The sneakiest tricksters of the animal kingdom - Eldridge Adams

643,903 views ใƒป 2018-12-18

TED-Ed


ืื ื ืœื—ืฅ ืคืขืžื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ืœืžื˜ื” ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ.

ืชืจื’ื•ื: Ido Dekkers ืขืจื™ื›ื”: Roni Ravia
00:07
A male firefly glows above a field on a summerโ€™s night,
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ื’ื—ืœื™ืœื™ืช ืžืžื™ืŸ ื–ื›ืจ ื–ื•ื”ืจ ืžืขืœ ืฉื“ื” ื‘ืœื™ืœ ืงื™ืฅ,
00:10
emitting a series of enticing flashes.
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ื•ืคื•ืœื˜ ืกื“ืจื” ืฉืœ ื”ื‘ื–ืงื™ ืื•ืจ ืžืคืชื™ื.
00:13
He hopes a nearby female will respond with her own lightshow
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ื”ื•ื ืžืงื•ื•ื” ืฉื ืงื‘ื” ืกืžื•ื›ื” ืชื’ื™ื‘ ืขื ืชืฆื•ื’ืช ืื•ืจื•ืช ืžืฉืœื”
00:17
and mate with him.
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ื•ืชื–ื“ื•ื•ื’ ืื™ืชื•.
00:18
Sadly for this male,
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ืœืฆืขืจื• ืฉืœ ื–ื›ืจ ื–ื”,
00:20
it wonโ€™t turn out quite the way he plans.
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ื–ื” ืœื ื™ืชืจื—ืฉ ื‘ื“ื™ื•ืง ื›ืคื™ ืฉืชื™ื›ื ืŸ.
00:23
A female from a different species mimics his pulsing patterns:
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ื ืงื‘ื” ืžืžื™ืŸ ืื—ืจ ืžื—ืงื” ืืช ืชื‘ื ื™ืช ื”ื‘ื–ืงื™ ื”ืื•ืจ ืฉืœื•.
00:28
by tricking the male with her promise of partnership,
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ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื”ื•ื ืืช ื”ื–ื›ืจ ืขื ื”ื‘ื˜ื—ื” ืœื–ื•ื’ื™ื•ืช,
00:31
she lures him inโ€“
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ื”ื•ื ืžืคืชื” ืื•ืชื• ืืœื™ื” --
00:32
and turns him into an easy meal.
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ื•ื”ื•ืคื›ืช ืื•ืชื• ืœืืจื•ื—ื” ืงืœื”.
00:35
Heโ€™s been deceived.
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ื”ื–ื›ืจ ื ืคืœ ื‘ืคื—.
00:37
Behavioral biologists have identified three defining hallmarks of deception
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ื‘ื™ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื ื”ืชื ื”ื’ื•ืชื™ื™ื ื–ื™ื”ื• ืฉืœื•ืฉ ืชื›ื•ื ื•ืช ื”ื•ื ืื” ืขื™ืงืจื™ื•ืช
00:42
by non-human animals:
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ืืฆืœ ื‘ืขืœื™ ื—ื™ื™ื ืฉืื™ื ื ื‘ื ื™ ืื“ื:
00:44
it must mislead the receiver,
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ื–ื” ืฉืืœื™ื• ืžื›ื•ื•ื ืช ื”ื”ื•ื ืื” ื—ื™ื™ื‘ ืœื™ืคื•ืœ ื‘ืคื—,
00:46
the deceiver must benefit,
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ื”ืžืชื—ื–ื” ื—ื™ื™ื‘ ืœืขืฉื•ืช ื–ืืช ืœืฉื ื”ืคืงืช ืชื•ืขืœืช,
00:48
and it canโ€™t simply be an accident.
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ื•ื”ื”ืชื ื”ื’ื•ืช ืื™ื ื” ืžืงืจื™ืช.
00:51
In this case we know that the predatory fireflyโ€™s signal isnโ€™t an accident
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ื‘ืžืงืจื” ื”ื–ื” ืื ื—ื ื• ื™ื•ื“ืขื™ื ืฉื”ืื•ืช ืฉืœ ื”ื’ื—ืœื™ืœื™ืช ื”ื˜ื•ืจืคืช ื”ื•ื ืœื ืžื™ืงืจื™
00:55
because she flexibly adjusts her flash pattern
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ื‘ื’ืœืœ ืฉื”ื™ื ืžืชืื™ืžื” ืืช ืชื‘ื ื™ื•ืช ื”ื”ื‘ื”ื•ื‘ ืฉืœื”
00:58
to match males of different species.
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ืœืืœื• ืฉืœ ื”ื–ื›ืจ ืžืžื™ืŸ ื”ื’ื—ืœื™ืœื™ื•ืช ื”ืื—ืจ.
01:02
Based on this definition,
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ื‘ื”ืชื‘ืกืก ืขืœ ื”ื’ื“ืจื” ื–ื•,
01:03
where is animal deception seen in nature?
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ื”ื™ื›ืŸ ืžื•ืฆืื™ื ื‘ื˜ื‘ืข ื”ื•ื ืื” ืขืดื™ ื‘ืขืœื™ ื—ื™ื™ื?
01:07
Camouflage is a good starting pointโ€“
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ื”ืกื•ื•ืื” ื”ื™ื ื ืงื•ื“ืช ื”ืชื—ืœื” ื˜ื•ื‘ื” --
01:09
and one of the most familiar examples of animal trickery.
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ื•ืื—ืช ืžื”ื“ื•ื’ืžืื•ืช ื”ืžื•ื›ืจื•ืช ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ืœื”ื•ื ืื” ืขืดื™ ื‘ืขืœื™ ื—ื™ื™ื.
01:13
The leaf-tailed gecko and the octopus fool viewers
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ื’ื ื”ืฉืžืžื™ืช ื‘ืขืœืช ื–ื ื‘ ื”ืขืœื” ื•ื’ื ื”ืชืžื ื•ืŸ ืžืจืžื™ื ืืช ื”ืฆื•ืคื™ื ื‘ื”ื
01:17
by blending into the surfaces on which they rest.
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ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื”ื˜ืžืขื•ืช ืœืชื•ืš ื”ืžืฉื˜ื— ืขืœื™ื• ื”ื ื ืžืฆืื™ื.
01:20
Other animals use mimicry to protect themselves.
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ื—ื™ื•ืช ืื—ืจื•ืช ืžืฉืชืžืฉื•ืช ื‘ื—ืงื™ื™ื ื•ืช ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ื’ืŸ ืขืœ ืขืฆืžืŸ.
01:23
Harmless scarlet kingsnakes have evolved red, yellow, and black patterns
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ื ื—ืฉื™ ื”ื–ืขืžืŸ ื”ืืœืžื•ื’ื™ ื”ืื“ื•ื ื”ื‘ืœืชื™ ืžื–ื™ืงื™ื ืคื™ืชื—ื• ืชื‘ื ื™ื•ืช ืฆื‘ืข ืื“ื•ืžื•ืช, ืฆื”ื•ื‘ื•ืช ื•ืฉื—ื•ืจื•ืช
01:28
resembling those of the venomous eastern coral snake
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ืฉื“ื•ืžื•ืช ืœืืœื• ืฉืœ ื ื—ืฉื™ ื”ืคืชืŸ ื”ืืœืžื•ื’ื™ ื”ืžื–ืจื—ื™ ื”ืืจืกื™ื™ื
01:31
to benefit from the protective warnings these markings convey.
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ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ื ื•ืช ืžื”ื”ื’ื ื” ืฉืกื™ืžื ื™ ืื–ื”ืจื” ืืœื• ืžืฉื“ืจื™ื.
01:36
Even some plants use mimicry:
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ืืคื™ืœื• ืฆืžื—ื™ื ืžืฉืชืžืฉื™ื ื‘ื—ืงื™ื™ื ื•ืช:
01:38
there are orchids that look and smell like female wasps to attract hapless males,
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ื™ืฉ ืกื—ืœื‘ื™ื ืฉื ืจืื™ื ื•ืžืจื™ื—ื™ื ื›ืžื• ื ืงื‘ืช ื”ืฆืจืขื•ืช ื›ื“ื™ ืœืžืฉื•ืš ื–ื›ืจื™ื ื—ืกืจื™ ื™ืฉืข,
01:44
who end up pollinating the plant.
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ืฉื‘ืกื•ืคื• ืฉืœ ื“ื‘ืจ ืžืื‘ื™ืงื™ื ืืช ื”ืฆืžื—.
01:47
Some of these animals benefit by having fixed characteristics
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ื›ืžื” ืžื”ื—ื™ื•ืช ื”ืืœื• ื ื”ื ื•ืช ืžื›ืš ืฉื™ืฉ ืœื”ืŸ ืžืืคื™ื™ื ื™ื
01:50
that are evolutionary suited to their environments.
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ืฉืžื•ืชืืžื™ื ืื‘ื•ืœื•ืฆื™ื•ื ื™ืช ืœืกื‘ื™ื‘ื” ืฉืœื”ื.
01:54
But in other cases,
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ืื‘ืœ ื‘ืžืงืจื™ื ืื—ืจื™ื,
01:55
the deceiver seems to anticipate the reactions of other animals
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ื”ืžืชื—ื–ื™ื ืฆื•ืคื™ื ืžืจืืฉ ืืช ืชื’ื•ื‘ื•ืชื™ื”ืŸ ืฉืœ ื—ื™ื•ืช ืื—ืจื•ืช
01:59
and to adjust its behavior accordingly.
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ื•ืžืฉื ื™ื ืืช ื”ืชื ื”ื’ื•ืชื ื‘ื”ืชืื.
02:02
Sensing a threat,
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ื›ืฉื”ื•ื ื—ืฉ ืื™ื•ื,
02:03
the octopus will rapidly change its colors to match its surroundings.
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ื”ืชืžื ื•ืŸ ื™ืฉื ื” ื‘ืžื”ื™ืจื•ืช ืืช ืฆื‘ืขื™ื• ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืชืื™ื ืœืกื‘ื™ื‘ื”.
02:08
Dwarf chameleons color-match their environments more closely
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ื–ื™ืงื™ื•ืช ื ื ืกื™ื•ืช ืžืชืื™ืžื•ืช ืืช ืฆื‘ืขืŸ ืœืกื‘ื™ื‘ื” ื‘ืจืื•ืชืŸ ืฆื™ืคื•ืจ ื˜ืจืฃ
02:11
when they see a bird predator rather than a snakeโ€“
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ืืฃ ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžืฉื”ืŸ ืขื•ืฉื•ืช ื‘ืจืื•ืชืŸ ื ื—ืฉ --
02:14
birds, after all, have better color vision.
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ื”ืฆื™ืคื•ืจื™ื ืื—ืจื™ ื”ื›ืœ, ืจื•ืื•ืช ืฆื‘ืขื™ื ื˜ื•ื‘ ื™ื•ืชืจ.
02:18
One of the more fascinating examples of animal deception
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ืื—ืช ืžื”ื“ื•ื’ืžืื•ืช ื”ื›ื™ ืžืจืชืงื•ืช ืฉืœ ื”ื•ื ืื” ืขืดื™ ื‘ืขืœื™ ื—ื™ื™ื
02:21
comes from the fork-tailed drongo.
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ืžื’ื™ืขื” ืžื”ื“ืจื•ื ื’ื• ืžืคื•ืฆืœ ื”ื–ื ื‘.
02:24
This bird sits atop tall trees in the Kalahari Desert,
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ืฆื™ืคื•ืจ ื–ื• ื™ื•ืฉื‘ืช ืขืœ ืขืฆื™ื ื’ื‘ื•ื”ื™ื ื‘ืžื“ื‘ืจ ืงืœื”ืจื™,
02:28
surveying the landscape for predators and calling when it senses a threat.
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ืกื•ืจืงืช ืืช ืคื ื™ ื”ืฉื˜ื— ื‘ื—ื™ืคื•ืฉ ืื—ืจ ื˜ื•ืจืคื™ื ื•ืงื•ืจืืช ื›ืฉื”ื™ื ื—ืฉื” ืื™ื•ื.
02:32
That sends meerkats, pied babblers, and others dashing for cover.
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ื”ืงืจื™ืื” ืžืกืžืœืช ืœื ืžื™ื•ืช, ืœื–ื ื‘ื ื™ื™ื, ื•ืœื—ื™ื•ืช ืื—ืจื•ืช ืœื—ืคืฉ ืžื—ืกื”.
02:37
But the drongo will also sound a false alarm
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ืื‘ืœ ื”ื“ืจื•ื ื’ื• ืชืฉืžื™ืข ื’ื ืื–ื”ืจื•ืช ืฉื•ื•ื
02:40
when those other species have captured prey.
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ื›ืฉืืœื• ืœื•ื›ื“ื™ื ื˜ืจืฃ.
02:43
As the meerkats and babblers flee,
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ื›ืฉื”ื ืžื™ื•ืช ื•ื”ื–ื ื‘ื ื™ื ื‘ื•ืจื—ื™ื,
02:45
the drongo swoops down to steal their catches.
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ื”ื“ืจื•ื ื’ื• ื™ื•ืจื“ ืžื”ืขืฅ ื•ื—ื•ื˜ืฃ ืืช ื”ืฉืœืœ ืฉืœื”ื.
02:49
This tactic works about half the timeโ€“
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ื”ื˜ืงื˜ื™ืงื” ื”ื–ื• ืขื•ื‘ื“ืช ื‘ืขืจืš ื—ืฆื™ ืžื”ืคืขืžื™ื --
02:52
and it provides drongos with much of their food.
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ื•ื”ื™ื ืžืกืคืงืช ืœื“ืจื•ื ื’ื• ื”ืจื‘ื” ืžืžื–ื•ื ื•.
02:55
There are fewer solid cases
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ื™ืฉ ืคื—ื•ืช ืžืงืจื™ื ืžื•ื‘ื”ืงื™ื
02:56
of animals using signals to trick members of their own species,
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ืฉืœ ื—ื™ื•ืช ืฉืžืชืฉืชืžืฉื•ืช ื‘ื˜ืจื™ืงื™ื ื›ื“ื™ ืœืฉื˜ื•ืช ื‘ื—ื™ื•ืช ืžืื•ืชื• ื”ืžื™ืŸ.
03:01
but that happens too.
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ืื‘ืœ ื–ื” ื’ื ืงื•ืจื”.
03:02
Consider the mantis shrimp.
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ื—ืฉื‘ื• ืขืœ ื—ืกื™ืœื•ื ื™ ื’ืžืœ ื”ืฉืœืžื”.
03:04
Like other crustaceans,
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ื›ืžื• ืกืจื˜ื ื™ื™ื ืื—ืจื™ื,
03:06
it molts as it grows,
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ื”ื•ื ืžืฉื™ืœ ืืช ืฉืจื™ื•ื ื• ื‘ืขื•ื“ื• ื’ื“ืœ,
03:08
which leaves its soft body vulnerable to attack.
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ืžื” ืฉื’ื•ืจื ืœื’ื•ืคื• ื”ืจืš ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืคื’ื™ืข ืœืžืชืงืคื”.
03:11
But itโ€™s still driven to protect its home against rivals.
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ืื‘ืœ ื”ื•ื ืขื“ื™ื™ืŸ ื—ื“ื•ืจ ืžื•ื˜ื™ื‘ืฆื™ื” ืœื”ื’ืŸ ืขืœ ื‘ื™ืชื• ื ื’ื“ ื™ืจื™ื‘ื™ื.
03:15
So it has become a masterful bluffer.
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ืื– ื”ื•ื ื”ืคืš ืœื‘ืœืคืŸ ืžื™ื•ืžืŸ.
03:18
Despite being fragile,
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ืœืžืจื•ืช ื”ื™ื•ืชื• ืฉื‘ืจื™ืจื™,
03:20
a newly molted shrimp is actually more likely to threaten intruders,
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ื—ืกื™ืœื•ืŸ ืฉื–ื” ืขืชื” ื”ืฉื™ืœ ืืช ืฉืจื™ื•ื ื• ืกื‘ื™ืจ ื™ื•ืชืจ ืฉื™ืื™ื™ื ืขืœ ืคื•ืœืฉื™ื.
03:24
spreading the large limbs it usually uses to strike or stab its opponents.
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ืขืดื™ ืคื™ืกื•ืง ืจื’ืœื™ื• ื”ื’ื“ื•ืœื•ืช ื”ื•ื ื‘ื“ืจืš ื›ืœืœ ืžืฆืœื™ื— ืœืคื’ื•ืข ื‘ืื•ื™ื™ื‘ื™ื.
03:30
And that works โ€“
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ื•ื–ื” ืขื•ื‘ื“ --
03:31
bluffers are more likely to keep their homes than non-bluffers.
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ืœื‘ืœืคื ื™ื ื™ืฉ ืกื™ื›ื•ื™ ื’ื‘ื•ื” ื™ื•ืชืจ ืœืฉืžื•ืจ ืขืœ ื‘ืชื™ื”ื ืžืืฉืจ ืื•ืžืจื™ ื”ืืžืช.
03:36
In its softened condition,
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ื‘ืžืฆื‘ื• ื”ืฉื‘ืจื™ืจื™,
03:37
a mantis shrimp couldnโ€™t withstand a fightโ€“
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ื—ืกื™ืœื•ืŸ ื’ืžืœ ื”ืฉืœืžื” ืœื ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœืขืžื•ื“ ื‘ืงืจื‘ --
03:40
which is why we can be confident
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ืœื›ืŸ ืื ื—ื ื• ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ื‘ื˜ื•ื—ื™ื
03:42
that its behavior is a bluff.
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ืฉื”ื”ืชื ื”ื’ื•ืช ืฉืœื• ื”ื™ื ื”ื•ื ืื”.
03:44
Biologists have even noticed that its bluffs are tactical:
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ื‘ื™ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื ื”ื‘ื—ื™ื ื• ืฉื”ืฉืงืจ ืฉืœื• ื”ื•ื ื˜ืงื˜ื™:
03:48
newly molted mantis shrimp are more likely to bluff against smaller rivals,
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ื—ืกื™ืœื•ืŸ ื’ืžืœ ืฉืœืžื” ืฉื–ื” ืขืชื” ื”ืฉื™ืœ ืืช ืฉืจื™ื•ื ื• ืกื‘ื™ืจ ื™ื•ืชืจ ืฉื™ืจืžื” ื™ืจื™ื‘ื™ื ืงื˜ื ื™ื,
03:53
who are especially likely to be driven away.
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ืฉื”ืกื™ื›ื•ื™ ืฉื™ืขื–ื‘ื• ืžืคื—ื“ ื”ื•ื ื’ื“ื•ืœ.
03:57
It would seem that instead of just threatening reflexively,
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ื ืจืื” ืฉื‘ืžืงื•ื ืกืชื ืœืื™ื™ื ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ืจื™ืคืœืงืกื™ื‘ื™,
04:00
the mantis shrimp is swiftly gauging the situation and predicting othersโ€™ behavior,
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ื—ืกื™ืœื•ืŸ ื’ืžืœ ื”ืฉืœืžื” ืฉื•ืงืœ ื‘ืžื”ื™ืจื•ืช ืืช ื”ืžืฆื‘ ื•ืฆื•ืคื” ืžืจืืฉ ืืช ื”ืชื ื”ื’ื•ืช ื™ืจื™ื‘ื™ื•,
04:05
to get the best result.
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ื›ื“ื™ ืœืงื‘ืœ ืืช ื”ืชื•ืฆืื” ื”ื˜ื•ื‘ื” ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ.
04:07
So we know that animals can deceive,
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ืื– ืื ื—ื ื• ื™ื•ื“ืขื™ื ืฉื—ื™ื•ืช ื™ื›ื•ืœื•ืช ืœื”ื•ื ื•ืช,
04:09
but do they do so with intent?
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ืื‘ืœ ื”ืื ื”ืŸ ืขื•ืฉื•ืช ื–ืืช ืขื ื›ื•ื•ื ื”?
04:11
Thatโ€™s a difficult question,
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ื–ื• ืฉืืœื” ืงืฉื”,
04:12
and many scientists think we'll never be able to answer it.
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ื•ื”ืจื‘ื” ืžื“ืขื ื™ื ื—ื•ืฉื‘ื™ื ืฉืœืขื•ืœื ืœื ื ื”ื™ื” ืžืกื•ื’ืœื™ื ืœืขื ื•ืช ืขืœื™ื”.
04:16
We can't observe animalsโ€™ internal thoughts.
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ืื ื—ื ื• ืœื ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœื“ืขืช ืžื” ื”ื—ื™ื•ืช ื—ื•ืฉื‘ื•ืช.
04:19
But we donโ€™t need to know what an animal is thinking in order to detect deception.
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ืื‘ืœ ืื ื—ื ื• ืœื ืฆืจื™ื›ื™ื ืœื“ืขืช ืžื” ื—ื™ื” ื—ื•ืฉื‘ืช ื›ื“ื™ ืœื–ื”ื•ืช ื”ื•ื ืื”.
04:24
By watching behavior and its outcomes,
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ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืฆืคื™ื” ื‘ื”ืชื ื”ื’ื•ืช ื•ื‘ืชื•ืฆืื•ืชื™ื”,
04:25
we learn that animals manipulate predators, prey, and rivals,
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ืื ื—ื ื• ืœื•ืžื“ื™ื ืฉื—ื™ื•ืช ืžืชื—ืžื ื•ืช ื˜ื•ืจืคื™ื, ื˜ืจืฃ ื•ื™ืจื™ื‘ื™ื,
04:30
and that their capacity for deception
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ื•ืฉื™ื›ื•ืœื•ืช ื”ื”ื•ื ืื” ืฉืœื”ืŸ
04:32
can be surprisingly complex.
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ื™ื›ื•ืœื•ืช ืœื”ืคืชื™ืขื” ื‘ืžื•ืจื›ื‘ื•ืชืŸ.
ืขืœ ืืชืจ ื–ื”

ืืชืจ ื–ื” ื™ืฆื™ื’ ื‘ืคื ื™ื›ื ืกืจื˜ื•ื ื™ YouTube ื”ืžื•ืขื™ืœื™ื ืœืœื™ืžื•ื“ ืื ื’ืœื™ืช. ืชื•ื›ืœื• ืœืจืื•ืช ืฉื™ืขื•ืจื™ ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืขื‘ืจื™ื ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืžื•ืจื™ื ืžื”ืฉื•ืจื” ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื” ืžืจื—ื‘ื™ ื”ืขื•ืœื. ืœื—ืฅ ืคืขืžื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืฆื’ื•ืช ื‘ื›ืœ ื“ืฃ ื•ื™ื“ืื• ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ ืžืฉื. ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื’ื•ืœืœื•ืช ื‘ืกื ื›ืจื•ืŸ ืขื ื”ืคืขืœืช ื”ื•ื•ื™ื“ืื•. ืื ื™ืฉ ืœืš ื”ืขืจื•ืช ืื• ื‘ืงืฉื•ืช, ืื ื ืฆื•ืจ ืื™ืชื ื• ืงืฉืจ ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ื˜ื•ืคืก ื™ืฆื™ืจืช ืงืฉืจ ื–ื”.

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