The hidden worlds within natural history museums - Joshua Drew

261,190 views ใƒป 2014-12-02

TED-Ed


ืื ื ืœื—ืฅ ืคืขืžื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ืœืžื˜ื” ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ.

ืชืจื’ื•ื: Ido Dekkers ืขืจื™ื›ื”: Tal Dekkers
00:07
When you think of natural history museums,
0
7015
2470
ื›ืฉืืชื ื—ื•ืฉื‘ื™ื ืขืœ ืžื•ื–ืื•ื ื™ื ืœื”ืกื˜ื•ืจื™ืช ื”ื˜ื‘ืข,
00:09
you probably picture exhibits filled with ancient lifeless things,
1
9485
4631
ืืชื ื›ื ืจืื” ืžื“ืžื™ื™ื ื™ื ืชืฆื•ื’ื•ืช ืžืœืื•ืช ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ืขืชื™ืงื™ื ื•ื—ืกืจื™ ื—ื™ื™ื.
00:14
like dinosaurs
2
14116
1319
ื›ืžื• ื“ื™ื ื•ื–ืื•ืจื™ื
00:15
meteroites,
3
15435
1028
ืžื˜ืื•ืจื™ื˜ื™ื,
00:16
and gemstones.
4
16463
1404
ื•ืื‘ื ื™ ื—ืŸ.
00:17
But behind that educational exterior,
5
17867
2828
ืื‘ืœ ืžืื—ื•ืจื™ ื”ื—ื–ื™ืช ื”ืœื™ืžื•ื“ื™ืช ื”ื–ื•,
00:20
which only includes about 1% of a museum's collection,
6
20695
4337
ืฉืจืง ื›ื•ืœืœืช ื‘ืขืจืš 1% ืžื”ืื•ืกืฃ ืฉืœ ื”ืžื•ื–ื™ืื•ืŸ,
00:25
there are hidden laboratories where scientific breakthroughs are made.
7
25032
4526
ื™ืฉ ืžืขื‘ื“ื•ืช ื ืกืชืจื•ืช ื‘ื”ืŸ ื ืขืฉื•ืช ืคืจื™ืฆื•ืช ื“ืจืš ืžื“ืขื™ื•ืช.
00:29
Beyond the unmarked doors,
8
29558
1638
ืžืขื‘ืจ ืœื“ืœืชื•ืช ืœื ืžืกื•ืžื ื•ืช,
00:31
and on the floors the elevators won't take you to,
9
31196
2891
ื•ื‘ืงื•ืžื•ืช ืฉื”ืžืขืœื™ื•ืช ืœื ื™ืงื—ื• ืืชื›ื ืืœื™ื”ืŸ,
00:34
you'd find windows into amazing worlds.
10
34087
3401
ืชืžืฆืื• ื—ืœื•ื ื•ืช ืœืชื•ืš ืขื•ืœืžื•ืช ืžื•ืคืœืื™ื.
00:37
This maze of halls and laboratories is a scientific sanctuary
11
37488
4529
ื”ืžื‘ื•ืš ื”ื–ื” ืฉืœ ืžืกื“ืจื•ื ื•ืช ื•ืžืขื‘ื“ื•ืช ื”ื•ื ืžืคืœื˜ ืžื“ืขื™
00:42
that houses a seemingly endless variety of specimens.
12
42017
3727
ืฉืžืื›ืœืก ืžื’ื•ื•ืŸ ืฉื ืจืื” ืื™ืŸ ืกื•ืคื™ ืฉืœ ืžืžืฆืื™ื.
00:45
Here, researchers work to unravel mysteries of evolution,
13
45744
3763
ืคื”, ื—ื•ืงืจื™ื ืขื•ื‘ื“ื™ื ื›ื“ื™ ืœื—ืฉื•ืฃ ืชืขืœื•ืžื•ืช ืฉืœ ื”ืื‘ื•ืœื•ืฆื™ื”,
00:49
cosmic origins,
14
49507
1754
ืžืงื•ืจื•ืช ืงื•ืกืžื™ื™ื,
00:51
and the history of our planet.
15
51261
2318
ื•ื”ื”ืกื˜ื•ืจื™ื” ืฉืœ ื”ืคืœื ื˜ื” ืฉืœื ื•.
00:53
One museum alone may have millions of specimens.
16
53579
3434
ืžื•ื–ืื•ืŸ ืื—ื“ ืœื‘ื“ื• ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื”ื›ื™ืœ ืžืœื™ื•ื ื™ ื“ื•ื’ืžื™ื•ืช.
00:57
The American Museum of Natural History in New York City
17
57013
3090
ืœืžื•ื–ืื•ืŸ ืœื”ืกื˜ื•ืจื™ืช ื”ื˜ื‘ืข ื‘ื ื™ื• ื™ื•ืจืง
01:00
has over 32,000,000 in its collection.
18
60103
3976
ื™ืฉ ื™ื•ืชืจ ืž 32,000,000 ื‘ืื•ืกืฃ ืฉืœื•.
01:04
Let's take a look at just one of them.
19
64079
2085
ื‘ื•ืื• ื ื‘ื™ื˜ ืจืง ื‘ืื—ืช ืžื”ืŸ.
01:06
Scientists have logged exactly where and when it was found
20
66164
3314
ืžื“ืขื ื™ื ืชื™ื™ื’ื• ื‘ื“ื™ื•ืง ืื™ืคื” ื•ืžืชื™ ื”ื•ื ื ืžืฆื
01:09
and used various dating techniques to pinpoint when it originated.
21
69478
4557
ื•ื”ืฉืชืžืฉื• ื‘ืžื’ื•ื•ืŸ ืฉื™ื˜ื•ืช ื›ื“ื™ ืœืžืงื ืืช ื”ืžืงื•ืจ ืฉืœื•.
01:14
Repeat that a million times over, and these plants,
22
74035
3272
ืชื—ื–ืจื• ืขืœ ื–ื” ืžืœื™ื•ืŸ ืคืขืžื™ื, ื•ื”ืฆืžื—ื™ื ื”ืืœื”,
01:17
animals,
23
77307
1064
ื”ื—ื™ื•ืช,
01:18
minerals,
24
78371
857
ื”ืžื™ื ืจืœื™ื,
01:19
fossils,
25
79228
878
ื”ืžืื•ื‘ื ื™ื,
01:20
and artifacts present windows into times and places around the world
26
80106
5133
ื•ืคืจื™ื˜ื™ื ืžืฆื™ื’ื™ื ื—ืœื•ื ื•ืช ืœื–ืžื ื™ื ื•ืžืงื•ืžื•ืช ืžืกื‘ื™ื‘ ืœืขื•ืœื
01:25
and across billions of years of history.
27
85239
2827
ื•ืœืื•ืจืš ืžื™ืœื™ืืจื“ื™ ืฉื ื™ื ืฉืœ ื”ืกื˜ื•ืจื™ื”.
01:28
When a research problem emerges,
28
88066
1806
ื›ืฉื‘ืขื™ื™ืช ืžื—ืงืจ ืžื•ืคื™ืขื”,
01:29
scientists peer through these windows and test hypotheses about the past.
29
89872
5008
ืžื“ืขื ื™ื ืžืฆื™ืฆื™ื ื“ืจืš ื”ื—ืœื•ื ื•ืช ื”ืืœื” ื•ื‘ื•ื—ื ื™ื ืชืื•ืจื™ื•ืช ืขืœ ื”ืขื‘ืจ.
01:34
For example, in the 1950s, populations of predatory birds,
30
94880
4822
ืœื“ื•ื’ืžื”, ื‘ืฉื ื•ืช ื” 50, ืื•ื›ืœื•ืกื™ื•ืช ืฉืœ ืฆื™ืคื•ืจื™ื ื“ื•ืจืกื•ืช,
01:39
like peregrine falcons,
31
99702
1629
ื›ืžื• ื‘ื–ื™ื ื ื•ื“ื“ื™ื,
01:41
owls,
32
101331
1062
ื™ื ืฉื•ืคื™ื,
01:42
and eagles started to mysteriously crash,
33
102393
2621
ื•ืขื™ื˜ื™ื ื”ืชื—ื™ืœื• ืœื”ืชืจืกืง ื‘ืžืกืชื•ืจื™ื•ืช,
01:45
to the point where a number of species, including the bald eagle,
34
105014
3654
ืขื“ ืœื ืงื•ื“ื” ื‘ื” ืžืกืคืจ ืžื™ื ื™ื, ื›ื•ืœืœ ื”ืขื™ื™ื˜ ืœื‘ืŸ ื”ืจืืฉ,
01:48
were declared endangered.
35
108668
2261
ื”ื•ื›ืจื–ื• ื‘ืกื›ื ืช ื”ื›ื—ื“ื”.
01:50
Fortunately, scientists in The Field Museum in Chicago
36
110929
3624
ืœืžืจื‘ื” ื”ืžื–ืœ, ืžื“ืขื ื™ื ื‘ืžื•ื–ื™ืื•ืŸ ืคื™ืœื“ ื‘ืฉื™ืงื’ื•
01:54
had been collecting the eggs of these predatory birds for decades.
37
114553
3730
ืืกืคื• ืืช ื”ื‘ื™ืฆื™ื ืฉืœ ื”ืฆื™ืคื•ืจื™ื ื”ื˜ื•ืจืคื•ืช ื”ืืœื• ื‘ืžืฉืš ืขืฉื•ืจื™ื.
01:58
They discovered that the egg shells used to be thicker
38
118283
3528
ื”ื ื’ื™ืœื• ืฉืงืœื™ืคื•ืช ื”ื‘ื™ืฆื™ื ื”ื™ื• ืขื‘ื•ืช ื™ื•ืชืจ ื‘ืขื‘ืจ
02:01
and had started to thin around the time
39
121811
2248
ื•ื”ืชื—ื™ืœื• ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ื“ืงื•ืช ื™ื•ืชืจ ื‘ื–ืžืŸ
02:04
when an insecticide called DDT started being sprayed on crops.
40
124059
5557
ืฉื”ืชื—ื™ืœื• ืœื”ืฉืชืžืฉ ื‘ื—ื•ืžืจ ื”ื“ื‘ืจื” ื‘ืฉื DDT ืขืœ ื’ื™ื“ื•ืœื™ื ื—ืงืœืื™ื™ื.
02:09
DDT worked very well to kill insects,
41
129616
2820
DDT ืขื•ื‘ื“ ื˜ื•ื‘ ืžืื•ื“ ื‘ื”ืจื’ ื—ืจืงื™ื,
02:12
but when birds came and ate those heaps of dead bugs,
42
132436
3803
ืื‘ืœ ื›ืฉืฆื™ืคื•ืจื™ื ื‘ืื• ื•ืื›ืœื• ืืช ื”ืขืจืžื•ืช ืฉืœ ื”ื—ืจืงื™ื ื”ืžืชื™ื,
02:16
the DDT accumulated in their bodies.
43
136239
3133
ื” DDT ื”ืฆื˜ื‘ืจ ื‘ื’ื•ืฃ ืฉืœื”ื.
02:19
It worked its way up the food chain
44
139372
2029
ื”ื•ื ืขืœื” ื‘ืฉืจืฉืจืช ื”ืžื–ื•ืŸ
02:21
and was absorbed by apex predator birds in such high concentrations
45
141401
5072
ื•ื ืกืคื’ ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืฆื™ืคื•ืจื™ื ื˜ื•ืจืคื•ืช ื‘ืจื™ื›ื•ื–ื™ื ื’ื‘ื•ื”ื™ื ื›ืœ ื›ืš
02:26
that it thinned their eggs
46
146473
1826
ืฉื“ื™ืงืง ืืช ื”ื‘ื™ืฆื™ื ืฉืœื”ื
02:28
so that they couldn't support the nesting bird's weight.
47
148299
3787
ื›ืš ืฉื”ืŸ ืœื ื™ื›ืœื• ืœืชืžื•ืš ื‘ืžืฉืงืœ ื”ืฆื™ืคื•ืจื™ื ื”ื“ื•ื’ืจื•ืช.
02:32
There were omelettes everywhere
48
152086
1583
ื”ื™ื• ื—ื‘ื™ืชื•ืช ื‘ื›ืœ ืžืงื•ื
02:33
until scientists from The Field Museum in Chicago,
49
153669
2434
ืขื“ ืฉืžื“ืขื ื™ื ืžืžื•ื–ื™ืื•ืŸ ืคื™ืœื“ ื‘ืฉื™ืงื’ื•,
02:36
and other institutions,
50
156103
1539
ื•ืžื•ืกื“ื•ืช ืื—ืจื™ื,
02:37
helped solve the mystery and save the day.
51
157642
2851
ืขื–ืจื• ืœืคืชื•ืจ ืืช ื”ืžืกืชื•ืจื™ืŸ ื•ืœื”ืฆื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืžืฆื‘.
02:40
America thanks you, Field Museum.
52
160493
2285
ืืžืจื™ืงื” ืžื•ื“ื” ืœืš, ืžื•ื–ื™ืื•ืŸ ืคื™ืœื“.
02:42
Natural history museums windows into the past
53
162778
2563
ื”ื—ืœื•ื ื•ืช ืœืขื‘ืจ ืฉืœ ืžื•ื–ืื•ื ื™ื ืœื”ืกื˜ื•ืจื™ืช ื”ื˜ื‘ืข
02:45
have solved many other scientific mysteries.
54
165341
2985
ืคืชืจื• ื”ืจื‘ื” ืชืขืœื•ืžื•ืช ืžื“ืขื™ื•ืช ืื—ืจื•ืช.
02:48
Museum scientists have used their collections
55
168326
2380
ืžื“ืขื ื™ ืžื•ื–ืื•ื ื™ื ื”ืฉืชืžืฉื• ื‘ืื•ืกืคื™ื ืฉืœื”ื
02:50
to sequence the Neanderthal genome,
56
170706
2371
ื›ื“ื™ ืœืจืฆืฃ ืืช ื”ื’ื ื•ื ืฉืœ ื ืื ื“ืจืชืœื™ื,
02:53
discover genes that gave mammoths red fur,
57
173077
3052
ืœื’ืœื•ืช ื’ื ื™ื ืฉื ืชื ื• ืœืžืžื•ืชื•ืช ืืช ื”ืคืจื•ื•ื” ื”ืื“ื•ืžื”,
02:56
and even pinpoint where ancient giant sharks gave birth.
58
176129
5047
ื•ืืคื™ืœื• ืžื™ืงืžื• ืืช ื”ืื–ื•ืจ ื‘ื• ื›ืจื™ืฉื™ ืขื ืง ืขืชื™ืงื™ื ื™ืœื“ื•.
03:01
There are about 900 natural history museums in the world,
59
181176
3300
ื™ืฉ ื‘ืขืจืš 900 ืžื•ื–ื™ืื•ื ื™ื ืœื”ืกื˜ื•ืจื™ื” ืฉืœ ื”ื˜ื‘ืข ื‘ืขื•ืœื,
03:04
and every year they make new discoveries and insights
60
184476
2830
ื•ื›ืœ ืฉื ื” ื”ื ืขื•ืฉื™ื ืชื’ืœื™ื•ืช ื—ื“ืฉื•ืช ื•ืชื•ื‘ื ื•ืช
03:07
into the Earth's past, present and future.
61
187306
3628
ืœืขื‘ืจ ืฉืœ ื›ื“ื•ืจ ื”ืืจืฅ, ืœื”ื•ื•ื” ื•ืœืขืชื™ื“.
03:10
Museum collections even help us understand how modern threats,
62
190934
3274
ืื•ืกืคื™ื ืฉืœ ืžื•ื–ื™ืื•ื ื™ื ืืคื™ืœื• ืขื•ื–ืจื™ื ืœื ื• ืœื”ื‘ื™ืŸ ืื™ืš ืื™ื•ืžื™ื ืžื•ื“ืจื ื™ื™ื,
03:14
such as global climate change,
63
194208
1964
ื›ืžื• ืฉื™ื ื•ื™ื™ ืืงืœื™ื ื’ืœื•ื‘ืœื™ื,
03:16
are impacting our world.
64
196172
1689
ืžืฉืคื™ืขื™ื ืขืœ ื”ืขื•ืœื ืฉืœื ื•.
03:17
For instance, naturalists have been collecting samples
65
197861
2543
ืœื“ื•ื’ืžื”, ื ื˜ื•ืจืœื™ืกื˜ื™ื ืืกืคื• ื“ื•ื’ืžื™ื•ืช
03:20
for over 100 years from Walden Pond,
66
200404
3625
ื‘ืžืฉืš ื™ื•ืชืจ ืž 100 ืฉื ื” ืžื‘ืจื™ื›ืช ื•ื•ืœื“ืŸ,
03:24
famously immortalized by Henry David Thoreau.
67
204029
3110
ืฉื”ื•ื ืฆื—ื” ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ืžืคื•ืจืกื ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื”ื ืจื™ ื“ื™ื™ื•ื™ื“ ืชืจื•.
03:27
Thanks to those naturalists, who count Thoreau among their number,
68
207139
3287
ืชื•ื“ื•ืช ืœื ื˜ื•ืจืœื™ืกื˜ื™ื, ืฉืžื—ืฉื™ื‘ื™ื ืืช ืชืจื• ื›ืื—ื“ ืžื”ื,
03:30
we know that the plants around Walden Pond
69
210426
2309
ืื ื—ื ื• ื™ื•ื“ืขื™ื ืฉื”ืฆืžื—ื™ื ืกื‘ื™ื‘ ื‘ืจื™ื›ืช ื•ื•ืœื“ืŸ
03:32
are blooming over three weeks earlier than they did 150 years ago.
70
212735
5397
ืคื•ืจื—ื™ื ืฉืœื•ืฉื” ืฉื‘ื•ืขื•ืช ืœืคื ื™ ื”ื–ืžืŸ ื‘ื• ืคืจื—ื• ืœืคื ื™ 150 ืฉื ื”.
03:38
Because these changes have taken place gradually,
71
218132
2434
ื‘ื’ืœืœ ืฉื”ืฉื™ื ื•ื™ื™ื ื”ืชืจื—ืฉื• ื‘ื”ื“ืจื’ื”,
03:40
one person may not have noticed them over the span of a few decades,
72
220566
4144
ืื“ื ืื—ื“ ืื•ืœื™ ืœื ื”ื™ื” ืžื‘ื—ื™ืŸ ื‘ื”ื ื‘ืžืฉืš ื›ืžื” ืขืฉื•ืจื™ื,
03:44
but thanks to museum collections,
73
224710
1925
ืื‘ืœ ืชื•ื“ื•ืช ืœืื•ืกืคื™ื ืžื•ื–ื™ืื•ื ื™ื,
03:46
we have an uninterrupted record showing how our world is changing.
74
226635
4900
ื™ืฉ ืœื ื• ืชื™ืขื•ื“ ืœื ืžื•ืคืจืข ืฉืžืจืื” ืื™ืš ื”ืขื•ืœื ืฉืœื ื• ืžืฉืชื ื”.
03:51
So the next time you're exploring a natural history museum,
75
231535
2840
ืื– ื‘ืคืขื ื”ื‘ืื” ืฉืืชื ื—ื•ืงืจื™ื ืžื•ื–ื™ืื•ืŸ ื”ืกื˜ื•ืจื™ื” ืžื•ื“ืจื ื™ืช,
03:54
remember that what you're seeing is just one gem
76
234375
2986
ื–ื™ื›ืจื• ืฉืžื” ืฉืืชื ืจื•ืื™ื ื”ื•ื ืจืง ืื‘ืŸ ื—ืŸ ืื—ืช
03:57
of a colossal scientific treasure trove.
77
237361
3355
ืžืชื™ื‘ืช ืื•ืฆืจ ืžื“ืขื™ืช ืงื•ืœื•ืกืœื™ืช.
04:00
Behind those walls and under your feet are windows into forgotten worlds.
78
240716
4732
ืžืื—ื•ืจื™ ื”ืงื™ืจื•ืช ื•ืžืชื—ืช ืœืจื’ืœื™ื›ื ื™ืฉ ื—ืœื•ื ื•ืช ืœืขื•ืœืžื•ืช ื ืฉื›ื—ื™ื.
04:05
And who knows?
79
245448
1161
ื•ืžื™ ื™ื•ื“ืข?
04:06
One day some future scientist may peer through one and see you.
80
246609
5088
ื™ื•ื ืื—ื“ ืžื“ืขื ื™ื ืื•ืœื™ ื™ืฆื™ืฆื• ื“ืจืš ืื—ื“ ื•ื™ืจืื• ืืชื›ื.
ืขืœ ืืชืจ ื–ื”

ืืชืจ ื–ื” ื™ืฆื™ื’ ื‘ืคื ื™ื›ื ืกืจื˜ื•ื ื™ YouTube ื”ืžื•ืขื™ืœื™ื ืœืœื™ืžื•ื“ ืื ื’ืœื™ืช. ืชื•ื›ืœื• ืœืจืื•ืช ืฉื™ืขื•ืจื™ ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืขื‘ืจื™ื ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืžื•ืจื™ื ืžื”ืฉื•ืจื” ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื” ืžืจื—ื‘ื™ ื”ืขื•ืœื. ืœื—ืฅ ืคืขืžื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืฆื’ื•ืช ื‘ื›ืœ ื“ืฃ ื•ื™ื“ืื• ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ ืžืฉื. ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื’ื•ืœืœื•ืช ื‘ืกื ื›ืจื•ืŸ ืขื ื”ืคืขืœืช ื”ื•ื•ื™ื“ืื•. ืื ื™ืฉ ืœืš ื”ืขืจื•ืช ืื• ื‘ืงืฉื•ืช, ืื ื ืฆื•ืจ ืื™ืชื ื• ืงืฉืจ ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ื˜ื•ืคืก ื™ืฆื™ืจืช ืงืฉืจ ื–ื”.

https://forms.gle/WvT1wiN1qDtmnspy7