The sneakiest tricksters of the animal kingdom - Eldridge Adams

648,357 views ใƒป 2018-12-18

TED-Ed


์•„๋ž˜ ์˜๋ฌธ์ž๋ง‰์„ ๋”๋ธ”ํด๋ฆญํ•˜์‹œ๋ฉด ์˜์ƒ์ด ์žฌ์ƒ๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.

๋ฒˆ์—ญ: Seungho Shin ๊ฒ€ํ† : Tae Han Yoon
00:07
A male firefly glows above a field on a summerโ€™s night,
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์—ฌ๋ฆ„๋ฐค ํ’€๋ฐญ ์œ„์— ์ˆ˜์ปท ๋ฐ˜๋”ง๋ถˆ์ด๊ฐ€
00:10
emitting a series of enticing flashes.
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์œ ํ˜น์ ์ธ ๋ถˆ๋น›์„ ๋‚ด๋ฟœ์œผ๋ฉฐ ๋น›๋‚˜๊ณ  ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
00:13
He hopes a nearby female will respond with her own lightshow
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๊ทธ๋Š” ๊ทผ์ฒ˜์˜ ์•”์ปท์ด ๊ทธ๋…€์˜ ๋ถˆ๋น›์œผ๋กœ ์‘๋‹ตํ•˜๋ฉฐ
๊ทธ์˜ ์ง์ด ๋˜๊ธฐ๋ฅผ ๋ฐ”๋ผ๊ณ  ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
00:17
and mate with him.
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00:18
Sadly for this male,
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์Šฌํ”„๊ฒŒ๋„ ์ด ์ˆ˜์ปท์˜ ๊ณ„ํš์€
00:20
it wonโ€™t turn out quite the way he plans.
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์›ํ•˜๋Š” ๋Œ€๋กœ ํ’€๋ฆฌ์ง€ ์•Š์„ ๊ฒƒ ๊ฐ™๊ตฐ์š”.
00:23
A female from a different species mimics his pulsing patterns:
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๋‹ค๋ฅธ ์ข…์˜ ์•”์ปท์€ ์ด ์ˆ˜์ปท์˜ ๊นœ๋นก์ด๋Š” ํŒจํ„ด์„ ๋”ฐ๋ผ ํ•˜๋ฉฐ
00:28
by tricking the male with her promise of partnership,
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๊ทธ์˜ ์ง์ด ๋  ๊ฒƒ์„ ์•ฝ์†ํ•œ๋‹ค๊ณ  ์†์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
00:31
she lures him inโ€“
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๊ทธ๋…€๋Š” ๊ทธ๋ฅผ ์œ ํ˜นํ•˜๊ณ ๋Š”
00:32
and turns him into an easy meal.
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ํ•œ ๋ผ ์‹์‚ฌ๋กœ ๋งŒ๋“ค์–ด ๋ฒ„๋ฆฝ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
00:35
Heโ€™s been deceived.
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๊ทธ๋Š” ์†์•˜์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
00:37
Behavioral biologists have identified three defining hallmarks of deception
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ํ–‰๋™์ƒ๋ฌผํ•™์ž๋“ค์€ ๋น„์ธ๊ฐ„ ๋™๋ฌผ๋“ค์ด ํ–‰ํ•˜๋Š” ์†์ž„์ˆ˜์˜
00:42
by non-human animals:
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์„ธ ๊ฐ€์ง€ ํŠน์ง•์„ ๋ฐœ๊ฒฌํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
00:44
it must mislead the receiver,
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์†๋Š” ์ž๊ฐ€ ์˜คํ•ดํ•ด์•ผ ํ•˜๊ณ 
00:46
the deceiver must benefit,
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์†์ด๋Š” ์ž๋Š” ์ด์ต์„ ์–ป์–ด์•ผ ํ•˜๋ฉฐ
00:48
and it canโ€™t simply be an accident.
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๊ทธ์ € ์šฐ์—ฐํžˆ ์ผ์–ด๋‚˜์„œ๋Š” ์•ˆ ๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
00:51
In this case we know that the predatory fireflyโ€™s signal isnโ€™t an accident
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์ด ๊ฒฝ์šฐ ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ํฌ์‹์ž ๋ฐ˜๋”ง๋ถˆ์ด์˜ ์‹ ํ˜ธ๋Š” ์šฐ์—ฐ์ด ์•„๋‹ˆ๋ผ๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์„ ์••๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
00:55
because she flexibly adjusts her flash pattern
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์™œ๋ƒํ•˜๋ฉด ๊ทธ๋…€๋Š” ๋ถˆ๋น› ํŒจํ„ด์„ ์œ ๋™์ ์œผ๋กœ
00:58
to match males of different species.
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๋‹ค๋ฅธ ์ข…์˜ ์ˆ˜์ปท์˜ ํŒจํ„ด์— ๋งž์ถ”์—ˆ๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์ด์ฃ .
01:02
Based on this definition,
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์ด๋Ÿฌํ•œ ์ •์˜์— ๊ทผ๊ฑฐํ•œ
01:03
where is animal deception seen in nature?
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๋™๋ฌผ ์†์ž„์ˆ˜๋Š” ์ž์—ฐ ์–ด๋””์„œ ๋ณผ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์„๊นŒ์š”?
01:07
Camouflage is a good starting pointโ€“
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์œ„์žฅ์€ ์ข‹์€ ์‹œ์ž‘์ ์ด๊ณ 
01:09
and one of the most familiar examples of animal trickery.
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๋™๋ฌผ ์†์ž„์ˆ˜์˜ ๊ฐ€์žฅ ์ต์ˆ™ํ•œ ์˜ˆ์‹œ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
01:13
The leaf-tailed gecko and the octopus fool viewers
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๋‚˜๋ญ‡์žŽ๋„๋งˆ๋ฑ€๋ถ™์ด์™€ ๋ฌธ์–ด๋Š”
01:17
by blending into the surfaces on which they rest.
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์‰ฌ๊ณ  ์žˆ๋Š” ๊ณณ์˜ ํ‘œ๋ฉด์— ๋’ค์„ž์—ฌ ํฌ์‹์ž๋ฅผ ์†์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
01:20
Other animals use mimicry to protect themselves.
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๋‹ค๋ฅธ ๋™๋ฌผ๋“ค์€ ์ž์‹ ์„ ๋ณดํ˜ธํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด ์˜ํƒœ๋ฅผ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
01:23
Harmless scarlet kingsnakes have evolved red, yellow, and black patterns
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๋…์ด ์—†๋Š” ์ฃผํ™์™•๋ฑ€์€ ๋…์ด ์žˆ๋Š” ์‚ฐํ˜ธ๋ฑ€์„ ๋‹ฎ์€
01:28
resembling those of the venomous eastern coral snake
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๋นจ๊ฐ•, ๋…ธ๋ž‘, ๊ฒ€์ • ๋ฌด๋Šฌ๋ฅผ ๋ฐœ๋‹ฌ์‹œํ‚ค๋„๋ก ์ง„ํ™”ํ–ˆ์œผ๋ฉฐ
01:31
to benefit from the protective warnings these markings convey.
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์ด๋Ÿฌํ•œ ๊ฒฝ๊ณ„์ƒ‰์„ ํ†ตํ•ด ํ˜œํƒ์„ ์–ป์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
01:36
Even some plants use mimicry:
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์‹ฌ์ง€์–ด ์‹๋ฌผ๋“ค๋„ ์˜ํƒœ๋ฅผ ์ด์šฉํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
01:38
there are orchids that look and smell like female wasps to attract hapless males,
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๋‚œ์ดˆ ์ค‘์—๋Š” ์•”์ปท ๋ง๋ฒŒ์˜ ์ƒ๊น€์ƒˆ์™€ ๋ƒ„์ƒˆ๋ฅผ ๊ฐ€์ ธ
๋ถˆํ–‰ํ•œ ์ˆ˜์ปท ๋ง๋ฒŒ์„ ์œ ํ˜น์‹œํ‚จ ํ›„ ์ˆ˜๋ถ„์‹œํ‚ค๋Š” ์ข…๋ฅ˜๊ฐ€ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
01:44
who end up pollinating the plant.
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01:47
Some of these animals benefit by having fixed characteristics
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์ด๋Ÿฌํ•œ ๋™๋ฌผ๋“ค์˜ ์ผ๋ถ€๋Š” ํ™˜๊ฒฝ์— ์ง„ํ™”์ ์œผ๋กœ ์ ํ•ฉํ•œ
01:50
that are evolutionary suited to their environments.
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๊ณ ์ •์ ์ธ ํŠน์ง•์„ ๊ฐ€์ง์œผ๋กœ์จ ์ด์ต์„ ์–ป์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
01:54
But in other cases,
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ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ๊ฒฝ์šฐ์—์„œ๋Š”
01:55
the deceiver seems to anticipate the reactions of other animals
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์†์ด๋Š” ์ž๋Š” ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ๋™๋ฌผ๋“ค์˜ ๋ฐ˜์‘์„ ์˜ˆ์ƒํ•˜๊ณ 
01:59
and to adjust its behavior accordingly.
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๊ทธ์— ๋”ฐ๋ผ ํ–‰๋™์„ ์กฐ์ ˆํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ฒ˜๋Ÿผ ๋ณด์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
02:02
Sensing a threat,
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๋ฌธ์–ด๋Š” ์œ„ํ˜‘์„ ๊ฐ์ง€ํ•˜๋ฉด
02:03
the octopus will rapidly change its colors to match its surroundings.
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์žฌ๋น ๋ฅด๊ฒŒ ์ฃผ๋ณ€ ํ™˜๊ฒฝ์— ๋งž์ถฐ ์ƒ‰์„ ๋ฐ”๊ฟ€ ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
02:08
Dwarf chameleons color-match their environments more closely
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๋‚œ์Ÿ์ด์นด๋ฉœ๋ ˆ์˜จ์€ ๋ฑ€๋ณด๋‹ค ์กฐ๋ฅ˜ ํฌ์‹์ž๋ฅผ ๋ณผ ๋•Œ
02:11
when they see a bird predator rather than a snakeโ€“
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์ƒ‰์„ ํ™˜๊ฒฝ์— ๋” ์œ ์‚ฌํ•˜๊ฒŒ ๋งž์ถฅ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
02:14
birds, after all, have better color vision.
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์ƒˆ๊ฐ€ ์ƒ‰์„ ๋” ์ž˜ ๊ตฌ๋ถ„ํ•˜๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์ด์ง€์š”.
02:18
One of the more fascinating examples of animal deception
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๋™๋ฌผ ์†์ž„์ˆ˜์˜ ๋” ๋†€๋ผ์šด ์˜ˆ์‹œ ์ค‘ ํ•˜๋‚˜๋Š”
02:21
comes from the fork-tailed drongo.
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๋‘๊ฐˆ๋ž˜๊ผฌ๋ฆฌ๋“œ๋ก ๊ณ ์— ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
02:24
This bird sits atop tall trees in the Kalahari Desert,
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์ด ์ƒˆ๋Š” ์นผ๋ผํ•˜๋ฆฌ ์‚ฌ๋ง‰์— ์žˆ๋Š” ํฐ ๋‚˜๋ฌด์˜ ๊ผญ๋Œ€๊ธฐ์— ์•‰์•„
02:28
surveying the landscape for predators and calling when it senses a threat.
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์ฃผ๋ณ€์— ํฌ์‹์ž๊ฐ€ ์žˆ๋‚˜ ๊ด€์ฐฐํ•˜๋ฉฐ ์œ„ํ—˜์„ ๋Š๊ผˆ์„ ๋•Œ ์šธ์–ด
02:32
That sends meerkats, pied babblers, and others dashing for cover.
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๋ฏธ์–ด์บฃ, ์–ผ๋ฃฉ๋ฌด๋Šฌ๊ผฌ๋ฆฌ์น˜๋ ˆ์™€ ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ๋™๋ฌผ์ด ๋ชธ์„ ์ˆจ๊ธฐ๊ฒŒ๋” ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
02:37
But the drongo will also sound a false alarm
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ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ๋“œ๋ก ๊ณ ๋Š” ์ด ์ˆ˜ํ˜œ์ž๋“ค์ด ๋จน์ž‡๊ฐ์„ ์žก์•˜์„ ๋•Œ
02:40
when those other species have captured prey.
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๊ฐ€๋” ๊ฑฐ์ง“ ๊ฒฝ๋ณด๋ฅผ ๋ณด๋‚ผ ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
02:43
As the meerkats and babblers flee,
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๋ฏธ์–ด์บฃ๊ณผ ๊ผฌ๋ฆฌ์น˜๋ ˆ๊ฐ€ ๋‹ฌ์•„๋‚˜๋ฉด
02:45
the drongo swoops down to steal their catches.
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๋“œ๋ก ๊ณ ๋Š” ๋จน์ด๋ฅผ ๋บ๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด ๊ธ‰์Šตํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
02:49
This tactic works about half the timeโ€“
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์ด ์ „๋žต์€ ์ ˆ๋ฐ˜ ๊ฐ€๊นŒ์ด ํ†ตํ•˜๊ณ 
02:52
and it provides drongos with much of their food.
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๋“œ๋ก ๊ณ ์—๊ฒŒ ๋งŽ์€ ๋จน์ด๋ฅผ ์ œ๊ณตํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
02:55
There are fewer solid cases
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๋™๋ฌผ๋“ค์ด ์ž์‹ ์˜ ์ข…์กฑ์„ ์†์ด๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด
02:56
of animals using signals to trick members of their own species,
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์‹ ํ˜ธ๋ฅผ ์ด์šฉํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒฝ์šฐ๋Š” ์ ์ง€๋งŒ
03:01
but that happens too.
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์—†์ง€๋Š” ์•Š์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
03:02
Consider the mantis shrimp.
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๊ฐฏ๊ฐ€์žฌ๋ฅผ ์ƒ๊ฐํ•ด๋ด…์‹œ๋‹ค.
03:04
Like other crustaceans,
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๊ฐฏ๊ฐ€์žฌ๋Š” ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ๊ฐ‘๊ฐ๋ฅ˜์ฒ˜๋Ÿผ
03:06
it molts as it grows,
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์ž๋ผ๋ฉด์„œ ํƒˆํ”ผํ•˜๋Š”๋ฐ
03:08
which leaves its soft body vulnerable to attack.
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์ด๋•Œ ๋ฌด๋ฅธ ๋ชธ์€ ๊ณต๊ฒฉ์— ์ทจ์•ฝํ•œ ์ƒํƒœ๊ฐ€ ๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
03:11
But itโ€™s still driven to protect its home against rivals.
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ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ์—ฌ์ „ํžˆ ๊ฒฝ์Ÿ์ž๋“ค๋กœ๋ถ€ํ„ฐ ์ง‘์„ ๋ณดํ˜ธํ•˜๋ ค ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
03:15
So it has become a masterful bluffer.
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๊ทธ๋ž˜์„œ ๊ฐฏ๊ฐ€์žฌ๋Š” ํ—ˆํ’์˜ ๋‹ฌ์ธ์ด ๋˜์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
03:18
Despite being fragile,
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์ทจ์•ฝํ•จ์—๋„ ๋ถˆ๊ตฌํ•˜๊ณ 
03:20
a newly molted shrimp is actually more likely to threaten intruders,
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๊ฐ“ ํƒˆํ”ผํ•œ ์ƒˆ์šฐ๋Š” ๋ถˆ์ฒญ๊ฐ์„ ์œ„ํ˜‘ํ•˜๋Š”๋ฐ ์˜คํžˆ๋ ค ๋” ์ ๊ทน์ ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
03:24
spreading the large limbs it usually uses to strike or stab its opponents.
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๋ณดํ†ต ์ƒ๋Œ€๋ฅผ ์น˜๊ฑฐ๋‚˜ ์ฐŒ๋ฅด๋Š”๋ฐ ์“ฐ๋Š” ํฐ ์ง‘๊ฒŒ๋ฅผ ํŽผ์น˜์ง€์š”.
03:30
And that works โ€“
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๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ์ด๊ฒŒ ํ†ตํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
03:31
bluffers are more likely to keep their homes than non-bluffers.
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ํ—ˆํ’์Ÿ์ด๋“ค์ด ์ง‘์„ ์ง€ํ‚ฌ ํ™•๋ฅ ์ด ๋” ๋†’์ง€์š”.
03:36
In its softened condition,
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์ด๋ ‡๊ฒŒ ์•ฝํ•ด์ง„ ์กฐ๊ฑด์—์„œ
03:37
a mantis shrimp couldnโ€™t withstand a fightโ€“
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๊ฐฏ๊ฐ€์žฌ๋Š” ์‹ธ์›€์„ ์ด๊ฒจ๋‚ผ ์ˆ˜ ์—†์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
03:40
which is why we can be confident
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์ด๋Ÿฌํ•œ ๊ฐฏ๊ฐ€์žฌ์˜ ํ–‰๋™์ด
03:42
that its behavior is a bluff.
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ํ—ˆํ’์ด๋ผ ๋‹จ์ •ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š” ์ด์œ ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
03:44
Biologists have even noticed that its bluffs are tactical:
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์ƒ๋ฌผํ•™์ž๋“ค์€ ์ด๋Ÿฌํ•œ ํ—ˆํ’์ด ์ „๋žต์ ์ด๋ผ๋Š” ๊ฒƒ๋„ ์•Œ์•„๋ƒˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
03:48
newly molted mantis shrimp are more likely to bluff against smaller rivals,
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์ƒˆ๋กญ๊ฒŒ ํƒˆํ”ผํ•œ ๊ฐฏ๊ฐ€์žฌ๋Š” ๋„๋ง๊ฐˆ ๊ฐ€๋Šฅ์„ฑ์ด ๋†’์€ ์ž‘์€ ์ƒ๋Œ€๋“ค์—๊ฒŒ
03:53
who are especially likely to be driven away.
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๋” ํ—ˆํ’์ ์œผ๋กœ ์ ‘๊ทผํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
03:57
It would seem that instead of just threatening reflexively,
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๊ฐฏ๊ฐ€์žฌ๋Š” ๋ฐ˜์‚ฌ์ ์œผ๋กœ ์œ„ํ˜‘ํ•˜๊ธฐ ๋ณด๋‹ค๋Š”
04:00
the mantis shrimp is swiftly gauging the situation and predicting othersโ€™ behavior,
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์ƒํ™ฉ์„ ๋น ๋ฅด๊ฒŒ ํŒ๋‹จํ•˜๊ณ  ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ๊ฐœ์ฒด์˜ ํ–‰๋™์„ ์˜ˆ์ธกํ•˜์—ฌ
04:05
to get the best result.
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์ตœ์ƒ์˜ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ๋ฅผ ์ถ”๊ตฌํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ ๊ฐ™์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
04:07
So we know that animals can deceive,
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๋™๋ฌผ์ด ์†์ž„์ˆ˜๋ฅผ ์“ด๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฒƒ๊นŒ์ง€๋Š” ์•Œ๊ฒ ์ง€๋งŒ
04:09
but do they do so with intent?
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๊ณผ์—ฐ ์˜๋„๋ฅผ ๊ฐ€์ง€๊ณ  ์†์ด๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ผ๊นŒ์š”?
04:11
Thatโ€™s a difficult question,
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์ด๋Š” ์–ด๋ ค์šด ์งˆ๋ฌธ์ด๊ณ 
04:12
and many scientists think we'll never be able to answer it.
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๋งŽ์€ ๊ณผํ•™์ž๋“ค์ด ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ์ด์— ๋‹ตํ•˜์ง€ ๋ชปํ•  ๊ฒƒ์ด๋ผ๊ณ  ์ƒ๊ฐํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
04:16
We can't observe animalsโ€™ internal thoughts.
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๋™๋ฌผ์˜ ์†๋งˆ์Œ์„ ๊ด€์ฐฐํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์—†๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
04:19
But we donโ€™t need to know what an animal is thinking in order to detect deception.
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ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ์†์ž„์ˆ˜๋ฅผ ์ธ์‹ํ•˜๋Š” ๋ฐ์—๋Š” ๋™๋ฌผ๋“ค์˜ ์ƒ๊ฐ์„ ์•Œ ํ•„์š”๊ฐ€ ์—†์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
04:24
By watching behavior and its outcomes,
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ํ–‰๋™๊ณผ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ๋ฅผ ๋ณด๋ฉด์„œ
04:25
we learn that animals manipulate predators, prey, and rivals,
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ๋™๋ฌผ๋“ค์ด ํฌ์‹์ž, ๋จน์ด ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ๊ฒฝ์Ÿ์ž๋“ค์„ ์กฐ์ข…ํ•˜๊ณ 
04:30
and that their capacity for deception
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์†์ž„์ˆ˜์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ๊ทธ๋“ค์˜ ๋Šฅ๋ ฅ์€
04:32
can be surprisingly complex.
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๋†€๋ผ์šธ ์ •๋„๋กœ ๋ณต์žกํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์„ ๋ฐฐ์šธ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
์ด ์›น์‚ฌ์ดํŠธ ์ •๋ณด

์ด ์‚ฌ์ดํŠธ๋Š” ์˜์–ด ํ•™์Šต์— ์œ ์šฉํ•œ YouTube ๋™์˜์ƒ์„ ์†Œ๊ฐœํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์ „ ์„ธ๊ณ„ ์ตœ๊ณ ์˜ ์„ ์ƒ๋‹˜๋“ค์ด ๊ฐ€๋ฅด์น˜๋Š” ์˜์–ด ์ˆ˜์—…์„ ๋ณด๊ฒŒ ๋  ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ฐ ๋™์˜์ƒ ํŽ˜์ด์ง€์— ํ‘œ์‹œ๋˜๋Š” ์˜์–ด ์ž๋ง‰์„ ๋”๋ธ” ํด๋ฆญํ•˜๋ฉด ๊ทธ๊ณณ์—์„œ ๋™์˜์ƒ์ด ์žฌ์ƒ๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๋น„๋””์˜ค ์žฌ์ƒ์— ๋งž์ถฐ ์ž๋ง‰์ด ์Šคํฌ๋กค๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์˜๊ฒฌ์ด๋‚˜ ์š”์ฒญ์ด ์žˆ๋Š” ๊ฒฝ์šฐ ์ด ๋ฌธ์˜ ์–‘์‹์„ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•˜์—ฌ ๋ฌธ์˜ํ•˜์‹ญ์‹œ์˜ค.

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