matter and antimatter.
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ื›ืžื•ื™ื•ืช ืฉื•ื•ืช ืฉืœ ื—ื•ืžืจ ื•ืื ื˜ื™ ื—ื•ืžืจ.
04:06
But just a second later,
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ืื‘ืœ ืจืง ืฉื ื™ื” ืžืื•ื—ืจ ื™ื•ืชืจ,
04:08
most matter and all of the antimatter
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ืจื•ื‘ ื”ื—ื•ืžืจ ื•ื›ืœ ื”ืื ื˜ื™ ื—ื•ืžืจ
04:11
had destroyed one another,
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ื”ืฉืžื™ื“ื• ืื—ื“ ืืช ื”ืฉื ื™,
04:12
producing an enormous amount of radiation
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ื•ื™ืฆืจื• ื›ืžื•ืช ืื“ื™ืจื” ืฉืœ ืงืจื™ื ื”
04:15
that can still be observed today.
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ืฉื ื™ืชื ืช ืœืฆืคื™ื” ืืคื™ืœื• ื”ื™ื•ื.
04:18
Just about 100 millionths
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ืจืง ื‘ืขืจืš 100 ืžืœื™ื•ื ื™ืช
04:20
of the original amount of matter stuck around
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ืžื›ืžื•ืช ื”ื—ื•ืžืจ ื”ืžืงื•ืจื™ืช ื ืฉืืจื”
04:23
and no antimatter whatsoever.
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ื•ื‘ื›ืœืœ ืœื ืื ื˜ื™ ื—ื•ืžืจ.
04:25
"Now, wait!" you might say,
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"ืขื›ืฉื™ื• ื—ื›ื”!" ืืชื ืื•ืœื™ ืชืืžืจื•,
04:27
"Why did all the antimatter disappear
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"ืœืžื” ื›ืœ ื”ืื ื˜ื™ ื—ื•ืžืจ ื ืขืœื
04:30
and only matter was left?"
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ื•ืจืง ื—ื•ืžืจ ื ืฉืืจ?"
04:32
It seems that we were somehow lucky
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ื ืจืื” ืฉื”ื™ื™ื ื• ื‘ื ื™ ืžื–ืœ ืื™ืš ืฉื”ื•ื
04:35
that a tiny asymmetry exists
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ืฉื—ื•ืกืจ ืกื™ืžื˜ืจื™ื” ื–ืขื™ืจื” ื”ื™ืชื” ืงื™ื™ืžืช
04:37
between matter and antimatter.
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ื‘ื™ืŸ ื—ื•ืžืจ ื•ืื ื˜ื™ ื—ื•ืžืจ.
04:39
Otherwise, there would be no particles at all
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ืื—ืจืช, ืœื ื”ื™ื• ื—ืœืงื™ืงื™ื ื‘ื›ืœืœ
04:41
anywhere in the universe
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ื‘ืฉื•ื ืžืงื•ื ื‘ื™ืงื•ื
04:43
and also no human beings.
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ื•ื’ื ืœื ื‘ื ื™ ืื“ื.
04:45
But what causes this asymmetry?
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ืื‘ืœ ืžื” ื’ืจื ืœื—ื•ืกืจ ื”ืกื™ืžื˜ืจื™ื”?
04:47
Experiments at CERN are trying to find out the reason
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ืžื—ืงืจื™ื ื‘CERN ืžื ืกื™ื ืœืžืฆื•ื ืืช ื”ืกื™ื‘ื”
04:50
why something exists
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ืœืžื” ืžืฉื”ื• ืงื™ื™ื
04:52
and why we don't live in a universe
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ื•ืœืžื” ืื ื—ื ื• ืœื ื—ื™ื™ื ื‘ื™ืงื•ื
04:54
filled with radiation only?
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ืžืœื ื‘ืงืจื™ื ื” ื‘ืœื‘ื“?
04:56
But, so far, we just don't know the answer.
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ืื‘ืœ, ืขื“ ืขื›ืฉื™ื•, ืื ื—ื ื• ืคืฉื•ื˜ ืœื ื™ื•ื“ืขื™ื ืืช ื”ืชืฉื•ื‘ื”.
ืขืœ ืืชืจ ื–ื”

ืืชืจ ื–ื” ื™ืฆื™ื’ ื‘ืคื ื™ื›ื ืกืจื˜ื•ื ื™ YouTube ื”ืžื•ืขื™ืœื™ื ืœืœื™ืžื•ื“ ืื ื’ืœื™ืช. ืชื•ื›ืœื• ืœืจืื•ืช ืฉื™ืขื•ืจื™ ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืขื‘ืจื™ื ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืžื•ืจื™ื ืžื”ืฉื•ืจื” ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื” ืžืจื—ื‘ื™ ื”ืขื•ืœื. ืœื—ืฅ ืคืขืžื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืฆื’ื•ืช ื‘ื›ืœ ื“ืฃ ื•ื™ื“ืื• ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ ืžืฉื. ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื’ื•ืœืœื•ืช ื‘ืกื ื›ืจื•ืŸ ืขื ื”ืคืขืœืช ื”ื•ื•ื™ื“ืื•. ืื ื™ืฉ ืœืš ื”ืขืจื•ืช ืื• ื‘ืงืฉื•ืช, ืื ื ืฆื•ืจ ืื™ืชื ื• ืงืฉืจ ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ื˜ื•ืคืก ื™ืฆื™ืจืช ืงืฉืจ ื–ื”.

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