Eli the eel: A mysterious migration - James Prosek

1,065,128 views ใƒป 2014-02-10

TED-Ed


ืื ื ืœื—ืฅ ืคืขืžื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ืœืžื˜ื” ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ.

00:00
Transcriber: Jessica Ruby Reviewer: Caroline Cristal
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ืชืจื’ื•ื: Ido Dekkers ืขืจื™ื›ื”: Tal Dekkers
00:07
They're long and slithery,
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ื”ื ืืจื•ื›ื™ื ื•ื—ืœืงืœืงื™ื,
00:09
and they're not very colorful.
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ื•ื”ื ืœื ืžืžืฉ ืฆื‘ืขื•ื ื™ื™ื.
00:11
But they do have a strange beauty of their own.
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ืื‘ืœ ื™ืฉ ืœื”ื ื™ื•ืคื™ ืžื•ื–ืจ ืžืฉืœ ืขืฆืžื.
00:14
Their sinuous, nocturnal movements
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ื”ืชื ื•ืขื•ืช ื”ืžืคื•ืชืœื•ืช ื”ืœื™ืœื™ื•ืช ืฉืœื”ื
00:16
through the water
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00:16
are mesmerizing to watch.
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ื‘ืžื™ื
ื”ืŸ ืžื”ืคื ื˜ื•ืช ืœืฆืคื™ื”.
00:18
And though they may resemble underwater snakes,
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ื•ืœืžืจื•ืช ืฉื”ื ื“ื•ืžื™ื ืœื ื—ืฉื™ื ืชืช ืžื™ืžื™ื™ื,
00:21
eels are, in fact, a very interesting type of fish.
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ืฆืœื•ืคื—ื™ื ื”ื, ืœืžืขืฉื”, ืกื•ื’ ืžืื•ื“ ืžืขื ื™ื™ืŸ ืฉืœ ื“ื’ื™ื.
00:25
There are several things about eels
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ื™ืฉ ื›ืžื” ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ื‘ื ื•ื’ืข ืœืฆืœื•ืคื—ื™ื
00:26
that make them unique
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ืฉื”ื•ืคื›ื™ื ืื•ืชื ืœื™ื—ื•ื“ื™ื™ื
00:28
besides their elongated shape and limbless bodies.
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ื—ื•ืฅ ืžื”ืฆื•ืจื” ื”ืžื•ืืจื›ืช ืฉืœื”ื ื•ื’ื•ืฃ ื ื˜ื•ืœ ืื‘ืจื™ื.
00:31
For one thing,
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ืจืืฉื™ืช,
00:32
eels have the ability to breathe through their skin.
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ืœืฆืœื•ืคื—ื™ื ื™ืฉ ืืช ื”ื™ื›ื•ืœืช ืœื ืฉื•ื ื“ืจืš ื”ืขื•ืจ ืฉืœื”ื.
00:35
Some can even leave the water
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ื—ืœืง ืืคื™ืœื• ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœืขื–ื•ื‘ ืืช ื”ืžื™ื
00:37
and move over land for short periods.
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ื•ืœื ื•ืข ืขืœ ื”ืื“ืžื” ืœืชืงื•ืคื•ืช ืงืฆืจื•ืช.
00:40
And, unlike most migratory fish,
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ื•ื‘ื ื™ื’ื•ื“ ืœื“ื’ื™ื ื ื•ื“ื“ื™ื,
00:42
such as salmon,
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ื›ืžื• ืกืœืžื•ืŸ,
00:43
which spawn in fresh water
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ืฉืžืฉืจื™ืฆื™ื ื‘ืžื™ื ืžืชื•ืงื™ื
00:44
but live their adult lives in salt water,
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ืื‘ืœ ื—ื™ื™ื ืืช ื—ื™ื™ื”ื ื”ื‘ื•ื’ืจื™ื ื‘ืžื™ื ืžืœื•ื—ื™ื,
00:46
eels of the genus Anguilla
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ืฆืœื•ืคื—ื™ื ืžืกื•ื’ ืื ื’ื•ื™ื™ืœื”
00:48
migrate in the opposite direction,
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ื ื•ื“ื“ื™ื ื‘ื›ื™ื•ื•ืŸ ื”ื”ืคื•ืš,
00:50
spawning and breeding in oceans and seas,
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ืžืฉืจื™ืฆื™ื ื•ืžืชืจื‘ื™ื ื‘ืื•ืงื™ื™ื ื•ืกื™ื ื•ื‘ื™ืžื™ื,
00:53
while spending most of their intervening time
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ื•ืžื‘ืœื™ื ืืช ืจื•ื‘ ื—ื™ื™ื”ื ื”ืื—ืจื™ื
00:55
in fresh water.
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ื‘ืžื™ื ืžืชื•ืงื™ื.
00:56
If we were to take one such fresh water eel
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ืื ื”ื™ื™ื ื• ืœื•ืงื—ื™ื ืฆืœื•ืคื— ืžื™ื ืžืชื•ืงื™ื
00:59
and follow its life story,
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ื•ืขื•ืงื‘ื™ื ืื—ืจื™ ื”ืกื™ืคื•ืจ ืฉืœื•,
01:00
it would be born in the middle of the North Atlantic Ocean,
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ื”ื•ื ื”ื™ื” ื ื•ืœื“ ื‘ืืžืฆืข ื”ืื•ืงื™ื™ื ื•ืก ื”ืื˜ืœื ื˜ื™ ื”ืฆืคื•ื ื™,
01:03
about a thousand miles east of Bermuda.
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ื‘ืขืจืš ืืœืฃ ืฉืฉ ืžืื•ืช ืงื™ืœื•ืžื˜ืจ ืžื–ืจื—ื™ืช ืœื‘ืจืžื•ื“ื”.
01:06
This area, called the Sargasso Sea,
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ื”ืื–ื•ืจ ื”ื–ื”, ืฉื ืงืจื ื™ื ืกืจื’ืกื•,
01:08
forms the western part
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ืฉื™ื•ืฆืจ ืืช ื”ื—ืœืง ื”ืžืขืจื‘ื™
01:10
of a subtropical gyre,
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ืฉืœ ื”ื–ืจื ื”ืกืื‘ ื˜ืจื•ืคื™,
01:12
a giant whirlpool in the middle of the ocean.
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ืžืขืจื‘ื•ืœืช ืขื ืงื™ืช ื‘ืืžืฆืข ื”ืื•ืงื™ื™ื ื•ืก.
01:15
Our eel, let's call it Eli,
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ื”ืฆืœื•ืคื— ืฉืœื ื•, ื‘ื•ืื• ื ืงืจื ืœื• ืื™ืœื™ื™,
01:17
would begin as one of ten to twenty million tiny eggs,
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ื”ื™ื” ืžืชื—ื™ืœ ื›ืื—ื“ ืžืขืฉืจ ืื• ืขืฉืจื™ื ืžืœื™ื•ืŸ ื‘ื™ืฆื™ื,
01:21
carried by a female eel,
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ืฉื ื™ืฉืื•ืช ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืฆืœื•ืคื— ื ืงื‘ื™,
01:23
hatching into a transparent leaf-shaped thing
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ื‘ื•ืงืข ืœืชื•ืš ืžืฉื”ื• ืฉืงื•ืฃ ื‘ืฆื•ืจืช ืขืœื”
01:25
that looks nothing like an adult eel.
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ืฉืœื ื ืจืื” ื“ื•ืžื” ืืคื™ืœื• ืœืฆืœื•ืคื— ื‘ื•ื’ืจ.
01:29
Eli starts to drift in ocean currents,
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ืื™ืœื™ื™ ืžืชื—ื™ืœ ืœื”ืกื—ืฃ ื‘ื–ืจืžื™ ื”ืื•ืงื™ื™ื ื•ืก,
01:31
predominantly the Gulf Stream
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ื‘ืขื™ืงืจ ื–ืจื ื”ื’ื•ืœืฃ
01:33
towards either Europe or North America,
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ืœื›ื™ื•ื•ืŸ ืื™ืจื•ืคื” ืื• ืฆืคื•ืŸ ืืžืจื™ืงื”,
01:35
depending on its particular species.
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ืชืœื•ื™ ื‘ืžื™ืŸ ื”ืกืคืฆื™ืคื™ ืฉืœื•.
01:38
Upon reaching the coast,
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ื›ืฉื”ื•ื ืžื’ื™ืข ืœื—ื•ืฃ,
01:40
Eli is about two inches long,
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ืื™ืœื™ื™ ื‘ืื•ืจืš ืฉืœ ื‘ืขืจืš ื—ืžื™ืฉื” ืก:ืž,
01:41
looking more eely but still transparent,
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ื ืจืื” ื™ื•ืชืจ ืฆืœื•ืคื—ื™ ืื‘ืœ ืขื“ื™ื™ืŸ ืฉืงื•ืฃ,
01:44
known at this stage as a glass eel.
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ื™ื“ื•ืข ื‘ืฉืœื‘ ื”ื–ื” ื›ืฆืœื•ืคื— ื–ื›ื•ื›ื™ืช.
01:47
But within a couple of days in fresh water,
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ืื‘ืœ ืชื•ืš ื›ืžื” ื™ืžื™ื ื‘ืžื™ื ืžืชื•ืงื™ื,
01:49
Eli's skin becomes pigmented a brownish-black,
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ื”ืขื•ืจ ืฉืœ ืื™ืœื™ ืžืงื‘ืœ ืฆื‘ืข ื—ื•ืžื—ื•ืžื™ ืฉื—ื•ืจ,
01:52
now looking more like that of an adult eel.
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ื ืจืื” ืขื›ืฉื™ื• ื™ื•ืชืจ ื›ืžื• ืฆืœื•ืคื— ื‘ื•ื’ืจ.
01:55
You might notice
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ืืชื ืื•ืœื™ ืชืฉื™ืžื• ืœื‘
01:56
that we haven't mentioned anything
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ืฉืœื ื”ื–ื›ืจื ื• ื›ืœื•ื
01:57
about Eli's gender yet.
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ื‘ื ื•ื’ืข ืœืžื™ืŸ ื”ืฆืœื•ืคื— ืขื“ื™ื™ืŸ,
01:59
That's because this is only determined
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ื–ื” ื‘ื’ืœืœ ืฉื–ื” ื ืงื‘ืข ืจืง
02:01
once an eel enters fresh water,
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ื‘ืจื’ืข ืฉื”ืฆืœื•ืคื— ื ื›ื ืก ืœืžื™ื ืžืชื•ืงื™ื,
02:03
though nobody is sure exactly how that happens.
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ืœืžืจื•ืช ืฉืืฃ ืื—ื“ ืœื ื‘ื˜ื•ื— ืื™ืš ื‘ื“ื™ื•ืง ื–ื” ืงื•ืจื”.
02:06
Most of the eels that stay in the estuaries
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ืจื•ื‘ ื”ืฆืœื•ืคื—ื™ื ืฉื ืฉืืจื™ื ื‘ืฉืคื›ื™ ื”ื ื”ืจื•ืช
02:08
and brackish water become males,
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ื•ื‘ืžื™ื ืžืขื˜ ืžืœื•ื—ื™ื ื”ื•ืคื›ื™ื ืœื–ื›ืจื™ื,
02:10
while those that go upstream become females,
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ื‘ืขื•ื“ ืืœื” ืฉืขื•ืœื™ื ื‘ืžืขืœื” ื”ื–ืจื ื”ื•ืคื›ื™ื ืœื ืงื‘ื•ืช,
02:13
growing up to two to three times bigger than
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ื•ื’ื“ืœื™ื ืขื“ ืœืคื™ ืฉื ื™ื™ื ืื• ืฉืœื•ืฉ ืžืืฉืจ
02:15
their future mates.
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ื‘ื ื™ ื”ื–ื•ื’ ืฉืœื”ื ื‘ืขืชื™ื“.
02:17
In this case,
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ื‘ืžืงืจื” ื”ื–ื”,
02:18
it turns out that Eli was actually short for Elaine.
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ืžืกืชื‘ืจ ืฉืื™ืœื™ื™ ื”ื™ื” ื‘ืขืฆื ืงื™ืฆื•ืจ ืฉืœ ืื™ืœื™ื™ืŸ.
02:22
As a female eel,
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ื›ืฆืœื•ืคื—ื™ืช ื ืงื‘ื”,
02:23
Elaine will be quite solitary
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ืื™ืœื™ื™ืŸ ืชื”ื™ื” ื“ื™ ื‘ื•ื“ื“ืช
02:25
for most of her life in the stream,
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ืœืžืฉืš ืจื•ื‘ ื—ื™ื™ื” ื‘ื–ืจื,
02:26
eating whatever falls in the water:
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ืื•ื›ืœืช ื›ืœ ืžื” ืฉื ื•ืคืœ ืœืžื™ื:
02:28
grasshoppers, crickets, small fish,
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ื—ื’ื‘ื™ื, ืฆืจืฆืจื™ื, ื“ื’ื™ื ืงื˜ื ื™ื,
02:31
insect larvae, frogs, baby birds,
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ื–ื—ืœื™ื ืฉืœ ื—ืจืงื™ื, ืฆืคืจื“ืขื™ื, ื’ื•ื–ืœื™ื,
02:34
almost anything she can get her mouth around.
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ื›ืžืขื˜ ื›ืœ ืžื” ืฉื”ื™ื ื™ื›ื•ืœื” ืœืฉื™ื ื‘ืชื•ืš ื”ืคื”.
02:37
And she will grow quite big,
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ื•ื”ื™ื ืชื’ื“ืœ ื“ื™ ื”ืจื‘ื”,
02:38
up to four feet long
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ืขื“ ืœืื•ืจืš ืฉืœ ืžื˜ืจ ื•ืจื‘ืข
02:40
and weighing as much as thirteen pounds.
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ื•ืชืฉืงื•ืœ ืขื“ ืฉื™ืฉื” ืงื™ืœื•.
02:43
We don't know exactly how
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ืื ื—ื ื• ืœื ื™ื•ื“ืขื™ื ื‘ื“ื™ื•ืง ืื™ืš
02:44
fresh water eels know when it's time
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ืฆืœื•ืคื—ื™ื ืฉืœ ืžื™ื ืžืชื•ืงื™ื ื™ื•ื“ืขื™ื ื›ืฉืžื’ื™ืข ื”ื–ืžืŸ
02:46
to return to the ocean,
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ืœื—ื–ื•ืจ ืœืื•ืงื™ื™ื ื•ืก,
02:47
but something calls to them.
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ืื‘ืœ ืžืฉื”ื• ืงื•ืจื ืœื”ื.
02:49
And their fall migration
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ื•ื”ื’ื™ืจืช ื”ืกืชื™ื• ืฉืœื”ื
02:50
is one of the largest unseen migrations
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ื”ื™ื ืื—ืช ืžื”ื”ื’ื™ืจื•ืช ื”ื‘ืœืชื™ ื ืจืื•ืช ื”ื’ื“ื•ืœื•ืช ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ
02:52
on the planet.
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ืขืœ ืคื ื™ ื”ืคืœื ื˜ื”.
02:54
As Elaine leaves fresh water for the ocean,
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ื›ืฉืื™ืœื™ื™ืŸ ืขื•ื–ื‘ืช ืืช ื”ืžื™ื ื”ืžืชื•ืงื™ื ืœืื•ืงื™ื™ื ื•ืก,
02:56
she undergoes a shocking metamorphosis.
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ื”ื™ื ืขื•ื‘ืจืช ืฉื™ื ื•ื™ ืžื“ื”ื™ื.
02:59
Her eyes enlarge by about ten times,
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ื”ืขื™ื ื™ื™ื ืฉืœื” ื’ื“ืœื•ืช ืคื™ ืขืฉืจ,
03:02
her skin gets thicker,
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ื”ืขื•ืจ ืฉืœื” ื ืขืฉื” ืขื‘ื” ื™ื•ืชืจ,
03:03
and her fins get larger.
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ื•ื”ืกื ืคื™ืจื™ื ืฉืœื” ื’ื“ืœื™ื.
03:06
These are most likely adaptations
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ืืœื” ื”ื ื›ื›ืœ ื”ื ืจืื” ื”ืชืืžื•ืช
03:07
for their upcoming ocean travel,
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ืœืžืกืข ื”ืžืชืงืจื‘ ื‘ืื•ืงื™ื™ื ื•ืก,
03:09
and Elaine seamlessly makes the transition
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ื•ืื™ืœื™ื™ืŸ ืขื•ืฉื” ืืช ื”ืžื”ืคืš ืฉืœื” ื‘ืฆื•ืจื” ื—ืœืงื”
03:11
from fresh to salt water,
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ืžืžื™ื ืžืชื•ืงื™ื ืœืžื™ื ืžืœื•ื—ื™ื,
03:13
which would be toxic for most other fish.
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ืžื” ืฉื”ื™ื” ืจืขื™ืœ ืœืจื•ื‘ ืกื•ื’ื™ ื”ื“ื’ื™ื.
03:16
Once Elaine leaves the mouth of the fresh water streams,
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ื‘ืจื’ืข ืฉืื™ืœื™ื™ืŸ ืขื•ื–ื‘ืช ืืช ืคื™ ื ืชื™ื‘ื™ ื”ืžื™ื ื”ืžืชื•ืงื™ื,
03:18
she will disappear completely from human view.
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ื”ื™ื ืชืขืœื ืœื’ืžืจื™ ืžืขื™ื ื™ื™ ื”ืื ืฉื™ื.
03:22
No one has witnessed,
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ืืฃ ืื—ื“ ืœื ืจืื”,
03:23
or been able to follow,
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ืื• ื”ื™ื” ืžืกื•ื’ืœ ืœืขืงื•ื‘,
03:25
an adult eel on their migration,
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ืื—ืจื™ ืฆืœื•ืคื—ื™ื ื‘ื•ื’ืจื™ื ื‘ื ื“ื™ื“ื” ืฉืœื”ื,
03:27
nor do we know how deep they spawn.
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ื•ืื ื—ื ื• ืœื ื™ื•ื“ืขื™ื ื‘ืื™ื–ื” ืขื•ืžืง ื”ื ืžืฉืจื™ืฆื™ื.
03:29
But it's assumed that they can follow some signs
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ืื‘ืœ ืžื ื™ื—ื™ื ืฉื”ื ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœืขืงื•ื‘ ืื—ืจื™ ื›ืžื” ืกื™ืžื ื™ื
03:32
that they can detect,
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ืฉื”ื ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœื–ื”ื•ืช,
03:34
such as a thermal barrier between ocean currents
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ื›ืžื• ื”ื’ื‘ื•ืœ ื”ื˜ืจืžื™ ื‘ื™ืŸ ื–ืจืžื™ื ื‘ืื•ืงื™ื™ื ื•ืก
03:36
or a salinity front,
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ืื• ื’ื‘ื•ืœ ื”ืžืœื™ื—ื•ืช,
03:37
in order to return to the same area of the ocean
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ื›ื“ื™ ืœื—ื–ื•ืจ ืœืื•ืชื• ืื–ื•ืจ ื‘ืื•ืงื™ื™ื ื•ืก
03:40
where they were born.
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ื‘ื• ื”ื ื ื•ืœื“ื•.
03:42
Because we don't even know exactly
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ืžืคื ื™ ืฉืื ื—ื ื• ืืคื™ืœื• ืœื ื™ื•ื“ืขื™ื ื‘ื“ื™ื•ืง
03:44
what happens during an eel's migration,
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ืžื” ืงื•ืจื” ื‘ืžื”ืœืš ื”ื ื“ื™ื“ื” ืฉืœ ื”ืฆืœื•ืคื—ื™ื,
03:46
we can only imagine what the actual breeding looks like.
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ืื ื—ื ื• ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืจืง ืœื“ืžื™ื™ืŸ ืื™ืš ื”ืจื‘ื™ื” ื”ืืžื™ืชื™ืช ื ืจืื™ืช.
03:49
But the common hypothesis
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ืื‘ืœ ื”ื”ื ื—ื” ื”ื ืคื•ืฆื”
03:50
is that Elaine and thousands,
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ื”ื™ื ืฉืื™ืœื™ื™ืŸ ื•ืืœืคื™,
03:52
or hundreds of thousands,
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ืื• ืžืื•ืช ืืœืคื™,
03:53
of other eels
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ืฆืœื•ืคื—ื™ื ืื—ืจื™ื
03:54
gather in large, intertwined masses
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ืžืชืืกืคื™ื ื‘ืžืืกื•ืช ื’ื“ื•ืœื•ืช, ืžืฉื•ืœื‘ื•ืช
03:57
and release their eggs and sperm
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ื•ืžืฉื—ืจืจื™ื ืืช ื”ื‘ื™ืฆื™ื ื•ื”ื–ืจืข ืฉืœื”ื
03:58
in a giant orgy known as panmixia.
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ื‘ืื•ืจื’ื™ื” ืขืฆื•ืžื” ืฉื™ื“ื•ืขื” ื›ืคื ืžื™ืงืกื™ื”.
04:01
A couple of days after the eggs are laid,
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ืžืกืคืจ ื™ืžื™ื ืื—ืจื™ ืฉื”ื‘ื™ืฆื™ื ืžื•ื˜ืœื•ืช,
04:03
they hatch,
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ื”ืŸ ื‘ื•ืงืขื•ืช,
04:04
and the cycle begins again.
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ื•ื”ืžื—ื–ื•ืจ ืžืชื—ื™ืœ ืžื—ื“ืฉ.
04:06
And because we've never seen
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ื•ื‘ื’ืœืœ ืฉืžืขื•ืœื ืœื ืจืื™ื ื•
04:08
the adult eels returning up the fresh water rivers,
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ืืช ื”ืฆืœื•ืคื—ื™ื ื”ื‘ื•ื’ืจื™ื ื—ื•ื–ืจื™ื ื‘ืžืขืœื” ื ื”ืจื•ืช ืžื™ื ืžืชื•ืงื™ื,
04:10
we must assume that,
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ืื ื—ื ื• ื—ื™ื™ื‘ื™ื ืœื”ื ื™ื—,
04:11
having completed their long and roundabout journey,
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ืฉื›ืฉืกื™ื™ืžื• ืืช ื”ืžืกืข ื”ืžืขื’ืœื™ ื”ืืจื•ืš ืฉืœื”ื,
04:14
these amazing and mysterious creatures
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ื”ื™ืฆื•ืจื™ื ื”ืžื“ื”ื™ืžื™ื ื•ื”ืžืกืชื•ืจื™ื™ื ื”ืืœื”
04:16
finally die there,
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ืžืชื™ื ืฉื ืœื‘ืกื•ืฃ,
04:18
in the same place where they were born.
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ื‘ืื•ืชื• ืžืงื•ื ื‘ื• ื”ื ื ื•ืœื“ื•.
04:20
Goodbye, Elaine!
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ืœื”ืชืจืื•ืช ืื™ืœื™ื™ืŸ!
04:22
It was a pleasure knowing you.
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ื–ื” ื”ื™ื” ืชืขื ื•ื’ ืœื”ื›ื™ืจ ืื•ืชืš.
ืขืœ ืืชืจ ื–ื”

ืืชืจ ื–ื” ื™ืฆื™ื’ ื‘ืคื ื™ื›ื ืกืจื˜ื•ื ื™ YouTube ื”ืžื•ืขื™ืœื™ื ืœืœื™ืžื•ื“ ืื ื’ืœื™ืช. ืชื•ื›ืœื• ืœืจืื•ืช ืฉื™ืขื•ืจื™ ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืขื‘ืจื™ื ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืžื•ืจื™ื ืžื”ืฉื•ืจื” ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื” ืžืจื—ื‘ื™ ื”ืขื•ืœื. ืœื—ืฅ ืคืขืžื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืฆื’ื•ืช ื‘ื›ืœ ื“ืฃ ื•ื™ื“ืื• ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ ืžืฉื. ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื’ื•ืœืœื•ืช ื‘ืกื ื›ืจื•ืŸ ืขื ื”ืคืขืœืช ื”ื•ื•ื™ื“ืื•. ืื ื™ืฉ ืœืš ื”ืขืจื•ืช ืื• ื‘ืงืฉื•ืช, ืื ื ืฆื•ืจ ืื™ืชื ื• ืงืฉืจ ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ื˜ื•ืคืก ื™ืฆื™ืจืช ืงืฉืจ ื–ื”.

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